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Chhabra D, Bhatia T, Goutam U, Manuja A, Kumar B. Strangles in equines: An overview. Microb Pathog 2023; 178:106070. [PMID: 36924902 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, is a highly infectious respiratory disease affecting horses and other equines. The disease is economically important and compromises the productivity of equine farm significantly. The disease is characterized by pyrexia, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and abscess formation in the lymph nodes of the head and neck of horses. The disease transmission occurs either directly by coming in contact with infectious exudates or indirectly via fomite transmission. Besides this, carrier animals are the primary and most problematic source of disease infection. The organism not only initiates outbreaks but also makes the control and prevention of the disease difficult. The diagnosis of strangles is best done by isolating and characterizing the bacteria from nasal discharge, pus from abscesses, and lymphoid tissues or by using PCR. ELISA can also be used to detect serum protein M (SeM) antibodies for diagnosis. The most popular treatment for strangles is with penicillin; however, the treatment is affected by the stage, feature and severity of the disease. Prevention and control of strangles can be achieved through vaccination and good hygiene practices. Basically, this review describes the global prevalence of S. equi, as well as general aspects of the disease, like pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Tanvi Bhatia
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Umesh Goutam
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India.
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, India.
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2
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Madrigal RG, Friedemann MC, Vallone JM, Ruoff CM, Vallone LV, Laughrey T, Rech RR, Coleman MC. Ossifying fibroma as a cause of blindness in a 5‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. G. Madrigal
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - M. C. Friedemann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station TexasUSA
| | - J. M. Vallone
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - C. M. Ruoff
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
| | - L. V. Vallone
- Department of Veterinary Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College StationTexas USA
| | | | - R. R. Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station TexasUSA
| | - M. C. Coleman
- Department of Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station Texas USA
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3
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Schott HC, Esser MM, Pirie CG, Pease AP, Patterson JS, Reed SM. Long‐term successful outcome of a
Streptococcus equi
subspecies
equi
brain abscess. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - M. M. Esser
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - C. G. Pirie
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - A. P. Pease
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - J. S. Patterson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - S. M. Reed
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital Lexington Lexington Kentucky USA
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4
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Whitlock FM, Newton JR, Waller AS. Metastatic abscessation and other potential complications following strangles. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Broux B, van Bergen T, Schauvliege S, Vali Y, Lefère L, Gielen I. Successful surgical debridement of a cerebral
Streptococcus equi equi
abscess by parietal bone flap craniotomy in a 2‐month‐old Warmblood foal. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Broux
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
| | - T. van Bergen
- Clinique Equine d'Acy‐Romance Acy‐Romance France
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Y. Vali
- Department of Radiology and Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - L. Lefère
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. Gielen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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6
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Boyle AG, Timoney JF, Newton JR, Hines MT, Waller AS, Buchanan BR. Streptococcus equi Infections in Horses: Guidelines for Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Strangles-Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:633-647. [PMID: 29424487 PMCID: PMC5867011 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement update reflects our current published knowledge and opinion about clinical signs, pathogenesis, epidemiology, treatment, complications, and control of strangles. This updated statement emphasizes varying presentations in the context of existing underlying immunity and carrier states of strangles in the transmission of disease. The statement redefines the “gold standard” for detection of possible infection and reviews the new technologies available in polymerase chain reaction diagnosis and serology and their use in outbreak control and prevention. We reiterate the importance of judicious use of antibiotics in horses with strangles. This updated consensus statement reviews current vaccine technology and the importance of linking vaccination with currently advocated disease control and prevention programs to facilitate the eradication of endemic infections while safely maintaining herd immunity. Differentiation between immune responses to primary and repeated exposure of subclinically infected animals and responses induced by vaccination is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Boyle
- University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA
| | - J F Timoney
- University of Kentucky, Gluck Research Center, Lexington, KY
| | | | - M T Hines
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Wotman KL, Johnson AL. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disease in the Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2017; 33:563-582. [PMID: 29103562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systemic diseases have ocular manifestations. In some cases, ocular abnormalities are the most obvious or first recognized sign of disease that prompts veterinary evaluation. In other cases, the systemic disease leads to secondary ocular changes that might lead to loss of vision or globe if not addressed. Therefore, recognition of ocular abnormalities that might result from systemic diseases is an essential skill for the equine practitioner. This article provides practitioners with information regarding the most common systemic diseases of horses in North America that have ocular manifestations, organized by ocular signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Wotman
- Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1678, USA.
