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Turner EA, Christofferson RC. Exploring the transmission modalities of Bunyamwera virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10114. [PMID: 38510492 PMCID: PMC10954195 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) (Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus) has been found in Sub-Saharan Africa and demonstrated recently as cocirculating with Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV). Little is known regarding the breadth of transmission modalities of Bunyamwera. Given its co-occurence with RVFV, we hypothesized the transmission system of BUNV shared similarities to the RVFV system including transmission by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and environmentally mediated transmission through fomites and environmental contamination. We exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to BUNV and evaluated their ability to transmit both vertically and horizontally. Further, we investigated the potential for a novel transmission modality via environmental contamination. We found that the LSU colony of Ae. aegypti was not competent for the virus for either horizontal or vertical transmission; but, 20% of larva exposed to virus via contaminated aquatic habitat were positive. However, transstadial clearance of the virus was absolute. Finally, under simulated temperature conditions that matched peak transmission in Rwanda, we found that BUNV was stable in both whole blood and serum for up to 28 days at higher total volume in tubes at moderate quantities (103-5 genome copies/mL). In addition, infectiousness of these samples was demonstrated in 80% of the replicates. At lower volume samples (in plates), infectiousness was retained out to 6-8 days with a maximum infectious titer of 104 PFU/mL. Thus, the potential for contamination of the environment and/or transmission via contaminated fomites exists. Our findings have implications for biosafety and infection control, especially in the context of food animal production.
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2
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Drouin A, Chevalier V, Durand B, Balenghien T. Vector Competence of Mediterranean Mosquitoes for Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050503. [PMID: 35631024 PMCID: PMC9146998 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease caused by a virus mainly transmitted by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes. Infection leads to high abortion rates and considerable mortality in domestic livestock. The combination of viral circulation in Egypt and Libya and the existence of unregulated live animal trade routes through endemic areas raise concerns that the virus may spread to other Mediterranean countries, where there are mosquitoes potentially competent for RVF virus (RVFV) transmission. The competence of vectors for a given pathogen can be assessed through laboratory experiments, but results may vary greatly with the study design. This research aims to quantify the competence of five major potential RVFV vectors in the Mediterranean Basin, namely Aedes detritus, Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans, Culex pipiens and Cx. theileri, through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. We first computed the infection rate, the dissemination rate among infected mosquitoes, the overall dissemination rate, the transmission rate among mosquitoes with a disseminated infection and the overall transmission rate for these five mosquito species. We next assessed the influence of laboratory study designs on the variability of these five parameters. According to experimental results and our analysis, Aedes caspius may be the most competent vector among the five species considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Drouin
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.D.); (B.D.)
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Correspondence:
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.D.); (B.D.)
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Rabat 10101, Morocco
- IAV Hassan II, UR MIMC, Rabat 10101, Morocco
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3
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Tennant WSD, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C, Moutroifi Y, Le Godais G, Colombi D, Spencer SEF, Tildesley MJ, Keeling MJ, Charafouddine O, Colizza V, Edmunds WJ, Métras R. Modelling the persistence and control of Rift Valley fever virus in a spatially heterogeneous landscape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5593. [PMID: 34552082 PMCID: PMC8458460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral haemorrhagic fever, at both local and broader geographical scales have yet to be fully understood and rigorously quantified. We developed a mathematical metapopulation model describing RVF virus transmission in livestock across the four islands of the Comoros archipelago, accounting for island-specific environments and inter-island animal movements. By fitting our model in a Bayesian framework to 2004-2015 surveillance data, we estimated the importance of environmental drivers and animal movements on disease persistence, and tested the impact of different control scenarios on reducing disease burden throughout the archipelago. Here we report that (i) the archipelago network was able to sustain viral transmission in the absence of explicit disease introduction events after early 2007, (ii) repeated outbreaks during 2004-2020 may have gone under-detected by local surveillance, and (iii) co-ordinated within-island control measures are more effective than between-island animal movement restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S D Tennant
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Eric Cardinale
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, F-97490, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques, et Écosystèmes, Université de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Youssouf Moutroifi
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Gilles Le Godais
- Direction de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt de Mayotte, Service de l'Alimentation, 97600, Mamoudzou, France
| | - Davide Colombi
- Aizoon Technology Consulting, Str. del Lionetto 6, Torino, Italy
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4, 7AL, UK
| | - Mike J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute: SBIDER, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Onzade Charafouddine
- Vice-Présidence en charge de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, l'Industrie, l'Energie et l'Artisanat, B.P. 41 Mdé, Moroni, Union of the Comoros
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
| | - W John Edmunds
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 1136), 75012, Paris, France
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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4
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Obaidat MM, Graziano JC, Morales-Betoulle M, Brown SM, Chiang CF, Klena JD. Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in Ruminants, Jordan. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:653-655. [PMID: 33496248 PMCID: PMC7853544 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.203713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in Jordan is unknown. Our investigation showed 3% of 989 tested dairy cattle, sheep, and goats were RVFV seropositive and 14% were CCHFV seropositive. Ongoing surveillance is needed to assess risk to humans and protect public health.
