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Ahmed NA, Gulhan T. Determination of antibiotic resistance patterns and genotypes of Escherichia coli isolated from wild birds. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:8. [PMID: 38191447 PMCID: PMC10773086 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Curbing the potential negative impact of antibiotic resistance, one of our era's growing global public health crises, requires regular monitoring of the resistance situations, including the reservoir of resistance genes. Wild birds, a possible bioindicator of antibiotic resistance, have been suggested to play a role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of determining the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of 100 Escherichia coli isolates of gull and pigeon origin by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and PCR. Furthermore, the genetic relationships of the isolates were determined by RAPD-PCR. RESULTS Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that 63% (63/100) and 29% (29/100) of E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic and multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. With the exception of cephalothin, to which the E. coli isolates were 100% susceptible, tetracycline (52%), kanamycin (38%), streptomycin (37%), ampicillin (28%), chloramphenicol (21%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (19%), gentamicin (13%), enrofloxacin (12%) and ciprofloxacin (12%) resistances were detected at varying degrees. Among the investigated resistance genes, tet(B) (66%), tet(A) (63%), aphA1 (48%), sul3 (34%), sul2 (26%), strA/strB (24%) and sul1 (16%) were detected. Regarding the genetic diversity of the isolates, the RAPD-PCR-based dendrograms divided both pigeon and gull isolates into five different clusters based on a 70% similarity threshold. Dendrogram analysis revealed 47-100% similarities among pigeon-origin strains and 40-100% similarities among gull-origin E.coli strains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that gulls and pigeons carry MDR E. coli isolates, which may pose a risk to animal and human health by contaminating the environment with their feces. However, a large-scale epidemiological study investigating the genetic relationship of the strains from a "one health" point of view is warranted to determine the possible transmission patterns of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between wild birds, the environment, humans, and other hosts. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejash A Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
- Daro Lebu District Agriculture Office, Mechara-Micheta, Ethiopia.
| | - Timur Gulhan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Mendybayeva A, Abilova Z, Bulashev A, Rychshanova R. Prevalence and resistance to antibacterial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:657-667. [PMID: 37041849 PMCID: PMC10082744 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.657-667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of foodborne infections. The source of the pathogen, in most cases, is poultry products. The intensification of poultry farming and the constant and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials has led to an increase in the level of antibiotic resistance, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the level of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan, as well as to determine the genetic mechanisms of resistance and the presence of integrons.
Materials and Methods: In total, 398 samples of poultry products sold in Northern Kazakhstan were selected. Salmonella strains were isolated from product samples using microbiological methods. Salmonella was identified based on morphological, biochemical, and serological methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sensitivity testing for antimicrobial agents was performed using the disk diffusion method. The detection of resistance genes was performed using PCR and gel electrophoresis.
Results: Out of 398 samples of poultry products, a total of 46 Salmonella isolates were obtained. Most of the isolates belong to the serovar Salmonella Enteritidis (80.4%). The assessment of sensitivity to antibacterial agents showed that Salmonella was mainly resistant to nalidixic acid (63%), furadonin (60.9%), ofloxacin (45.6%), and tetracycline (39.1%). In 64.3% of cases, Salmonella was resistant to three or more groups of antibacterial agents. Resistance genes such as tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA, sul3, and catII, as well as integrons of two classes (teg1 and teg2), were identified.
Conclusion: Poultry products contain antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, as well as genes encoding resistance mechanisms. The results emphasize the need for constant monitoring of not only pathogenic microorganisms but also their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The potential threat to human health requires a unified approach to the problem of antibiotic resistance from representatives of both public health and the agroindustrial complex.
