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Messens W, Bover-Cid S, Hempen M, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Skandamis PN, Stella P, Koutsoumanis K. Use of risk assessment and predictive microbiology in regulatory science related to the scientific opinions of the EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 403:110302. [PMID: 37392608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
EFSA's Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ Panel) deals with questions on biological hazards relating to food safety and food-borne diseases. This covers food-borne zoonoses, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, antimicrobial resistance, food microbiology, food hygiene, animal-by products, and associated waste management issues. The scientific assessments are diverse and frequently the development of new methodological approaches is required to deal with a mandate. Among the many risk factors, product characteristics (pH, water activity etc.), time and temperature of processing and storage along the food supply chain are highly relevant for assessing the biological risks. Therefore, predictive microbiology becomes an essential element of the assessments. Uncertainty analysis is incorporated in all BIOHAZ scientific assessments, to meet the general requirement for transparency. Assessments should clearly and unambiguously state what sources of uncertainty have been identified and their impact on the conclusions of the assessment. Four recent BIOHAZ Scientific Opinions are presented to illustrate the use of predictive modelling and quantitative microbial risk assessment principles in regulatory science. The Scientific Opinion on the guidance on date marking and related food information, gives a general overview on the use of predictive microbiology for shelf-life assessment. The Scientific Opinion on the efficacy and safety of high-pressure processing of food provides an example of inactivation modelling and compliance with performance criteria. The Scientific Opinion on the use of the so-called 'superchilling' technique for the transport of fresh fishery products illustrates the combination of heat transfer and microbial growth modelling. Finally, the Scientific Opinion on the delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates, shows how variability and uncertainty, were quantitatively embedded in assessing the probability of Salmonella detection on carcasses, via stochastic modelling and expert knowledge elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winy Messens
- Unit on Biological Hazards & Animal Health and Welfare (BIOHAW), European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Sara Bover-Cid
- IRTA-Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, Monells, Spain.
| | - Michaela Hempen
- Unit on Biological Hazards & Animal Health and Welfare (BIOHAW), European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Pietro Stella
- Unit on Biological Hazards & Animal Health and Welfare (BIOHAW), European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Wang L, Liu N, Gao Y, Liu J, Huang X, Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Zhao G. Surveillance and Reduction Control of Escherichia coli and Diarrheagenic E. coli During the Pig Slaughtering Process in China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:735076. [PMID: 34676255 PMCID: PMC8523888 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.735076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial contamination of pork during the slaughter process, especially that of the hygiene indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli, is closely related to the safety and quality of the meat. Some diarrheagenic E. coli can cause serious foodborne diseases, and pose a significant threat to human life and health. In order to ascertain the current status of E. coli and diarrheagenic E. coli contamination during the pig slaughter process in China, we conducted thorough monitoring of large-sized slaughterhouses, as well as small- or medium-sized slaughterhouses, in different provinces of China from 2019 to 2020. The overall positive rate of E. coli on the pork surface after slaughter was very high (97.07%). Both the amount of E. coli contamination and the positive ratio of diarrheagenic E. coli in large-sized slaughterhouses (7.50–13.33 CFU/cm2, 3.44%) were lower than those in small- or medium-sized slaughterhouses (74.99–133.35 CFU/cm2, 5.71%). Combined with the current status of sanitary control in slaughterhouses, we determined that pre-cooling treatment significantly reduced E. coli and diarrheagenic E. coli in pork after slaughter, while microbiological testing reduced E. coli. Based on our monitoring data, China urgently needs to establish relevant standards to better control microbial contamination during pig slaughtering progress. This study provided a theoretical basis for the hygiene quality management of the pig slaughter industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Yubin Gao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiumei Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianmei Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Livestock and Poultry Products Quality and Safety Risk Assessment Laboratory of MARA, Qingdao, China
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De Lucia A, Cawthraw SA, Smith RP, Davies R, Bianco C, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Pilot Investigation of Anti- Salmonella Antibodies in Oral Fluids from Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Swine Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082408. [PMID: 34438865 PMCID: PMC8388757 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of pork meat is responsible for a significant number of outbreaks of salmonellosis in people. Surveillance in pig herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. The last decade has seen significant advances in the routine use of pool samples, including oral fluids (OFs). This study aimed to investigate the OF collected passively via chewed sampling ropes as a potential sample type for assessing anti-Salmonella antibodies in two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV) farrow-to-finish pig farms, comparing the results with the Salmonella shedding of tested animals. Sows in the V farms were vaccinated prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated with direct bacteriological methods. A commercial ELISA assay was adapted to detect IgG and IgA antibodies in OF. Overall, a higher Salmonella prevalence was observed in the NV farm and in the offspring (76.3%) compared to sows (36.4%). The protocol used to test anti-Salmonella IgA in pig OF samples was found to lack sensitivity and specificity. At herd level, IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella specific antibody via OF. Abstract Oral fluid (OF) can be a simple, cheap and non-invasive alternative to serum or meat juice for the diagnosis and surveillance of important pathogens in pigs. This study was conducted on four Salmonella Typhimurium-positive farrow-to-finish pig farms: two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV). Gilts and sows in the V farms were vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from the sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated according to ISO6579–1:2017. In parallel, IgG and IgA levels were assessed in OF samples using a commercial ELISA assay. Salmonella was detected in 90.9% of the pooled faecal samples from the NV farms and in 35.1% of the pooled faecal samples from the V farms. Overall, a higher prevalence was observed in the pooled faecal samples from the offspring (76.3%) compared to the sows (36.4%). IgG antibodies measured in V farms are likely to be related to vaccination, as well as exposure to Salmonella field strains. The detection of IgA antibodies in OF was unreliable with the method used. The results of this study show that IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella-specific antibody immunity in vaccinated/infected animals via OF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Shaun A. Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
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Kynčl J, Špačková M, Fialová A, Kyselý J, Malý M. Influence of air temperature and implemented veterinary measures on the incidence of human salmonellosis in the Czech Republic during 1998-2017. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:55. [PMID: 33407314 PMCID: PMC7788966 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study was to analyse the influence of air temperature and implemented veterinary measures on salmonellosis incidence in the Czech Republic (CZ). Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of salmonellosis as reported to the Czech national surveillance system during 1998–2017 and evaluated the influence of applied veterinary measures (started in January 2008) on salmonellosis incidence by comparing two 9-year periods (1998–2006, 2009–2017). Using a generalized additive model, we analysed association between monthly mean air temperature and log-transformed salmonellosis incidence over the entire twenty-year period. Results A total of 410,533 salmonellosis cases were reported during the study period in the CZ. Annual mean incidences of salmonellosis were 313.0/100,000 inhabitants before and 99.0/100,000 inhabitants after implementation of the veterinary measures. The time course of incidence was non-linear, with a sharp decline during 2006–2010. Significant association was found between disease incidence and air temperature. On average, the data indicated that within a common temperature range every 1 °C rise in air temperature contributed to a significant 6.2% increase in salmonellosis cases. Conclusions Significant non-linear effects of annual trend, within-year seasonality, and air temperature on the incidence of salmonellosis during 1998–2017 were found. Our study also demonstrates significant direct effect of preventive veterinary measures taken in poultry in reducing incidence of human salmonellosis in the CZ. The annual mean number of salmonellosis cases in the period after introducing the veterinary measures was only 32.5% of what it had been in the previous period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kynčl