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Rift Valley fever virus detection in susceptible hosts with special emphasis in insects. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9822. [PMID: 33972596 PMCID: PMC8110843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV, Phenuiviridae) is an emerging arbovirus that can cause potentially fatal disease in many host species including ruminants and humans. Thus, tools to detect this pathogen within tissue samples from routine diagnostic investigations or for research purposes are of major interest. This study compares the immunohistological usefulness of several mono- and polyclonal antibodies against RVFV epitopes in tissue samples derived from natural hosts of epidemiologic importance (sheep), potentially virus transmitting insect species (Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti) as well as scientific infection models (mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, C6/36 cell pellet). While the nucleoprotein was the epitope most prominently detected in mammal and mosquito tissue samples, fruit fly tissues showed expression of glycoproteins only. Antibodies against non-structural proteins exhibited single cell reactions in salivary glands of mosquitoes and the C6/36 cell pellet. However, as single antibodies exhibited a cross reactivity of varying degree in non-infected specimens, a careful interpretation of positive reactions and consideration of adequate controls remains of critical importance. The results suggest that primary antibodies directed against viral nucleoproteins and glycoproteins can facilitate RVFV detection in mammals and insects, respectively, and therefore will allow RVFV detection for diagnostic and research purposes.
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Velarde A, trop A, Winckler C, Cetre‐Sossah C, Chevalier V, de Vos C, Gubbins S, Antoniou S, Broglia A, Dhollander S, Van der Stede Y. Rift Valley Fever: risk of persistence, spread and impact in Mayotte (France). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06093. [PMID: 32874301 PMCID: PMC7448016 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by different mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals and humans. In November 2018, RVF re-emerged in Mayotte (France) after 11 years. Up to the end of October 2019, 126 outbreaks in animals and 143 human cases were reported. RVF mortality was 0.01%, and the number of abortions reported in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive ruminants was fivefold greater than the previous 7 years. Milk loss production in 2019 compared to 2015-2018 was estimated to be 18%, corresponding to an economic loss of around €191,000 in all of Mayotte. The tropical climate in Mayotte provides conditions for the presence of mosquitoes during the whole year, and illegal introductions of animals represent a continuous risk of (re)introduction of RVF. The probability of RVF virus (RVFV) persisting in Mayotte for 5 or more years was estimated to be < 10% but could be much lower if vertical transmission in vectors does not occur. Persistence of RVF by vertical transmission in Mayotte and Réunion appears to be of minor relevance compared to other pathways of re-introduction (i.e. animal movement). However, there is a high uncertainty since there is limited information about the vertical transmission of some of the major species of vectors of RVFV in Mayotte and Réunion. The only identified pathways for the risk of spread of RVF from Mayotte to other countries were by infected vectors transported in airplanes or by wind currents. For the former, the risk of introduction of RVF to continental France was estimated to 4 × 10-6 epidemic per year (median value; 95% CI: 2 × 10-8; 0.0007), and 0.001 epidemic per year to Réunion (95% CI: 4 × 10-6; 0.16). For the latter pathway, mosquitoes dispersing on the wind from Mayotte between January and April 2019 could have reached the Comoros Islands, Madagascar, Mozambique and, possibly, Tanzania. However, these countries are already endemic for RVF, and an incursion of RVFV-infected mosquitoes would have negligible impact.