Keywords: antibiotic resistance, food safety, poultry, resistance genes, Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Mendybayeva
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Zulkyya Abilova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Aitbay Bulashev
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Raushan Rychshanova
- Research Institute of Applied Biotechnology, A. Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
- Corresponding author: Raushan Rychshanova, e-mail: Co-authors: AM: , ZA: , AB:
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Urban Birds as Antimicrobial Resistance Sentinels: White Storks Showed Higher Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Levels Than Seagulls in Central Spain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192714. [PMID: 36230455 PMCID: PMC9558531 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of AMR bacteria in the human-animal-environmental interface is a clear example of the One Health medicine. Several studies evidence the presence of resistant bacteria in wildlife, which can be used as a good indicator of anthropization level on the ecosystem. The fast increase in AMR in the environment in the last decade has been led by several factors as globalization and migration. Migratory birds can travel hundreds of kilometers and disseminate pathogens and AMR through different regions or even continents. The aim of this study was to compare the level of AMR in three migratory bird species: Ciconia ciconia, Larus fuscus and Chroicocephalus ridibundus. For this purpose, commensal Escherichia coli has been considered a useful indicator for AMR studies. After E. coli isolation from individual cloacal swabs, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk-diffusion method, including 17 different antibiotics. A total of 63.2% of gulls had resistant strains, in contrast to 31.6% of white storks. Out of all the resistant strains, 38.9% were considered multi-drug resistant (50% of white storks and 30% of seagulls). The antibiotic classes with the highest rate of AMR were betalactamics, quinolones and tetracyclines, the most commonly used antibiotic in human and veterinary medicine in Spain.
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Merkevičienė L, Butrimaitė-Ambrozevičienė Č, Paškevičius G, Pikūnienė A, Virgailis M, Dailidavičienė J, Daukšienė A, Šiugždinienė R, Ruzauskas M. Serological Variety and Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella Isolated from Reptiles. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060836. [PMID: 35741357 PMCID: PMC9219617 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is one of the best adapted bacterial pathogens causing infections in a wide variety of vertebrate species. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella in different reptile species and to evaluate their serological variety and patterns of antimicrobial resistance. In total, 97 samples from 25 wild and domesticated reptile species were investigated in Lithuania. Serological variety, as well as phenotypical and genotypical resistance to antimicrobials, were investigated. Fifty isolates of Salmonella were obtained from the ninety-seven tested samples (51.5%; 95% CI 41.2−61.2). A significantly higher prevalence of Salmonella was detected in domesticated individuals (61.3%; 95% CI 50.0−71.5) compared with wild ones (18.2%; 95% CI 7.3−38.5). All isolates belonged to a single species, Salmonella enterica. Results demonstrated that reptiles carry a large variety of Salmonella serovars. Thirty-four isolates (68%) of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antimicrobial drug. The most frequent resistance of the isolates was to streptomycin (26%), cefoxitin, gentamicin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol (16%). Genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and trimethoprim were detected. No integrons that are associated with horizontal gene transfer were found. Data obtained provided knowledge about the adaptation of Salmonella in reptiles. Healthy individuals, irrespective of their origin, often carry Salmonella, including multi-resistant strains. Due to its large serological diversity, zoonotic potential and antimicrobial resistance, Salmonella in reptiles poses a risk to other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Merkevičienė
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.M.); (J.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Česlova Butrimaitė-Ambrozevičienė
- Department of Bacteriological Investigations, National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, J. Kairiūkščio g. 10, LT-08409 Vilniu, Lithuania;
| | - Gerardas Paškevičius
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Alma Pikūnienė
- Lithuanian Zoological Garden, Radvilėnų pl. 21, 50299 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Marius Virgailis
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.V.); (R.Š.)
| | - Jurgita Dailidavičienė
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.M.); (J.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Agila Daukšienė
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.M.); (J.D.); (A.D.)
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rita Šiugždinienė
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.V.); (R.Š.)
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.M.); (J.D.); (A.D.)