| | - Amy L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Boyle
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania; New Bolton Center USA
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Mallicote M. Update on Streptococcus equi subsp equi Infections. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Manso-Díaz G, Dyson SJ, Dennis R, García-López JM, Biggi M, García-Real MI, San Román F, Taeymans O. Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of equine head disorders: 84 cases (2000-2013). Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:176-87. [PMID: 25139131 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The equine head is an anatomically complex area, therefore advanced tomographic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are often required for diagnosis and treatment planning. The purpose of this multicenter retrospective study was to describe MRI characteristics for a large sample of horses with head disorders. Horses imaged over a period of 13 years were recruited. Eighty-four horses met the inclusion criteria, having neurological (n = 65), sinonasal (n = 14), and soft tissue (n = 5) disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging accurately depicted the anatomy and allowed identification of the primary lesion and associated changes. There were good correlations between MRI findings and intraoperative or postmortem results. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the exact localization of the lesions, their size, and relation to surrounding structures. However, in the neurological group, there were 45 horses with no MRI abnormalities, 29 of which had a history of recurrent seizures, related to cryptogenic epilepsy. Magnetic resonance imaging was otherwise a valuable diagnostic tool, and can be used for studying a broad range of head disorders using either low-field or high-field magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Manso-Díaz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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11
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Lacombe VA. Challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic encephalitis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Oklahoma USA
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12
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De Zani D, Zani DD, Binanti D, Riccaboni P, Rondena M, Di Giancamillo M. Magnetic resonance features of closed head trauma in two foals. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. De Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. D. Zani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - D. Binanti
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | - P. Riccaboni
- Dipartimento di Patologia; Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria; Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
| | | | - M. Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie - Reparto di Radiologia; Università degli Studi di Milano; Azienda Polo Veterinario di Lodi; Lodi; Italy
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13
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Johns IC, Finding EJT, Ciasca T, Erles K, Smith K, Weller R. Intracranial botryomycosis in a mature horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. C. Johns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - E. J. T. Finding
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - T. Ciasca
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - K. Erles
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - K. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - R. Weller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Equine Referral Hospital; Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
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Hanche-Olsen S, Ottesen N, Larsen H, Fintl C. Brain Abscess in a 4-Month-Old Filly: A Case Report. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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SILVER IA, JEFFCOTT LB, ROSSDALE PD. Fifty years of the British Equine Veterinary Association as a facilitator of progress in equine clinical science. Equine Vet J 2011; 43:618-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ivens PAS, Matthews D, Webb K, Newton JR, Steward K, Waller AS, Robinson C, Slater JD. Molecular characterisation of 'strangles' outbreaks in the UK: the use of M-protein typing of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:359-64. [PMID: 21492215 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Strangles is the most commonly diagnosed and important infectious disease of horses worldwide. Very little is known about the temporo-spatial and molecular epidemiology of strangles. The disease is not notifiable in the UK and there are few published data on the geographical locations of outbreaks. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether typing of a surface protein (SeM) of Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi), the causative agent of strangles, is a useful epidemiological tool. METHODS The variable region of the SeM gene was amplified from 145 isolates of S. equi by PCR and sequenced. Different SeM gene alleles were assigned based on the SeM database, grouped into phylogenetic clusters using split decomposition analysis and plotted against the submitting veterinary practices. RESULTS In this study 21 S. equi SeM alleles were found, including 9 previously unidentified alleles and representing 4 phylogenetic groups. S. equi containing SeM alleles 9 and 7 were the most commonly isolated and there was a high number of low frequency alleles. The occurrence of an outbreak cluster in the north-west of the UK is also reported. CONCLUSIONS Strangles outbreaks can be differentiated on the basis of their SeM allele sequences. The data provide further evidence of SeM mutation leading to the emergence of novel, but related SeM alleles that are geographically linked. Sequencing of the SeM gene is a useful tool for the elucidation of strangles epidemiology at a regional and a national level. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This technique may allow differentiation or linkage of strangles outbreaks and as such may be an effective tool for local as well as national and international disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A S Ivens
- Equine Referral Hospital, The Royal Veterinary College, UK.
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18
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Naylor RJ, Dunkel B, Dyson S, Paz-Penuelas MP, Dobson J. A retrobulbar meningioma as a cause of unilateral exophthalmos and blindness in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0957-7734.2010.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Ramey D. Does early antibiotic use in horses with ‘strangles’ cause metastatic Streptococcus equi bacterial infections? EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Buczinski S, Fecteau G, Alexander K, Norman-Carmel E. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of upper respiratory obstruction in a calf. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2008; 49:275-9. [PMID: 18390100 DOI: 10.4141/cjas69-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a calf with dyspnea, a mass located dorsal to the pharynx was visualized by ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a severe enlargement of the left medial retropharyngeal lymph node, compatible with an abscess. This is the first reported case of MRI use in bovine upper respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des sciences cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montreal, CP 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec.