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7
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Rojas JLG, Schmidt CG, Michel V, Chueca MÁM, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Bett B, Cetre-Sossah C, Chevalier V, Devos C, Gubbins S, Monaco F, Sotiria-Eleni A, Broglia A, Abrahantes JC, Dhollander S, Stede YVD, Zancanaro G. Rift Valley Fever - epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06041. [PMID: 33020705 PMCID: PMC7527653 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by a broad spectrum of mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals (domestic and wild ruminants and camels) and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula, with periodic epidemics characterised by 5-15 years of inter-epizootic periods. In the last two decades, RVF was notified in new African regions (e.g. Sahel), RVF epidemics occurred more frequently and low-level enzootic virus circulation has been demonstrated in livestock in various areas. Recent outbreaks in a French overseas department and some seropositive cases detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya raised the attention of the EU for a possible incursion into neighbouring countries. The movement of live animals is the most important pathway for RVF spread from the African endemic areas to North Africa and the Middle East. The movement of infected animals and infected vectors when shipped by flights, containers or road transport is considered as other plausible pathways of introduction into Europe. The overall risk of introduction of RVF into EU through the movement of infected animals is very low in all the EU regions and in all MSs (less than one epidemic every 500 years), given the strict EU animal import policy. The same level of risk of introduction in all the EU regions was estimated also considering the movement of infected vectors, with the highest level for Belgium, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands (one epidemic every 228-700 years), mainly linked to the number of connections by air and sea transports with African RVF infected countries. Although the EU territory does not seem to be directly exposed to an imminent risk of RVFV introduction, the risk of further spread into countries neighbouring the EU and the risks of possible introduction of infected vectors, suggest that EU authorities need to strengthen their surveillance and response capacities, as well as the collaboration with North African and Middle Eastern countries.
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8
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Van Bortel W, Petric D, Ibáñez Justicia A, Wint W, Krit M, Mariën J, Vanslembrouck A, Braks M. Assessment of the probability of entry of Rift Valley fever virus into the EU through active or passive movement of vectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adolfo Ibáñez Justicia
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority National Reference Centre Centre for Monitoring of Vectors the Netherlands
| | - Willy Wint
- Ergo – Environmental Research Group Oxford United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Marieta Braks
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment the Netherlands
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9
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Amato L, Dente MG, Calistri P, Declich S. Integrated Early Warning Surveillance: Achilles' Heel of One Health? Microorganisms 2020; 8:E84. [PMID: 31936412 PMCID: PMC7022449 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and zoonoses indicate the importance of the One Health (OH) approach for early warning. At present, even when surveillance data are available, they are infrequently timeously shared between the health sectors. In the context of the MediLabSecure (MLS) Project, we investigated the collection of a set of surveillance indicators able to provide data for the implementation of integrated early warning systems in the 22 MLS countries of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Sahel regions. We used an online questionnaire (covering vector, human, and animal sectors), focusing on seven relevant arboviruses, that was submitted to 110 officially appointed experts. Results showed that West Nile virus was perceived as the most relevant zoonotic pathogen, while Dengue virus was the most relevant non-zoonotic pathogen in the study area. Data collection of early warning indicators is in place at a different level for all the investigated pathogens and in almost all the MLS Countries. Further assessments on the reliability of the collection in place and on the feasibility of piloting an integrated early warning system for arbovirus could verify if integrated early warning really represents the Achilles' heel of OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amato
- National Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (S.D.)
- Public Health and Infectious Diseases Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Dente
- National Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Paolo Calistri
- National Reference Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ′G.Caporale′, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Silvia Declich
- National Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.A.); (S.D.)