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Špačková
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 49/48, 100 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Fialová
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kyselý
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hdaifeh A, Khalid T, Boué G, Cummins E, Guillou S, Federighi M, Tesson V. Critical Analysis of Pork QMRA Focusing on Slaughterhouses: Lessons from the Past and Future Trends. Foods 2020; 9:E1704. [PMID: 33233782 PMCID: PMC7699970 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne microbial diseases have a significant impact on public health, leading to millions of human illnesses each year worldwide. Pork is one of the most consumed meat in Europe but may also be a major source of pathogens introduced all along the farm-to-fork chain. Several quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) have been developed to assess human health risks associated with pork consumption and to evaluate the efficiency of different risk reduction strategies. The present critical analysis aims to review pork QMRA. An exhaustive search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. It resulted in identification of a collection of 2489 papers including 42 on QMRA, after screening. Among them, a total of 29 studies focused on Salmonella spp. with clear concern on impacts at the slaughterhouse, modeling the spreading of contaminations and growth at critical stages along with potential reductions. Along with strict compliance with good hygiene practices, several potential risk mitigation pathways were highlighted for each slaughterhouse step. The slaughterhouse has a key role to play to ensure food safety of pork-based products but consideration of the whole farm-to-fork chain is necessary to enable better control of bacteria. This review provides an analysis of pork meat QMRA, to facilitate their reuse, and identify gaps to guide future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Hdaifeh
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Tahreem Khalid
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Géraldine Boué
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Ireland;
| | - Sandrine Guillou
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Michel Federighi
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
| | - Vincent Tesson
- INRAE, Oniris, SECALIM, 44307 Nantes, France; (A.H.); (T.K.); (G.B.); (S.G.); (V.T.)
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Buncic S, Alban L, Blagojevic B. From traditional meat inspection to development of meat safety assurance programs in pig abattoirs – The European situation. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ferrari RG, Rosario DKA, Cunha-Neto A, Mano SB, Figueiredo EES, Conte-Junior CA. Worldwide Epidemiology of Salmonella Serovars in Animal-Based Foods: a Meta-analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00591-19. [PMID: 31053586 PMCID: PMC6606869 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are among the most important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of human death among diarrheal diseases worldwide. Animals are the primary source of this pathogen, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of Salmonella serovars is key to controlling and monitoring this bacterium. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella enterica serovars in animal-based foods (beef, pork, poultry, and seafood) throughout the five continents (Africa, the Americas [North and Latin America], Asia, Europe, and Oceania). The meta-analysis consisted of a chemometric assessment (hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis) to identify the main epidemiological findings, including the prevalence and diversity of the Salmonella serovars in each matrix. Regarding the serovar distribution, S Typhimurium presented a cosmopolitan distribution, reported in all four assessed matrices and continents; poultry continues to play a central role in the dissemination of the Enteritidis serovar to humans, and Anatum and Weltevreden were the most frequently found in beef and seafood, respectively. Additionally, we recommended careful monitoring of certain serovars, such as Derby, Agona, Infantis, and Kentucky. Finally, given the scientific data regarding the most frequently reported serovars and which matrices constitute the main vehicles for the transmission of this pathogen, control programs may be improved, and specific interventions may be implemented in an attempt to reduce the risk of this pathogen reaching humans.IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella spp. and is the third leading cause of death among food-transmitted diseases. This pathogen is commonly disseminated in domestic and wild animals, and the infection's symptoms are characterized by acute fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The animals are the primary source of salmonellae, and animal-based foods are the main transmission route to humans. Therefore, data collected from these sources could contribute to future global interventions for effective control and surveillance of Salmonella along the food chain. In light of this, the importance of our research is in identifying the prevalence of Salmonella serovars in four animal-based food matrices (pork, poultry, beef, and seafood) and to evaluate the importance that each matrix has as the primary source of this pathogen to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G Ferrari
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denes K A Rosario
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adelino Cunha-Neto
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Sérgio B Mano
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E S Figueiredo
- Animal Science Program, Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
- Nutrition, Food and Metabolism Program, Nutrition Faculty, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular and Analytical Laboratory Center, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Food Science Program, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Niemi JK, Heinola K, Simola M, Tuominen P. Salmonella Control Programme of Pig Feeds Is Financially Beneficial in Finland. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:200. [PMID: 31338369 PMCID: PMC6629760 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote public health, Finland has adopted a stringent Salmonella control policy. However, the rationale of Salmonella control in pig feeds has been debated after a European Union (EU)-wide cost-benefit analysis, which provided mixed, country-specific results on whether control measures are economically beneficial. The aim of this study was to analyze the costs and benefits of current pig feed Salmonella control in Finland compared to a reduced control scenario. In addition, this study contributes to the literature by looking at the costs across stakeholder groups. The costs of preventive and monitoring measures were assessed, and a Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate costs caused by Salmonella contaminations along the pork supply chain (including feed importation, commercial feed manufacturing, feed transportation, mobile feed mixers, pig farms, slaughterhouses) and because of human salmonellosis originating from contaminated feed. The data were collected from official records and feed sector operators by surveys and interviews. The prevalence of Salmonella was obtained from a previously conducted risk assessment study. The total costs of pig feed Salmonella control were estimated on average to be €4.2-5.4 million per year (95% of simulated years between €2.1 and €9.1 million) for the current control scenario, and €33.8-34.8 million per year (95% €2.2 to €26.0 million) for the reduced control scenario. In the reduced control scenario, the monitoring and prevention costs were decreased down to €1.1-2.1 million, and the costs of Salmonella contaminations and human salmonellosis were up by €32.7 million when compared to the current control scenario. The results suggest that the current pig feed Salmonella control policy of Finland is economically profitable. It can reduce the costs caused by feed-related Salmonella contaminations on average by €29.4 million per year and provides public health benefits. Pig feed Salmonella control can support the effectiveness of the Finnish Salmonella Control Programme. The current pig feed Salmonella control policy benefits the consumers, while a substantial part of the costs are covered by feed operators. In order to increase the acceptability of current policy, greater attention to the allocation of financial responsibilities regarding the control measures may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko K. Niemi
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Katriina Heinola
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Simola
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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Occurrence and Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Large-Scale Breeder Farms in Shandong Province, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8159567. [PMID: 31139652 PMCID: PMC6500603 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8159567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from large-scale breeder farms in Shandong Province, China. A total of 63 Salmonella isolates (63/409, 15.4%) were identified from 409 samples collected from five large-scale breeder farms in Shandong Province. These Salmonella isolates were assayed for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, prevalence of class 1 integrons, quinolone resistance genes, and β-lactamase genes and subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among these isolates, S. Enteritidis (100%) was the predominant serovar, and high antimicrobial resistance rates to nalidixic acid (100.0%), streptomycin (100.0%), ampicillin (98.4%), and erythromycin (93.7%) were observed. All of the isolates carried blaTEM. MLST results showed that only one sequence type (ST11) was identified. Our findings indicated that Salmonella was generally prevalent not only on broiler farms but also on breeder farms.