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Kramer J, Coates JR, Hoffman AG, Frappier BL. Preliminary anatomic investigation of three approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy procedures. Vet Surg 2007; 36:500-8. [PMID: 17614932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2007.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe surgical approaches to the equine cranium and brain for limited craniectomy. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive anatomic study. SAMPLE POPULATION Equine cadavers (n=7). METHODS Head and neck sections from cadavers were used to establish techniques for exposing areas of the equine brain. Three basic approaches were used: rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal. Techniques were adapted from small animal descriptions and modified to account for anatomic differences. RESULTS Descriptions of the rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal approaches to the equine cranium and brain were defined. CONCLUSIONS Dorsal, caudal, lateral, and rostral aspects of the cranium and underlying cerebral cortex can be accessed using the rostrotentorial, suboccipital, and transfrontal approaches. Access to the dorsal, dorsolateral, and rostral aspects of the cerebral cortex is uncomplicated and more superficial compared with access to the extreme caudolateral cerebrum and cerebellum, which is complicated by the location of the transverse and temporal sinuses and deep exposure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many cases of equine brain disorders involve intracranial abscessation or hematoma formation because of trauma. Components of therapy may include microbial culture and surgical drainage or decompression of the affected area through limited craniectomy procedures. Increased use of advanced imaging in equine brain disease has resulted in earlier diagnosis and more precise lesion localization. Subsequently, the number of horses likely to improve with limited surgical intervention has increased. When surgery is indicated, descriptions of surgical approaches to the equine cranium and brain provide important information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA.
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Inflammation in the Central Nervous System. JUBB, KENNEDY & PALMER'S PATHOLOGY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 2007. [PMCID: PMC7155485 DOI: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ANZAI T, HOBO S, NIWA H. Development of a Diagnostic Shuttle PCR Test Targeting the Streptococcus equi SeM Gene. J Equine Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.17.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toru ANZAI
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Seiji HOBO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Hidekazu NIWA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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Goehring LS, van Maanen C, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Neurological syndromes among horses in The Netherlands a 5 year retrospective survey (1999–2004). Vet Q 2005; 27:11-20. [PMID: 15835280 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2005.9695182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of toxins or infectious agents combined with environmental factors in combination with a susceptible host can be the cause for neurological disease in groups of horses. During a 5 year observational period outbreaks of neurological diseases among horses were evaluated. Causes of occurring neurological diseases were equine botulism, lolitrem intoxications, equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myelo(encephalo)pathy, and encephalitis caused by (disseminated) Streptococcus equi subspecies equi infection. This article focuses on the first three syndromes because of their predominant influence on locomotion. The pathogenesis of each disease is presented, followed by a description of a general presentation of the diseases as encountered under Dutch circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Goehring
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sweeney CR, Timoney JF, Newton JR, Hines MT. Streptococcus equiInfections in Horses: Guidelines for Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Strangles. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Audigié F, Tapprest J, George C, Didierlaurent D, Foucher N, Faurie F, Houssin M, Denoix JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of a brain abscess in a 10-month-old filly. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2004; 45:210-5. [PMID: 15200257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2004.04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to correlate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of a mature brain abscess in a horse with histopathologic alterations of brain tissue. Eight months after the onset of clinical signs, MRI of the brain of a 10-month-old filly was performed. A large space-occupying lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere was identified. This space-occupying lesion was delineated by a thick and well-defined capsule that was isointense to brain parenchyma on the T1-weighted images and with a markedly hypointense on the T2-weighted images. The identification of such a capsule is highly diagnostic of a mature brain abscess. The lesion seen on MR images was confirmed at necropsy where a large abscess of the right hemisphere was observed. Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from the abscess. Based on histopathologic examination, the signal characteristics of the capsule on T1-weighted and T2-weighted images were found to be due to the presence of numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages. These results are in agreement with previous studies on human patients. This report confirms the value of MRI in the diagnosis of equine brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Audigié
- CIRALE-IPC, UMR Biomécanique et Pathologie Locomotrice du Cheval, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, RN 175, 14430 Goustranville, France
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Slater JD. Strangles, bastard strangles, vives and glanders: archaeological relics in a genomic age. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:118-20. [PMID: 12638785 DOI: 10.2746/042516403776114252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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