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Ulrich
- 1 Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Island of Riems, Germany
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11
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William W, Bülent A, Thomas B, Eduardo B, Marieta B, Olivier B, Celine G, Jolyon M, Dusan P, Francis S, Ducheyne E. The importance of vector abundance and seasonality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.en-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Horigan V, De Nardi M, Simons RRL, Bertolini S, Crescio MI, Estrada-Peña A, Léger A, Maurella C, Ru G, Schuppers M, Stärk KDC, Adkin A. Using multi-criteria risk ranking methodology to select case studies for a generic risk assessment framework for exotic disease incursion and spread through Europe. Prev Vet Med 2018; 153:47-55. [PMID: 29653734 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach of using the multi-criteria pathogen prioritisation methodology as a basis for selecting the most appropriate case studies for a generic risk assessment framework. The approach uses selective criteria to rank exotic animal health pathogens according to the likelihood of introduction and the impact of an outbreak if it occurred in the European Union (EU). Pathogens were evaluated based on their impact on production at the EU level and international trade. A subsequent analysis included criteria of relevance to quantitative risk assessment case study selection, such as the availability of data for parameterisation, the need for further research and the desire for the case studies to cover different routes of transmission. The framework demonstrated is flexible with the ability to adjust both the criteria and their weightings to the user's requirements. A web based tool has been developed using the RStudio shiny apps software, to facilitate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Horigan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M De Nardi
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - R R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S Bertolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLVA), Italy
| | - M I Crescio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLVA), Italy
| | - A Estrada-Peña
- University of Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Calle de Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Léger
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - C Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLVA), Italy
| | - G Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLVA), Italy
| | - M Schuppers
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - K D C Stärk
- SAFOSO AG, Waldeggstrasse 1, CH3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - A Adkin
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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García-Bocanegra I, Paniagua J, Cano-Terriza D, Arenas-Montes A, Fernández-Morente M, Napp S. Absence of Rift Valley fever virus in domestic and wild ruminants from Spain. Vet Rec 2016; 179:48. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. García-Bocanegra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3); Córdoba 14071 Spain
| | - J. Paniagua
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3); Córdoba 14071 Spain
| | - D. Cano-Terriza
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3); Córdoba 14071 Spain
| | - A. Arenas-Montes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad de Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3); Córdoba 14071 Spain
| | - M. Fernández-Morente
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal; Consejería de Agricultura; Pesca y Desarrollo Rural de la Junta de Andalucía; Sevilla 41071 Spain
| | - S. Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA); Barcelona 08193 Spain
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14
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Filippitzi ME, Goumperis T, Robinson T, Saegerman C. Microbiological Zoonotic Emerging Risks, Transmitted Between Livestock Animals and Humans (2007-2015). Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1059-1070. [PMID: 28670863 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
As part of the Emerging Risk Identification (ERI) activities of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), a literature search was conducted to identify the microbiological agents transmitted between livestock animals and humans that have been suggested as having emerged between 2007 and 2015 in peer-reviewed scientific literature published during the same period (2007-2015). According to the criteria set, the search identified seven such zoonotic agents, namely West Nile Fever virus, Rift Valley Fever virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus, Influenza A H1N1 virus, Coxiella burnetii, Streptococcus suis and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398. An explanation of the agents' consideration as emerging risks is provided. The experience gained from these emergences has shown that the detection of and response to such risks can be achieved faster and more successfully within a multidisciplinary, collaborative context at the field, local, national and international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Goumperis
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - T Robinson