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Campos J, Mourão J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health. Pathogens 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 30700039 PMCID: PMC6470815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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Silano V, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Brüschweiler BJ, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Riviere G, Steffensen IL, Tlustos C, Van Loveren H, Vernis L, Zorn H, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, de Knecht J, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Baù A, Martino C, Messens W, Sarno E, Tomcikova D, Mortensen A. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the organic acids lactic and acetic acids to reduce microbiological surface contamination on pork carcasses and pork cuts. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05482. [PMID: 32625776 PMCID: PMC7009387 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of lactic and acetic acids to reduce microbiological surface contamination on pork carcasses pre-chill and pork meat cuts post-chill were assessed. Lactic acid treatments consisted of 2-5% solutions at temperatures of up to 80°C applied to carcasses by spraying or up to 55°C applied on cuts by spraying or dipping. Acetic acid treatments consisted of 2-4% solutions at temperatures of up to 40°C applied on carcasses by spraying or on cuts by spraying or dipping. The maximum treatment duration was 30 s. The Panel concluded that: [1] the treatments are of no safety concern, provided that the substances comply with the European Union specifications for food additives; [2] spraying of pork carcasses pre-chill with lactic acid was efficacious compared to untreated control, but based on the available data, the Panel could not conclude whether lactic acid was more efficacious than water treatment when spraying of pork carcasses pre-chill or pork meat cuts post-chill. The Panel concluded that dipping of pork meat cuts post-chill in lactic acid was more efficacious than water treatment. However, it could not conclude on the efficacy of acetic acid treatment of pork carcasses pre-chill and/or pork meat cuts post-chill; [3] the potential selection and emergence of bacteria with reduced susceptibility to biocides and/or resistance to therapeutic antimicrobials linked to the use of the substances is unlikely as long as Good Hygienic Practices are implemented; and [4] the release of both organic acids is not of concern for the environment, assuming that wastewaters released by the slaughterhouses are treated, if necessary, to counter the potentially low pH caused by lactic or acetic acid, in compliance with local rules.
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12
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Schulte Zu Sundern A, Holling C, Rohn K, Schulte-Wülwer J, Deermann A, Visscher C. Relationships between colostrum supply of suckling piglets and Salmonella prevalence in piglet rearing. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 29744130 PMCID: PMC5930685 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schulte Zu Sundern
- 1Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Carolin Holling
- Swine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture Lower Saxony, Sedanstr. 4 D-26121, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- 3Institute for Biometry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ansgar Deermann
- EVH Select GmbH, An der Feuerwache 14, D-49716 Meppen, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- 1Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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13
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Ni P, Xu Q, Yin Y, Liu D, Zhang J, Wu Q, Tian P, Shi X, Wang D. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella serovars isolated from farm products in Shanghai. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Bayesian model for tracing Salmonella contamination in the pig feed chain. Food Microbiol 2018; 71:82-92. [PMID: 29366474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella infections in pigs are in most cases asymptomatic, posing a risk of salmonellosis for pork consumers. Salmonella can transmit to pigs from various sources, including contaminated feed. We present an approach for quantifying the risk to pigs from contaminations in the feed chain, based on a Bayesian model. The model relies on Salmonella surveillance data and other information from surveys, reports, registries, statistics, legislation and literature regarding feed production and pig farming. Uncertainties were probabilistically quantified by synthesizing evidence from the available information over a categorically structured flow chain of ingredients mixed for feeds served to pigs. Model based probability for infection from feeds together with Salmonella subtyping data, were used to estimate the proportion of Salmonella infections in pigs attributable to feed. The results can be further used in assessments considering the human health risk linked to animal feed via livestock. The presented methods can be used to predict the effect of changes in the feed chain, and they are generally applicable to other animals and pathogens.
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15
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernández Escámez PS, Girones R, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Andersen JK, Uyttendaele M, Valero A, Da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Nørrung B. Guidance on the requirements for the development of microbiological criteria. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05052. [PMID: 32625345 PMCID: PMC7010099 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Food Safety Authority asked the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) to deliver a scientific opinion providing: (i) a review of the approaches used by the BIOHAZ Panel to address requests from risk managers to suggest the establishment of microbiological criteria; (ii) guidance on the required scientific evidence, data and methods/tools necessary for considering the development of microbiological criteria for pathogenic microorganisms and indicator microorganisms; (iii) recommendations on methods/tools to design microbiological criteria and (iv) guidelines for the requirements and tasks of risk assessors, compared to risk managers, in relation to microbiological criteria. This document provides guidance on approaches when: (i) a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is available, (ii) prevalence and concentration data are available, but not a QMRA model, and (iii) neither a QMRA nor prevalence and/or concentration data are available. The role of risk assessors should be focused on assessing the impact of different microbiological criteria on public health and on product compliance. It is the task of the risk managers to: (1) formulate unambiguous questions, preferably in consultation with risk assessors, (2) decide on the establishment of a microbiological criterion, or target in primary production sectors, and to formulate the specific intended purpose for using such criteria, (3) consider the uncertainties in impact assessments on public health and on product compliance and (4) decide the point in the food chain where the microbiological criteria are intended to be applied and decide on the actions which should be taken in case of non‐compliance. It is the task of the risk assessors to support risk managers to ensure that questions are formulated in a way that a precise answer can be given, if sufficient information is available, and to ensure clear and unambiguous answers, including the assessment of uncertainties, based on available scientific evidence.