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.V.); (R.Š.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-615-15240
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Zeballos-Gross D, Rojas-Sereno Z, Salgado-Caxito M, Poeta P, Torres C, Benavides JA. The Role of Gulls as Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Environments: A Scoping Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703886. [PMID: 34367104 PMCID: PMC8343230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of wildlife with long-range dispersal such as gulls in the global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across natural and anthropogenic aquatic environments remains poorly understood. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been detected in resident and migratory gulls worldwide for more than a decade, suggesting gulls as either sentinels of AMR pollution from anthropogenic sources or independent reservoirs that could maintain and disperse AMR across aquatic environments. However, confirming either of these roles remains challenging and incomplete. In this review, we present current knowledge on the geographic regions where AMR has been detected in gulls, the molecular characterization of resistance genes, and the evidence supporting the capacity of gulls to disperse AMR across regions or countries. We identify several limitations of current research to assess the role of gulls in the spread of AMR including most studies not identifying the source of AMR, few studies comparing bacteria isolated in gulls with other wild or domestic species, and almost no study performing longitudinal sampling over a large period of time to assess the maintenance and dispersion of AMR by gulls within and across regions. We suggest future research required to confirm the role of gulls in the global dispersion of AMR including the standardization of sampling protocols, longitudinal sampling using advanced satellite tracking, and whole-genome sequencing typing. Finally, we discuss the public health implications of the spread of AMR by gulls and potential solutions to limit its spread in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Zeballos-Gross
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zulma Rojas-Sereno
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Julio A Benavides
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
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Handrova L, Kmet V. Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Escherichia coli from eagles and goshawks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:605-614. [PMID: 31046564 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1608103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major global problems in medicine is microbial resistance to antibiotics (antimicrobial resistance) and this has become an increasingly frequent research topic. This study focuses on antimicrobial resistance, phylogenetic and genetic characterization of Escherichia coli from wild birds: ten isolates from eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), nine from goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) and 24 from broilers in the Slovak Republic. Twenty-two strains with presence of int1 gene were selected and examined for the presence or absence of transposon gene (tn3), genes of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. We detected sequence type (ST) in eagles ST 442 with genes iss, papC, iutA, cvaC, tsh, fyuA, iroN, kps, feoB, sitA, irp2, ireA for virulence factors and tetA, sul1, sul2, dfrA, aadA for antibiotic resistance; in goshawks ST 1011 with iss, papC, fyuA, iroN, feoB, sitA and qnrS1, tetA, sul1, sul2, dfrA, aadA, respectively. These ST types have been found in humans too and should be evaluated further for possible zoonotic potential and transfer of resistance genes from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Handrova
- a Centre of biosciences of the SAS , Institute of Animal Physiology , Kosice , Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Kmet
- a Centre of biosciences of the SAS , Institute of Animal Physiology , Kosice , Slovak Republic
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Kataržytė M, Mėžinė J, Vaičiūtė D, Liaugaudaitė S, Mukauskaitė K, Umgiesser G, Schernewski G. Fecal contamination in shallow temperate estuarine lagoon: Source of the pollution and environmental factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:762-772. [PMID: 30041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In inner coastal waters such as lagoons, which are very turbid and rich in suspended particles, the survival of fecal pollution microorganisms may find favorable environments. In order to better characterize the sources and dynamics of fecal pollution in a strongly turbid environment, in situ observations were made in the Curonian Lagoon. A combination of traditional monitoring and molecular methods were used. To monitor the water quality, the indicator Escherichia coli (EC) was selected as a proxy for fecal contamination. E. coli concentration correlated with environmental parameters as pH, oxygen and turbidity. The main pollution sources are the sewage outlets in the lagoon area, while the pollution coming via rivers did not play a significant role. Still the human associated E. coli consisted only of 0 up to 20% of analyzed isolates, and did not correlate with the E. coli concentrations in the study sites. The role of birds, especially for potentially virulent E. coli may be underestimated in the lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania.
| | - J Mėžinė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - D Vaičiūtė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - S Liaugaudaitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - K Mukauskaitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - G Umgiesser
- ISMAR-CNR, Institute of Marine Sciences - National Research Council, Castello 2737/F, 30122 Venice, Italy; Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - G Schernewski
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW), Seestrasse 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany; Marine Research Institute, Klaipėda University, H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania
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