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Mweya CN, Kimera SI, Mellau LSB, Mboera LEG. Inter-epidemic abundance and distribution of potential mosquito vectors for Rift Valley fever virus in Ngorongoro district, Tanzania. Glob Health Action 2015; 8:25929. [PMID: 25613346 PMCID: PMC4303619 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.25929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that primarily affects ruminants but also has the capacity to infect humans. Objective To determine the abundance and distribution of mosquito vectors in relation to their potential role in the virus transmission and maintenance in disease epidemic areas of Ngorongoro district in northern Tanzania. Methods A cross-sectional entomological investigation was carried out before the suspected RVF outbreak in October 2012. Mosquitoes were sampled both outdoors and indoors using the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and Mosquito Magnets baited with attractants. Outdoor traps were placed in proximity with breeding sites and under canopy in banana plantations close to the sleeping places of animals. Results A total of 1,823 mosquitoes were collected, of which 87% (N=1,588) were Culex pipiens complex, 12% (N=226) Aedes aegypti, and 0.5% (N=9) Anopheles species. About two-thirds (67%; N=1,095) of C. pipiens complex and nearly 100% (N=225) of A. aegypti were trapped outdoors using Mosquito Magnets. All Anopheles species were trapped indoors using CDC light traps. There were variations in abundance of C. pipiens complex and A. aegypti among different ecological and vegetation habitats. Over three quarters (78%) of C. pipiens complex and most (85%) of the A. aegypti were trapped in banana and maize farms. Both C. pipiens complex and A. aegypti were more abundant in proximity with cattle and in semi-arid thorn bushes and lower Afro-montane. The highest number of mosquitoes was recorded in villages that were most affected during the RVF epidemic of 2007. Of the tested 150 pools of C. pipiens complex and 45 pools of A. aegypti, none was infected with RVF virus. Conclusions These results provide insights into unique habitat characterisation relating to mosquito abundances and distribution in RVF epidemic-prone areas of Ngorongoro district in northern Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement N Mweya
- Tukuyu Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tukuyu, Tanzania; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania;
| | - Sharadhuli I Kimera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Lesakit S B Mellau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Mweya CN, Kimera SI, Kija JB, Mboera LEG. Predicting distribution of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens complex, potential vectors of Rift Valley fever virus in relation to disease epidemics in East Africa. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2013; 3:21748. [PMID: 24137533 PMCID: PMC3797365 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v3i0.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East African region has experienced several Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks since the 1930s. The objective of this study was to identify distributions of potential disease vectors in relation to disease epidemics. Understanding disease vector potential distributions is a major concern for disease transmission dynamics. METHODS DIVERSE ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELLING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THIS PURPOSE: we present a maximum entropy (Maxent) approach for estimating distributions of potential RVF vectors in un-sampled areas in East Africa. We modelled the distribution of two species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens complex) responsible for potential maintenance and amplification of the virus, respectively. Predicted distributions of environmentally suitable areas in East Africa were based on the presence-only occurrence data derived from our entomological study in Ngorongoro District in northern Tanzania. RESULTS Our model predicted potential suitable areas with high success rates of 90.9% for A. aegypti and 91.6% for C. pipiens complex. Model performance was statistically significantly better than random for both species. Most suitable sites for the two vectors were predicted in central and northwestern Tanzania with previous disease epidemics. Other important risk areas include western Lake Victoria, northern parts of Lake Malawi, and the Rift Valley region of Kenya. CONCLUSION Findings from this study show distributions of vectors had biological and epidemiological significance in relation to disease outbreak hotspots, and hence provide guidance for the selection of sampling areas for RVF vectors during inter-epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Nyamunura Mweya
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tukuyu Research Centre, Tukuyu, Tanzania
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Sharadhuli Iddi Kimera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - John Bukombe Kija
- Serengeti Biodiversity Programme, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
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Abstract
A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk-based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk-categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post-mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the extensive production systems used, and the ranking of chemical substances, which should be regularly updated and include new hazards. Control programmes across the food chain, national residue control plans, feed control and monitoring of environmental contaminants should be better integrated. Meat inspection is a valuable tool for surveillance and monitoring of animal health and welfare conditions. Omission of palpation and incision would reduce detection effectiveness for tuberculosis and fasciolosis at animal level. Surveillance of tuberculosis at the slaughterhouse in small ruminants should be improved and encouraged, as this is in practice the only surveillance system available. Extended use of FCI could compensate for some, but not all, the information on animal health and welfare lost if only visual post-mortem inspection is applied.
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