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16
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Biasino W, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, Bertrand S, Uyttendaele M, Van Damme I. Correlation between slaughter practices and the distribution of Salmonella and hygiene indicator bacteria on pig carcasses during slaughter. Food Microbiol 2017; 70:192-199. [PMID: 29173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella on pig carcasses. Moreover, the relation between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence as well as associations between specific slaughter practices and carcass contamination were determined for each carcass area. Seven Belgian pig slaughterhouses were visited three times to swab five randomly selected carcasses at nine different areas, after evisceration and trimming. Information about slaughter practices was collected using a questionaire. In all samples, the E. coli and Salmonella presence was analyzed and Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria were quantified. Average total aerobic counts ranged from 3.1 (loin, pelvic duct, ham) to 4.4 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). Median Enterobacteriaceae numbers varied between 0.4 (ham) an 1.8 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). E. coli and Salmonella presence ranged from 15% (elbow) to 89% (foreleg) and 5% (elbow) to 38% (foreleg), respectively. Positive relations were found between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence at the head, sternum, loin and throat. Several slaughter practices, such as splitting the head and incising tonsils, were associated with higher levels of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella. These findings can be used to educate slaughterhouse personnel and estimate the public health risk involved in consumption of different pork cuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Biasino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Bertrand
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bio-Science Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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17
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Interventions to reduce non-typhoidal Salmonella in pigs during transport to slaughter and lairage: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and research synthesis based infection models in support of assessment of effectiveness. Prev Vet Med 2017; 145:133-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Rönnqvist M, Välttilä V, Ranta J, Tuominen P. Salmonella risk to consumers via pork is related to the Salmonella prevalence in pig feed. Food Microbiol 2017; 71:93-97. [PMID: 29366475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are an important source of human infections with Salmonella, one of the most common causes of sporadic gastrointestinal infections and foodborne outbreaks in the European region. Feed has been estimated to be a significant source of Salmonella in piggeries in countries of a low Salmonella prevalence. To estimate Salmonella risk to consumers via the pork production chain, including feed production, a quantitative risk assessment model was constructed. The Salmonella prevalence in feeds and in animals was estimated to be generally low in Finland, but the relative importance of feed as a source of Salmonella in pigs was estimated as potentially high. Discontinuation of the present strict Salmonella control could increase the risk of Salmonella in slaughter pigs and consequent infections in consumers. The increased use of low risk and controlled feed ingredients could result in a consistently lower residual contamination in pigs and help the tracing and control of the sources of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rönnqvist
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - V Välttilä
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Ranta
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Tuominen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Risk Assessment Research Unit, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Salmonella in the pork production chain and its impact on human health in the European Union. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1513-1526. [PMID: 28241896 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. comprise the second most common food-borne pathogens in the European Union (EU). The role of pigs as carriers of Salmonella has been intensively studied both on farm and at slaughter. Salmonella infection in pigs may cause fever, diarrhoea, prostration and mortality. However, most infected pigs remain healthy carriers, and those infected at the end of the fattening period could pose a threat to human health. Contamination of pig carcasses can occur on the slaughter line, and it is linked to cross-contamination from other carcasses and the presence of Salmonella in the environment. Therefore, Salmonella serovars present on pig carcasses can be different from those detected in the same bathes on the farm. In recent years, S. Typhimurium, S. Derby and S. serotype 4,[5],12:i:- (a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium) have been the most common serovars to be detected in pigs in EU countries, but S. Rissen, S. Infantis, S. Enteritidis and S. Brandenburg have also been reported. In humans, several cases of salmonellosis have been linked to the consumption of raw or undercooked pork and pork products. Among the main serovars of porcine origin detected in confirmed human cases, S. Typhimurium, the monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Derby are certainly the most important.
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20
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Young I, Wilhelm BJ, Cahill S, Nakagawa R, Desmarchelier P, Rajić A. A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Slaughter and Processing Interventions to Control Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Beef and Pork. J Food Prot 2016; 79:2196-2210. [PMID: 28104927 PMCID: PMC5238939 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pork is one of the major food sources of human salmonellosis worldwide, while beef products have been implicated in numerous foodborne outbreaks. As a result, effective interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination during beef and pork processing are of interest to both regulators and industry. We conducted a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of literature investigating the efficacy of slaughter and processing interventions to control Salmonella in beef and pork. Review steps included: a comprehensive search strategy; relevance screening of abstracts; relevance confirmation of articles; data extraction; risk-of-bias assessment; meta-analysis (where appropriate); and a weight-of-evidence assessment. A total of 191 relevant experimental studies were identified. Two controlled trials indicated that hot water and steam treatments are effective at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella on beef carcasses (relative risk [RR] = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.58), while four trials found that pre-chill organic acid washes are effective at reducing Salmonella on pork carcasses (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78), with high confidence in the estimates of effect. Four quasi-experimental studies found that post-exsanguination chemical washes were effective to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on cattle hides, with low confidence in the specific estimate of effect; moderate confidence was found for the effect estimates of scalding (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and singeing (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.52) of pork carcasses. The overall evidence supported enhanced reductions of Salmonella through a multiple-hurdle approach. In conclusion, various slaughter and processing interventions can contribute to reducing Salmonella on beef and pork carcasses, depending on the context of application; an appropriate combination should be selected, validated, and verified by establishment operators within their local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, POD 249, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5B 2K3
| | - Barbara J Wilhelm
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Sarah Cahill
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Rei Nakagawa
- Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrijana Rajić
- Food Safety and Quality Unit, Office of Food Safety, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00153, Italy
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21
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Longitudinal study of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- shedding in five Australian pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 136:19-28. [PMID: 28010904 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The shedding patterns of Salmonella spp. and MLVA profiles of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica (I) serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- were monitored in a 12-month longitudinal observational study of five pig herds to inform management; provide indications of potential hazard load at slaughter; and assist evaluation of MLVA for use by animal and public health practitioners. Twenty pooled faecal samples, stratified by age group, were collected quarterly. When Salmonella was cultured, multiple colonies were characterized by serotyping and where S. Typhimurium-like serovars were confirmed, isolates were further characterized by phage typing and multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Salmonella was detected in 43% of samples. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i- was one of several serovars that persisted within the herds and was found among colonies from each production stage. Virtually all Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates were phage type 193, but exhibited 12 different, closely-related MLVA profiles. Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- diversity within herds was low and MLVA profiles were stable indicating colonization throughout the herds and suggesting each farm had an endemic strain. High prevalence of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- specific shedding among terminal animals indicated high hazard load at slaughter, suggesting that primary production may be an important pathway of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- into the human food chain, this has implications for on-farm management and the application and targeting control measures and further evidence of the need for effective process control procedures to be in place during slaughter and in pork boning rooms. These findings have implications for animal health and food safety risk mitigation and risk management.
