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Pan D, Mohamed B, Gupta A, Arshad Z, Strachan C, Celma C, Kapoor S, Toovey OTR, Beard S, Tang JW. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus infections in cerebrospinal fluid samples, 2019-2023. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29924. [PMID: 39295283 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
We performed a comparative, retrospective analysis (March 2019-April 2023) of children diagnosed with non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) central nervous system (CNS) infections (n = 47 vs. 129 contemporaneous controls without NPEV, all <18 years old), requiring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing upon presentation to hospital. We found that showed that admissions decreased during pandemic restrictions (13% vs. controls 33%, p = 0.003). The median age of children with NPEV was 41 days (IQR: 18-72), most were male (n = 76, 59%) and were less likely to present with symptoms of irritability (11% vs. controls 26%, p = 0.04), but more likely to be febrile (93% vs. controls 73%, p = 0.007), have higher respiratory rates (mean 44 bpm, SD 11, vs. controls 36 bpm, SD 14, p = 0.001), higher heart rates (mean 171 bpm, SD 27 vs. controls 141 bpm, SD 36, p < 0.001), higher CSF protein (median 0.66 g/L, interquartile range [IQR] 0.46-1.01, vs. controls 0.53 mg/mL, IQR 0.28-0.89, p = 0.04), higher CSF white cell count (WCC) (median WCC 9.5×106/L, IQR 1-16 vs. controls 3.15×106/L, IQR 2.7-3.6, p < 0.001), but lower CSF glucose (median 2.8 mmol/L, IQR 2.4-3.1 vs. controls 3.1 mmol/L, IQR 2.7-3.6, p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these NPEVs originated from Europe (EV A71, CV B4, E21, E6, CV B3, CV B5, E7, E11, E18), North America (CV B4, E18), South America (E6), Middle East (CV B5), Africa (CV B5, E18), South Asia (E15), East/Southeast Asia (E25, CV A9, E7, E11, E18), and Australia (CV B5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pan
- Development Centre for Population Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Basant Mohamed
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Zaki Arshad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Charlie Strachan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Cristina Celma
- UK Enteric Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, Colindale, UK
| | - Sonal Kapoor
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Oliver T R Toovey
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Stuart Beard
- UK Enteric Virus Unit, Virus Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, Colindale, UK
| | - Julian W Tang
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Loconsole D, Centrone F, Sallustio A, Casulli D, Zagaria R, Sacco D, Colella V, Albano N, Caselli D, Cardinale F, Giordano P, Lofù I, Laforgia N, Chironna M. Echovirus 11 lineage I and other enteroviruses in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection in Southern Italy, 2022- 2023. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 146:107091. [PMID: 38729515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A new variant of echovirus 11 (E11) infection is a major health concern in neonates. Here, we describe the clinical and virological characteristics of enterovirus (EV) infections in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in Southern Italy. METHODS Between July 2022 and August 2023, 173 EV infections were identified. Demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and coinfections were analyzed. Genotypes were identified by sequencing of VP1. Whole-genome sequencing of five E11 strains was performed. RESULTS Case numbers peaked in July 2022, November-December 2022, and June-July 2023. Coxsackievirus A2 was identified in 36.7%, coxsackievirus B5 in 13.8%, echovirus E11 in 9.2%, and EV-D68 in 6.4% of cases. No child had critical symptoms or a severe infection. The only neonate infected by E11 recovered fully after 5 days in hospital. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that four E11 strains were closely related to divergent lineage I E11 strains identified in France and Italy. CONCLUSIONS The new variant of E11 was identified in children in Southern Italy. Although the cases were mild, the data suggest that transmission routes and host factors are likely to be main drivers for the development of potentially severe diseases. Systematic epidemiological/molecular surveillance will help us better understand the clinical impact of EV infections and develop preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Hygiene Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Centrone
- Hygiene Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Sallustio
- Hygiene Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Casulli
- Hygiene Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zagaria
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Hygiene Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Sacco
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Hygiene Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Colella
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Hygiene Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nelhudoff Albano
- Department of Health Promotion and Animal Welfare, Apulia Region, Bari, Italy
| | - Desiree Caselli
- Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Pediatric and Emergency Department, Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology section, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Giordano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Pediatric Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Lofù
- Pediatric Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, "S. Giacomo" Hospital, ASL BA, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Laforgia
- Section of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Hygiene Section, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Kadambari S, Abdullahi F, Celma C, Ladhani S. Epidemiological trends in viral meningitis in England: Prospective national surveillance, 2013-2023. J Infect 2024; 89:106223. [PMID: 38986749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the conjugate vaccine era, viruses are the most common cause of meningitis. Here, we evaluated epidemiological trends in laboratory-confirmed viral meningitis across all age-groups over an 11-year period in England. METHODS In England, hospital laboratories routinely report laboratory-confirmed infections electronically to the UK Health Security Agency. Records of positive viral detections in cerebrospinal fluid during 2013-2023 were extracted. Incidence rates with confidence intervals were calculated using mid-year resident population estimates. RESULTS There were 22,114 laboratory-confirmed viral meningitis cases, including 15,299 cases during 2013-19 (pre COVID-19), with a gradual increase in incidence from 3.5/100,00 (95%CI: 3.3-3.6) to 3.9/100,000 (95%CI: 3.6-4.1). During 2020-21 when pandemic restrictions were in place, there were 2061 cases (1.8/100,000; 1.7-1.9), which increased to 4754 (4.2/100,000; 4.0-4.3) during 2022-23 (post pandemic restrictions). Infants aged <3 months accounted for 39.4% (8702/22,048) of all cases, with a stable incidence 2013-19 (504/100,000, 95%CI: 491-517), followed by a significant decline during 2020-21 (204/100,000; 188-221) and then an increase during 2022-23 (780/100,000; 749-812), with enteroviruses being the commonest cause (84.9%, 7387/8702; 424.74/100,000; 95%CI: 415.12-434.51), followed by parechoviruses (9.1%, 792/8702; 45.54/100,000; 95%CI: 42.42-48.82) and herpes simplex virus (4.4%, 380/8702; 21.85/100,000; 95%CI: 19.71-24.16). Pandemic restrictions were associated with significant declines in the incidence of enterovirus (77.7%) and parechoviruses (64% lower), with rebounds after societal restrictions were lifted. CONCLUSIONS Rates of viral meningitis have returned to pre-pandemic levels since societal restrictions were lifted. The highest incidence of viral meningitis remains in infants aged <3 months and most commonly due to enteroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seilesh Kadambari
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| | - Fariyo Abdullahi
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Cristina Celma
- Enteric Virus Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Shamez Ladhani
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group and Vaccine Institute, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
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Cottrell S, Moore C. Emerging and Re-Emerging Enterovirus Infections: The Known Unknowns. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024:00006454-990000000-00941. [PMID: 38986004 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cottrell
- From the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre and Vaccine Preventable Disease Programme, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Moore
- Wales Specialist Virology Centre, Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Brisca G, Bellini T, Pasquinucci M, Mariani M, Romanengo M, Buffoni I, Tortora D, Parodi A, Fueri E, Mesini A, Tibaldi J, Piccotti E, Ramenghi LA, Moscatelli A. Clinical course and peculiarities of Parechovirus and Enterovirus central nervous system infections in newborns: a single-center experience. Eur J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s00431-024-05518-2. [PMID: 38492030 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Parechovirus (HpEV) and Enterovirus (EV) infections in children mostly have a mild course but are particularly fearsome in newborns in whom they may cause aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and myocarditis. Our study aimed to describe the clinical presentations and peculiarities of CNS infection by HpEV and EV in neonates. This is a single-center retrospective study at Istituto Gaslini, Genoa, Italy. Infants aged ≤ 30 days with a CSF RTq-PCR positive for EV or HpEV from January 1, 2022, to December 1, 2023, were enrolled. Each patient's record included demographic data, blood and CSF tests, brain MRI, therapies, length of stay, ICU admission, complications, and mortality. The two groups were compared to identify any differences and similarities. Twenty-five patients (15 EV and 10 HpEV) with a median age of 15 days were included. EV patients had a more frequent history of prematurity/neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.021), more respiratory symptoms on admission (p = 0.012), and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p = 0.027), whereas ferritin values were significantly increased in HpEV patients (p = 0.001). Eight patients had a pathological brain MRI, equally distributed between the two groups. Three EV patients developed myocarditis and one HpEV necrotizing enterocolitis with HLH-like. No deaths occurred. Conclusion: EV and HpEV CNS infections are not easily distinguishable by clinical features. In both cases, brain MRI abnormalities are not uncommon, and a severe course of the disease is possible. Hyper-ferritinemia may represent an additional diagnostic clue for HpEV infection, and its monitoring is recommended to intercept HLH early and initiate immunomodulatory treatment. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. What is Known: • Parechovirus and Enteroviruses are the most common viral pathogens responsible for sepsis and meningoencephalitis in neonates and young infants. • The clinical course and distinguishing features of Parechovirus and Enterovirus central nervous system infections are not well described. What is New: • Severe disease course, brain MRI abnormalities, and complications are not uncommon in newborns with Parechovirus and Enteroviruses central nervous system infections. • Hyper-ferritinemia may represent an additional diagnostic clue for Parechovirus infection and its monitoring is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Brisca
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and Intermediate Care Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Bellini
- Emergency Room and Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mattia Pasquinucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, RehabilitationGenoa, Ophthalmology, Italy
| | - Marcello Mariani
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Romanengo
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and Intermediate Care Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Buffoni
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and Intermediate Care Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Fueri
- Department of Neurosciences, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, RehabilitationGenoa, Ophthalmology, Italy
| | - Alessio Mesini
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jessica Tibaldi
- Emergency Room and Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Piccotti
- Emergency Room and Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Antonio Ramenghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, RehabilitationGenoa, Ophthalmology, Italy
- Department Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Moscatelli
- Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, and Intermediate Care Unit, Emergency Department, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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Pattanaik A, Bhandarkar B S, V S, Mukhopadhyay C. Recent cluster of neonatal enteroviral myocarditis cases in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - current scenario and counteracting prospects. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:197-199. [PMID: 38356998 PMCID: PMC10864858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Neonatal myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening complication of enterovirus infection that presents like bacterial sepsis. Outbreak A sudden upsurge in cases of neonatal enteroviral myocarditis, reported from South West England and South Wales between June 2022 and April 2023 has alerted health agencies to bring in counteracting measures. Impact In view of this outbreak situation, the World Health Organisation advisory has urged clinicians seeing neonates and infants with shock may consider myocarditis as a differential diagnosis and test for enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pattanaik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sushma Bhandarkar B
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sreelakshmi V
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Zhao S, Miao C, Gao X, Li Z, Eriksson JE, Jiu Y. Vimentin cage - A double-edged sword in host anti-infection defense. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102317. [PMID: 38171142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, reorganizes into what is termed the 'vimentin cage' in response to various pathogenic infections. This cage-like structure provides an envelope to key components of the pathogen's life cycle. In viral infections, the vimentin cage primarily serves as a scaffold and organizer for the replication factory, promoting viral replication. However, it also occasionally contributes to antiviral functions. For bacterial infections, the cage mainly supports bacterial proliferation in most observed cases. These consistent structural alterations in vimentin, induced by a range of viruses and bacteria, highlight the vimentin cage's crucial role. Pathogen-specific factors add complexity to this interaction. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the functions and mechanisms of the vimentin cage and speculate on vimentin's potential as a novel target for anti-pathogen strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Zhao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chenglin Miao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuedi Gao
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland.
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
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