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Yang S, Dong Q, Li S, Cheng Z, Kang X, Ren D, Xu C, Zhou X, Liang P, Sun L, Zhao J, Jiao Y, Han T, Liu Y, Qian Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Qu J. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater after the end of the COVID-19 epidemics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128358. [PMID: 35123131 PMCID: PMC8800135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been widely detected in wastewater in many countries to track the COVID-19 pandemic development, it is still a lack of clear understanding of the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in raw sewage, especially after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic event. To fill this knowledge gap, this study conducted a field trial on the SARS-CoV-2 presence in various wastewater facilities after the end of the COVID-19 epidemics in Beijing. The result showed that the wastewater treatment facility is a large SARS-CoV-2 repository. The viral RNA was still present in hospital sewage for 15 days and was continually detected in municipal WWTPs for more than 19 days after the end of the local COVID-19 epidemics. The T90 values of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewater were 17.17-8.42 days in the wastewater at 4 ℃ and 26 ℃, respectively, meaning that the decay rates of low titer viruses in raw sewage were much faster. The results confirmed that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA could persist in wastewater for more than two weeks, especially at lower temperatures. The sewage systems would be a virus repository and prolong the presence of the residual SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The study could enhance further understanding of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in raw wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Qian Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Kang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Daheng Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Beijing Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Beijing Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Beijing Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Taoli Han
- Beijing Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, PR China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China.
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China.
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Husain-Syed F, Vadász I, Wilhelm J, Walmrath HD, Seeger W, Birk HW, Jennert B, Dietrich H, Herold S, Trauth J, Tello K, Sander M, Morty RE, Slanina H, Schüttler CG, Ziebuhr J, Kassoumeh S, Ronco C, Ferrari F, Warnatz K, Stahl K, Seeliger B, Hoeper MM, Welte T, David S. Immunoglobulin deficiency as an indicator of disease severity in patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L590-L599. [PMID: 33237794 PMCID: PMC8057306 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00359.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the pandemic status of COVID-19, there is limited information about host risk factors and treatment beyond supportive care. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) could be a potential treatment target. Our aim was to determine the incidence of IgG deficiency and associated risk factors in a cohort of 62 critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to two German ICUs (72.6% male, median age: 61 yr). Thirteen (21.0%) of the patients displayed IgG deficiency (IgG < 7 g/L) at baseline (predominant for the IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 subclasses). Patients who were IgG-deficient had worse measures of clinical disease severity than those with normal IgG levels (shorter duration from disease onset to ICU admission, lower ratio of [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and higher levels of ferritin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and serum creatinine). Patients who were IgG-deficient were also more likely to have sustained lower levels of lymphocyte counts and higher levels of ferritin throughout the hospital stay. Furthermore, patients who were IgG-deficient compared with those with normal IgG levels displayed higher rates of acute kidney injury (76.9% vs. 26.5%; P = 0.001) and death (46.2% vs. 14.3%; P = 0.012), longer ICU [28 (6-48) vs. 12 (3-18) days; P = 0.012] and hospital length of stay [30 (22-50) vs. 18 (9-24) days; P = 0.004]. Univariable logistic regression showed increasing odds of 90-day overall mortality associated with IgG-deficiency (odds ratio 5.14, 95% confidence interval 1.3-19.9; P = 0.018). IgG deficiency might be common in patients with COVID-19 who are critically ill, and warrants investigation as both a marker of disease severity as well as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeq Husain-Syed
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - István Vadász
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Walmrath
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Lung Health, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Horst-Walter Birk
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Birgit Jennert
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Dietrich
- Divison of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janina Trauth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine II, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Khodr Tello
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Sander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany.,Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Heiko Slanina
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, The German Center for Infection Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian G Schüttler
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, The German Center for Infection Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, The German Center for Infection Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Shadi Kassoumeh
- Justus Liebig Medical University Medical School, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudio Ronco
- International Renal Research Institute of Vicenza, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medicine (DIMED), Università di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Ferrari
- Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency at Center for Translational Research, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Stahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Seeliger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius M Hoeper
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sascha David
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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