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22
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Ferrer Savall J, Bidot C, Leblanc-Maridor M, Belloc C, Touzeau S. Modelling Salmonella transmission among pigs from farm to slaughterhouse: Interplay between management variability and epidemiological uncertainty. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 229:33-43. [PMID: 27099983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella carriage and cutaneous contamination of pigs at slaughter are a major risk for carcass contamination. They depend on Salmonella prevalence at farm, but also on transmission and skin soiling among pigs during their journey from farm to slaughterhouse. To better understand and potentially control what influences Salmonella transmission within a pig batch during this transport and lairage step, we proposed a compartmental, discrete-time and stochastic model. We calibrated the model using pork chain data from Brittany. We carried out a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of the variability in management protocols and of the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters on three model outcomes: prevalence of infection, average cutaneous contamination and number of new infections at slaughter. Each outcome is mainly influenced by a single management factor: prevalence at slaughter mainly depends on the prevalence at farm, cutaneous contamination on the contamination of lairage pens and new infections on the total duration of transport and lairage. However, these results are strongly affected by the uncertainty in epidemiological parameters. Re-excretion of carriers due to stress does not have a major impact on the number of new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Bidot
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Catherine Belloc
- INRA, LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR 1300 BioEpAR, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Suzanne Touzeau
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France; BIOCORE, Inria, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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23
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Hill AA, Simons RL, Swart AN, Kelly L, Hald T, Snary EL. Assessing the Effectiveness of On-Farm and Abattoir Interventions in Reducing Pig Meat-Borne Salmonellosis within E.U. Member States. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:546-560. [PMID: 27002673 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of the evidence base for the development of national control plans for Salmonella spp. in pigs for E.U. Member States, a quantitative microbiological risk assessment was funded to support the scientific opinion required by the EC from the European Food Safety Authority. The main aim of the risk assessment was to assess the effectiveness of interventions implemented on-farm and at the abattoir in reducing human cases of pig meat-borne salmonellosis, and how the effects of these interventions may vary across E.U. Member States. Two case study Member States have been chosen to assess the effect of the interventions investigated. Reducing both breeding herd and slaughter pig prevalence were effective in achieving reductions in the number of expected human illnesses in both case study Member States. However, there is scarce evidence to suggest which specific on-farm interventions could achieve consistent reductions in either breeding herd or slaughter pig prevalence. Hypothetical reductions in feed contamination rates were important in reducing slaughter pig prevalence for the case study Member State where prevalence of infection was already low, but not for the high-prevalence case study. The most significant reductions were achieved by a 1- or 2-log decrease of Salmonella contamination of the carcass post-evisceration; a 1-log decrease in average contamination produced a 90% reduction in human illness. The intervention analyses suggest that abattoir intervention may be the most effective way to reduce human exposure to Salmonella spp. However, a combined farm/abattoir approach would likely have cumulative benefits. On-farm intervention is probably most effective at the breeding-herd level for high-prevalence Member States; once infection in the breeding herd has been reduced to a low enough level, then feed and biosecurity measures would become increasingly more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Hill
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Robin L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Arno N Swart
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Kelly
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Tine Hald
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emma L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
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24
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Snary EL, Swart AN, Simons RRL, Domingues ARC, Vigre H, Evers EG, Hald T, Hill AA. A Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment for Salmonella in Pigs for the European Union. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:437-49. [PMID: 27002672 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A farm-to-consumption quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) for Salmonella in pigs in the European Union has been developed for the European Food Safety Authority. The primary aim of the QMRA was to assess the impact of hypothetical reductions of slaughter-pig prevalence and the impact of control measures on the risk of human Salmonella infection. A key consideration during the QMRA development was the characterization of variability between E.U. Member States (MSs), and therefore a generic MS model was developed that accounts for differences in pig production, slaughterhouse practices, and consumption patterns. To demonstrate the parameterization of the model, four case study MSs were selected that illustrate the variability in production of pork meat and products across MSs. For the case study MSs the average probability of illness was estimated to be between 1 in 100,000 and 1 in 10 million servings given consumption of one of the three product types considered (pork cuts, minced meat, and fermented ready-to-eat sausages). Further analyses of the farm-to-consumption QMRA suggest that the vast majority of human risk derives from infected pigs with a high concentration of Salmonella in their feces (≥10(4) CFU/g). Therefore, it is concluded that interventions should be focused on either decreasing the level of Salmonella in the feces of infected pigs, the introduction of a control step at the abattoir to reduce the transfer of feces to the exterior of the pig, or a control step to reduce the level of Salmonella on the carcass post-evisceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Arno N Swart
- RIVM - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robin R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ana Rita Calado Domingues
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Hakan Vigre
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Eric G Evers
- RIVM - Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tine Hald
- Food-DTU - National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew A Hill
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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25
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Microencapsulated Sorbic Acid and Pure Botanicals Affect Salmonella Typhimurium Shedding in Pigs: A Close-Up Look from Weaning to Slaughter in Controlled and Field Conditions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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26
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Dong Q, Barker G, Gorris L, Tian M, Song X, Malakar P. Status and future of Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment in China. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015; 42:70-80. [PMID: 26089594 PMCID: PMC4460287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Since the implementation of the Food Safety Law of the People's Republic of China in 2009 use of Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) has increased. QMRA is used to assess the risk posed to consumers by pathogenic bacteria which cause the majority of foodborne outbreaks in China. This review analyses the progress of QMRA research in China from 2000 to 2013 and discusses 3 possible improvements for the future. These improvements include planning and scoping to initiate QMRA, effectiveness of microbial risk assessment utility for risk management decision making, and application of QMRA to establish appropriate Food Safety Objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q.L. Dong
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai, 200093, PR China
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - G.C. Barker
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - L.G.M. Gorris
- Unilever R&D Shanghai, 66 Lin Xin Road, Shanghai, 200335, PR China
| | - M.S. Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fudan University Public Health School, 130 Dongan Rd., Shanghai, 200032, PR China
- Institute of Shanghai Food and Drug Supervision, 615 Liuzhou Rd., Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - X.Y. Song
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing, 100021, PR China
| | - P.K. Malakar
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
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28
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Møller CODA, Nauta MJ, Schaffner DW, Dalgaard P, Christensen BB, Hansen TB. Risk assessment of Salmonella in Danish meatballs produced in the catering sector. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 196:109-25. [PMID: 25540860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A modular process risk model approach was used to assess health risks associated with Salmonella spp. after consumption of the Danish meatball product (frikadeller) produced with fresh pork in a catering unit. Meatball production and consumption were described as a series of processes (modules), starting from 1.3kg meat pieces through conversion to 70g meatballs, followed by a dose response model to assess the risk of illness from consumption of these meatballs. Changes in bacterial prevalence, concentration, and unit size were modelled within each module. The risk assessment was built using observational data and models that were specific for Salmonella spp. in meatballs produced in the catering sector. Danish meatballs are often pan-fried followed by baking in an oven before consumption, in order to reach the core temperature of 75°C recommended by the Danish Food Safety Authority. However, in practice this terminal heat treatment in the oven may be accidentally omitted. Eleven production scenarios were evaluated with the model, to test the impact of heat treatments and cooling rates at different room temperatures. The risk estimates revealed that a process comprising heat treatment of meatballs to core temperatures higher than 70°C, and subsequent holding at room temperatures lower than 20°C, for no longer than 3.5h, were very effective in Salmonella control. The current Danish Food Safety Authority recommendation of cooking to an internal temperature of 75°C is conservative, at least with respect to Salmonella risk. Survival and growth of Salmonella during cooling of meatballs not heat treated in oven had a significant impact on the risk estimates, and therefore, cooling should be considered a critical step during meatball processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleide O de A Møller
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Maarten J Nauta
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Donald W Schaffner
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, Food Science Building, Room 207, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Paw Dalgaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Bygning 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bjarke B Christensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tina B Hansen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Andrés-Barranco S, Vico JP, Garrido V, Samper S, Herrera-León S, de Frutos C, Mainar-Jaime RC. Role of Wild Bird and Rodents in the Epidemiology of Subclinical Salmonellosis in Finishing Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:689-97. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Barranco
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan P. Vico
- CONICET-UCC Unidad Asociada: Área Ingeniería, Cs. Agrarias, Biológicas y de la Salud, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Garrido
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC-UPNA-Gobierno de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sofía Samper
- IIS Aragón, Laboratorio Investigación Molecular, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Herrera-León
- Sección de Enterobacterias, Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina de Frutos
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl C. Mainar-Jaime
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Wierup M, Kristoffersen T. Prevention of Salmonella contamination of finished soybean meal used for animal feed by a Norwegian production plant despite frequent Salmonella contamination of raw soy beans, 1994-2012. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:41. [PMID: 25011553 PMCID: PMC4226984 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-014-0041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella contaminated animal feed is a major source for introducing Salmonella into the animal derived food chain. Because soybeans frequently are contaminated with Salmonella, soybean meal used as animal feed material, a by-product of a "crushing plant" which produces oil from soybeans, can be important source of Salmonella in the animal feed. RESULTS During the 19-year period, 34% of samples collected during unloading of ships delivering soybeans yielded Salmonella; the proportion of samples from ships that yielded Salmonella varied from 12-62% each year. Dust samples from all shiploads from South America yielded Salmonella. In total 94 serovars of Salmonella were isolated, including nine (90%) of the EU 2012 top ten serovars isolated from clinical cases of salmonellosis in humans, including major animal pathogenic serovars like Spp. Typhimurium and Enteritidis. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a HAACP-based control program in a soybean crushing plant can produce Salmonella free soybean meal despite frequent Salmonella contamination of raw soybeans. That approach is suggested as an effective way to minimize the risk of Salmonella exposure of the animal feed mills and contamination of the subsequent animal feed chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wierup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
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Wierup M, Widell S. Estimation of costs for control of Salmonella in high-risk feed materials and compound feed. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2014; 4:23496. [PMID: 24959328 PMCID: PMC4057785 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v4.23496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Feed is a potential and major source for introducing Salmonella into the animal-derived food chain. This is given special attention in the European Union (EU) efforts to minimize human food-borne Salmonella infections from animal-derived food. The objective of this study was to estimate the total extra cost for preventing Salmonella contamination of feed above those measures required to produce commercial feed according to EU regulation (EC) No 183/2005. The study was carried out in Sweden, a country where Salmonella infections in food-producing animals from feed have largely been eliminated. METHODS On the initiative and leadership of the competent authority, the different steps of feed production associated with control of Salmonella contamination were identified. Representatives for the major feed producers operating in the Swedish market then independently estimated the annual mean costs during the years 2009 and 2010. The feed producers had no known incentives to underestimate the costs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The total cost for achieving a Salmonella-safe compound feed, when such a control is established, was estimated at 1.8-2.3 € per tonne of feed. Of that cost, 25% relates to the prevention of Salmonella contaminated high-risk vegetable feed materials (mainly soybean meal and rapeseed meal) from entering feed mills, and 75% for measures within the feed mills. Based on the feed formulations applied, those costs in relation to the farmers' 2012 price for compound feed were almost equal for broilers and dairy cows (0.7%). Due to less use of protein concentrate to fatten pigs, the costs were lower (0.6%). These limited costs suggest that previous recommendations to enforce a Salmonella-negative policy for animal feed are realistic and economically feasible to prevent a dissemination of the pathogen to animal herds, their environment, and potentially to human food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wierup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stig Widell
- Swedish Board of Agriculture, Jönköping, Sweden
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Ikwap K, Erume J, Owiny DO, Nasinyama GW, Melin L, Bengtsson B, Lundeheim N, Fellström C, Jacobson M. Salmonella species in piglets and weaners from Uganda: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and herd-level risk factors. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:39-47. [PMID: 24694586 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is of concern in humans in sub-Saharan Africa, and this is partly due to the high number of immunocompromised persons. Pork and pork products could be among the sources of these non-typhi Salmonella spp. The aim of this study was to identify Salmonella spp. in piglets and weaners in northern and eastern Uganda, characterize their antimicrobial resistance patterns and determine herd-level risk factors. Fecal samples were collected from 465 piglets and weaners from 93 herds (49 and 44 from northern and eastern Uganda, respectively). In addition, information about the herd management and potential risk factors were collected. The fecal samples were cultured for the identification of Salmonella spp. The Salmonella spp. confirmed by serotyping were further characterized by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to 12 antimicrobials by broth microdilution. At individual level, the total prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 12% (12.2% in northern and 11.9% in eastern Uganda). At herd level, the total prevalence was 39% (43% in northern and 34% in eastern Uganda). From 56 samples with Salmonella spp., 20 serovars were identified including two serovars identified only by their antigenic formulae. The predominant serovars were S. Zanzibar, S. Heidelberg, S. Infantis, S. Typhimurium, S. Stanleyville, S. Aberdeen and S. Kampala. In total, 57% of the 53 Salmonella spp. analyzed, originating from 27% of the herds, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. The majority of drug-resistant isolates (60%) were from northern Uganda. Eight multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were from northern Uganda and three MDR isolates were from eastern Uganda. Increased prevalence of Salmonella spp. was associated with feeding the young and adults separately as compared to feeding the young and adults together (p=0.043, OR=4.3; 95% CI 1.1, 17.38). Protective factors were "intensive" method of keeping the pigs versus "tethering and roaming" (p=0.016, OR=0.11; 95% CI 0.02, 0.64), "intensive" method versus "semi-intensive" method (p=0.048, OR=0.12; 95% CI 0.01, 0.96) and cleaning feeders after every two days versus daily (p=0.017, OR=0.18; 95% CI 0.05, 0.72). This study has revealed a high prevalence of infection of piglets and weaners with diverse non-typhi Salmonella serovars and highlights the potential role of pork and pork products as sources of these organisms for humans. In addition, this study has identified protective factors that could be promoted to control Salmonella spp. and in antimicrobial resistance reduction programs in rural pigs from Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokas Ikwap
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Okello Owiny
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - George William Nasinyama
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lennart Melin
- National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Nils Lundeheim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Fellström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Gomes-Neves E, Antunes P, Manageiro V, Gärtner F, Caniça M, da Costa JMC, Peixe L. Clinically relevant multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica in swine and meat handlers at the abattoir. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:229-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Microbiomes of unreactive and pathologically altered ileocecal lymph nodes of slaughter pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:193-203. [PMID: 24141125 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03089-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-laden dendritic cells are shifted to ileocecal lymph nodes (ICLNs), where microbes are concentrated and an adequate immune response is triggered. Hence, ICLNs are at a crucial position in immune anatomy and control processes of the local immune system. Pathological alterations in ICLNs, such as reactive hyperplasia, lymphadenitis purulenta, or granulomatosa, can harbor a multitude of pathogens and commensals, posing a potential zoonotic risk in animal production. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial diversity of unreactive ICLNs of slaughter pigs and to investigate community shifts in reactive ICLNs altered by enlargement, purulence, or granulomatous formations. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from 32 ICLNs yielded 175,313 sequences, clustering into 650 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTUs were assigned to 239 genera and 11 phyla. Besides a highly diverse bacterial community in ICLNs, we observed significant shifts in pathologically altered ICLNs. The relative abundances of Cloacibacterium- and Novosphingobium-associated OTUs and the genus Faecalibacterium were significantly higher in unreactive ICLNs than in pathologically altered ICLNs. Enlarged ICLNs harbored significantly more Lactobacillus- and Clostridium-associated sequences. Relative abundances of Mycoplasma, Bacteroides, Veillonella, and Variovorax OTUs were significantly increased in granulomatous ICLNs, whereas abundances of Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter OTUs were significantly increased in purulent ICLNs (P < 0.05). Correlation-based networks revealed interactions among OTUs in all ICLN groups, and discriminant analyses depicted discrimination in response to pathological alterations. This study is the first community-based survey in ICLNs of livestock animals and will provide a basis to broaden the knowledge of microbe-host interactions in pigs.
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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36
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De Busser EV, De Zutter L, Dewulf J, Houf K, Maes D. Salmonella control in live pigs and at slaughter. Vet J 2013; 196:20-7. [PMID: 23414643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As European Union legislation sets reduction targets to lower the incidence of human salmonellosis, Member States are obliged to take effective measures to control Salmonella infection and contamination along the pig production chain. This review considers the most important control measures in the primary phase of pig production as well as during transport, lairage and along the slaughter line. Pig feed should be free of Salmonella, and contamination after feed processing must be prevented. Cleaning and disinfection procedures should be improved, although this can be complicated by the development of biofilms and the interaction between Salmonella and protozoa. Further research is required on the acid tolerance response of Salmonella strains regarding the use of organic acids in feed and/or drinking water. Vaccination of sows and piglets can be helpful but can interfere with current serosurveillance as no differentiation can yet be made between naturally infected and vaccinated animals. Fasting, transport and lairage conditions should be critically evaluated and improved. Slaughterhouses must avoid contamination and cross-contamination during all stages of the slaughter process. Scalding by steam and implementing a second singeing step after polishing are beneficial. Attention should be paid to the cleaning and disinfection procedures along the slaughter line. Carcass decontamination is a promising approach, but needs to be considered as a tool to add to good hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V De Busser
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Romero-Barrios P, Hempen M, Messens W, Stella P, Hugas M. Quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) of food-borne zoonoses at the European level. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Michiels J, Missotten J, Rasschaert G, Dierick N, Heyndrickx M, De Smet S. Effect of organic acids on Salmonella colonization and shedding in weaned piglets in a seeder model. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1974-83. [PMID: 23127706 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Piglets (n = 128) weaned at 21 days of age were used in a 35-day seeder model to evaluate the effects of dietary additives differing in active ingredients, chemical, and physical formulation, and dose on Salmonella colonization and shedding and intestinal microbial populations. Treatments were a negative control (basal diet), the positive control (challenged, basal diet), and six treatments similar to the positive control but supplemented with the following active ingredients (dose excluding essential oils or natural extracts): triglycerides with butyric acid (1.30 g kg(-1)); formic and citric acids and essential oils (2.44 g kg(-1)); coated formic, coated sorbic, and benzoic acids (2.70 g kg(-1)); salts of formic, sorbic, acetic, and propionic acids, their free acids, and natural extracts (2.92 g kg(-1)); triglycerides with caproic and caprylic acids and coated oregano oil (1.80 g kg(-1)); and caproic, caprylic, lauric, and lactic acids (1.91 g kg(-1)). On day 6, half the piglets (seeder pigs) in each group were orally challenged with a Salmonella Typhimurium nalidixic acid-resistant strain (4 × 10(9) and 1.2 × 10(9) log CFU per pig in replicate experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Two days later, they were transferred to pens with an equal number of contact pigs. Salmonella shedding was determined 2 days after challenge exposure and then on a weekly basis. On day 34 or 35, piglets were euthanized to sample tonsils, ileocecal lymph nodes, and ileal and cecal digesta contents. The two additives, both containing short-chain fatty acids and one of them also containing benzoic acid and the other one also containing essential oils, and supplemented at more than 2.70 g kg(-1), showed evidence of reducing Salmonella fecal shedding and numbers of coliforms and Salmonella in cecal digesta. However, colonization of tonsils and ileocecal lymph nodes by Salmonella was not affected. Supplementing butyric acid and medium-chain fatty acids at the applied dose failed to inhibit Salmonella contamination in the current experimental setup.
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Noerrung B, Collins D, Budka H, Hugas M. Risk assessment of biological hazards for consumer protection. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.s1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Castelijn GAA, Parabirsing JA, Zwietering MH, Moezelaar R, Abee T. Surface behaviour of S. Typhimurium, S. Derby, S. Brandenburg and S. Infantis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:305-14. [PMID: 22906529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cross-contamination due to Salmonella on the surface of processing equipment greatly contributes to contamination of pork products. Therefore, a clear understanding of surface and survival behaviour of relevant Salmonella serovars in pork processing environments is needed to develop better strategies for Salmonella control. Within this study the biofilm forming behaviour of S. Typhimurium, S. Derby, S. Brandenburg and S. Infantis isolates was analysed using the crystal violet assay. This assay, commonly used to analyse total biofilm formation, revealed variation in biofilm forming capacity between and within serovars. This has not been shown before for S. Derby, S. Brandenburg and S. Infantis. From each serovar, isolates with different biofilm forming capacity were selected to analyse biofilm formation on stainless steel. This revealed no significant differences between biofilm formation on polystyrene compared to stainless steel. Furthermore a relation was observed between biofilm forming capacity of an isolate and survival on stainless steel surfaces. On such surfaces, biofilms showed greater and longer survival than planktonic cells, and they were less susceptible to peracetic acid disinfection treatments. However, the latter effect was marginal and only observed in the presence of organic material, which drastically decreased the activity of peracetic acid. With the obtained results a hierarchical cluster was also performed to identify differences and similarities between the four different serovars. This indicated that the surface behaviour of S. Typhimurium was more comparable to S. Infantis than to S. Derby or S. Brandenburg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greetje A A Castelijn
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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RASSCHAERT G, MICHIELS J, ARIJS D, WILDEMAUWE C, DE SMET S, HEYNDRICKX M. Effect of Farm Type on Within-Herd Salmonella Prevalence, Serovar Distribution, and Antimicrobial Resistance. J Food Prot 2012; 75:859-66. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella represents a major challenge to the pig industry, as pork presents a risk for human salmonellosis. In this study, we have examined the effect of farm type on the prevalence of fattening pigs shedding Salmonella on 12 farms at risk for harboring Salmonella. On six open (grow-to-finish) and six closed (farrow-to-finish) farms, the prevalence of pigs shedding Salmonella was determined on two occasions approximately 2 months apart. The serovar, phage type, and antimicrobial resistance of the obtained Salmonella isolates were determined. On all farms, pigs shedding Salmonella were detected on at least one of the two sampling days. The mean within-herd prevalence was 7.8%. Closed farms were two times less likely to have pigs shedding Salmonella than open farms. On open farms, the odds of finding Salmonella shedding in pigs were 1.9 times higher when sampling was performed at slaughter age than when samples were taken halfway through the fattening period. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was the most predominant serotype, with a prevalence of 62 to 63% on both farm types. Of all the Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, 65% had the tetraresistant profile ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline) with or without additional resistance to trimethoprim-sulfonamide. Phage type DT120 seemed to be especially associated with this antimicrobial-resistant profile. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showing resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim-sulfonamide, and lincomycin hydrochloride and spectinomycin sulfate tetrahydrate was significantly higher on open farms than on closed farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. RASSCHAERT
- 1Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - J. MICHIELS
- 2Ghent University College, Faculty of Biosciences and Landscape Architecture, Kortrijksesteenweg 14, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- 3Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Production, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - D. ARIJS
- 4Animal Health Care of Flanders (DGZ), Deinse Horsweg 1, 9031 Drongen, Belgium
| | - C. WILDEMAUWE
- 5Scientific Institute of Public Health, Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Engelandstraat 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - S. DE SMET
- 3Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Production, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M. HEYNDRICKX
- 1Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
- 6Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Méroc E, Strubbe M, Vangroenweghe F, Czaplicki G, Vermeersch K, Hooyberghs J, Van der Stede Y. Evaluation of the Salmonella surveillance program in Belgian pig farms. Prev Vet Med 2012; 105:309-14. [PMID: 22487167 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Since July 2007, Belgium has implemented a national surveillance and control program for Salmonella in pigs. Pig farms are designated as Salmonella high risk farms based on serological profiles and are obliged to subsequently take part in a Salmonella specific action plan (SSAP). The SSAP was evaluated and potential risk factors for the persistence of Salmonella on the farm were investigated. First, the Kaplan-Meier method was used in order to study the period during which a farm maintains a Salmonella high risk status. Farms recovered more slowly from their high risk status before the SSAP was implemented compared to after the program was implemented (p<0.001). However, results showed that 29% of the farms were withdrawn from the program possibly only because of sampling error. The program should thus be adapted to accommodate for this. Secondly, the influence of several risk factors (type of farm, season of entrance into the SSAP, size of farm and farm density of the municipality) on the time to withdrawal from the high risk status was evaluated using univariable methods and a Cox multiple regression model for survival data. A statistically significant association was identified between the type of farm and the time to withdrawal from the high risk status. At any point in time after the onset of the SSAP, withdrawals from the high risk status occurred at a 39% and 28% higher rate in mixed (p=0.01) and fattening farms (p=0.05), respectively, compared to closed farms. The risk attributed to closed pig farms is related to the presence of sows in this particular type of structure, which underlines the importance of implementing control measures in this category of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Méroc
- Unit for Co-ordination of Veterinary Diagnostics-Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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Paulsen P, Smulders F, Hilbert F. Salmonella in meat from hunted game: A Central European perspective. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Listex™ P100 for the removal of Listeria monocytogenes surface contamination of raw fish. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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45
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Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for public health hazards to be covered by meat inspection of swine. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Belsué JB, Alujas AM, Porter R. Detection of high serological prevalence and comparison of different tests for Salmonella in pigs in Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2011; 169:153. [PMID: 21791479 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-one farrow-to-finish pig units with a Zoonoses National Control Programme (ZNCP) for Salmonella above the UK target of 10 per cent during the previous 12 months were selected for the study. Pooled faecal samples were collected from different groups of pigs. Furthermore, mice, rat and bird faeces and carcases were collected, if found on the unit. In total, 937 samples were collected on-farm and analysed for Salmonella. The four carcases selected monthly per producer by the slaughterhouse for the British Pig Executive ZNCP Salmonella Programme were tested for antibodies to groups B and C with a mix-ELISA test. The same four carcases were swabbed externally and internally, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected and colonic contents were swabbed. A wide variety of Salmonella serovars was isolated from the samples. Most of the isolates were detected in the rearing herd (on-farm) and in the MLNs (slaughterhouse). There was no correlation between ELISA results from the meat juice and bacteriological isolations using Spearman correlation analyses. Furthermore, no significant association was found between positive results of ELISA and positive results from the bacteriological samples taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Belsué
- MossVet, 34 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Portadown, Craigavon, County Armagh BT35 8UJ, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Analysis of the baseline survey on the prevalence of Salmonella in holdings with breeding pigs, in the EU, 2008 ‐ Part B: factors associated with Salmonella pen positivity. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from animals and food in the European Union in 2009. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Binter C, Straver JM, Häggblom P, Bruggeman G, Lindqvist PA, Zentek J, Andersson MG. Transmission and control of Salmonella in the pig feed chain: A conceptual model. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 145 Suppl 1:S7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Koyuncu S, Andersson G, Vos P, Häggblom P. DNA microarray for tracing Salmonella in the feed chain. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 145 Suppl 1:S18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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