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Tennant P, Rampersad S, Alleyne A, Johnson L, Tai D, Amarakoon I, Roye M, Pitter P, Chang PG, Myers Morgan L. Viral Threats to Fruit and Vegetable Crops in the Caribbean. Viruses 2024; 16:603. [PMID: 38675944 PMCID: PMC11053604 DOI: 10.3390/v16040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose major global challenges to crop production as infections reduce the yield and quality of harvested products, hinder germplasm exchange, increase financial inputs, and threaten food security. Small island or archipelago habitat conditions such as those in the Caribbean are particularly susceptible as the region is characterized by high rainfall and uniform, warm temperatures throughout the year. Moreover, Caribbean islands are continuously exposed to disease risks because of their location at the intersection of transcontinental trade between North and South America and their role as central hubs for regional and global agricultural commodity trade. This review provides a summary of virus disease epidemics that originated in the Caribbean and those that were introduced and spread throughout the islands. Epidemic-associated factors that impact disease development are also discussed. Understanding virus disease epidemiology, adoption of new diagnostic technologies, implementation of biosafety protocols, and widespread acceptance of biotechnology solutions to counter the effects of cultivar susceptibility remain important challenges to the region. Effective integrated disease management requires a comprehensive approach that should include upgraded phytosanitary measures and continuous surveillance with rapid and appropriate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tennant
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica;
- Biotechnology Centre, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica; (D.T.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Sephra Rampersad
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 999183, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Angela Alleyne
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados;
| | - Lloyd Johnson
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica;
| | - Deiondra Tai
- Biotechnology Centre, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica; (D.T.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Icolyn Amarakoon
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Medical Sciences Teaching and Research Complex, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica;
| | - Marcia Roye
- Biotechnology Centre, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica; (D.T.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrice Pitter
- Biotechnology Centre, The University of the West Indies, Mona, St. Andrew JMAAW07, Jamaica; (D.T.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
- Ministry of Agriculture, Bodles Research Station, Old Harbour, St. Catherine JMACE18, Jamaica; (P.-G.C.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Peta-Gaye Chang
- Ministry of Agriculture, Bodles Research Station, Old Harbour, St. Catherine JMACE18, Jamaica; (P.-G.C.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Lisa Myers Morgan
- Ministry of Agriculture, Bodles Research Station, Old Harbour, St. Catherine JMACE18, Jamaica; (P.-G.C.); (L.M.M.)
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Jones KS, Meadows SR, Koulman A. Quantification and reporting of vitamin D concentrations measured in human milk by LC-MS/MS. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1229445. [PMID: 38035362 PMCID: PMC10687194 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1229445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is essential for optimal bone health, and vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy, growth and developmental outcomes. In early life, and in the absence of endogenous vitamin D production from UVB light, infants are reliant on vitamin D stores established in utero and the vitamin D supply from human milk (HM). However, comprehensive data on vitamin D in HM is lacking. Thus, in this review we explore the application of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to the assessment of vitamin D in HM. We discuss the challenges of extracting and measuring multiple vitamin D metabolites from HM including the frequent requirement for a large sample volume, and inappropriate poor sensitivity. Shortcomings in the reporting of experimental procedures and data analysis further hinder advances in the field. Data collated from all studies that have applied LC-MS/MS reveal that, in general, cholecalciferol concentration is greater and more variable than 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, and that the vitamin D content of HM is low and less than the currently recommended dietary requirement of infants, although maternal supplementation can increase the vitamin D content of HM. Improvements in analytical methods and their validation and larger, more representative studies are required to better characterize HM milk vitamin D metabolite concentrations and their relationship with maternal status. These data are essential to understand relationships with infant health and to inform public health policies around vitamin D fortification and supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S. Jones
- Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Irfan M, Almotiri A, AlZeyadi ZA. Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Drivers-A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1362. [PMID: 36290020 PMCID: PMC9598832 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical issue in health care in terms of mortality, quality of services, and financial damage. In the battle against AMR, it is crucial to recognize the impacts of all four domains, namely, mankind, livestock, agriculture, and the ecosystem. Many sociocultural and financial practices that are widespread in the world have made resistance management extremely complicated. Several pathways, including hospital effluent, agricultural waste, and wastewater treatment facilities, have been identified as potential routes for the spread of resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in soil and surrounding ecosystems. The overuse of uncontrolled antibiotics and improper treatment and recycled wastewater are among the contributors to AMR. Health-care organizations have begun to address AMR, although they are currently in the early stages. In this review, we provide a brief overview of AMR development processes, the worldwide burden and drivers of AMR, current knowledge gaps, monitoring methodologies, and global mitigation measures in the development and spread of AMR in the environment.
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Abstract
AbstractThis review addresses ways to prepare for and to mitigate effects of biohazards on primary production of crops and livestock. These biohazards can be natural or intentional introductions of pathogens, and they can cause major economic damage to farmers, the agricultural industry, society, and international trade. Agroterrorism is the intentional introduction of animal or plant pathogens into agricultural production systems with the intention to cause socioeconomic harm and generate public fear. Although few acts of agroterrorism are reported, the threat of agroterrorism in Europe is real. New concerns about threats arise from the rapid advancements in biotechnology and emerging technologies. FORSA, an analytical framework for risk and vulnerability analysis, was used to review how to prepare for and mitigate the possible effects of natural or intentional biohazards in agricultural production. Analyzing the effects of a biohazard event involves multiple scientific disciplines. A comprehensive analysis of biohazards therefore requires a systems approach. The preparedness and ability to manage events are strengthened by bolstered farm biosecurity, increased monitoring and laboratory capacity, improved inter-agency communication and resource allocation. The focus of this review is on Europe, but the insights gained have worldwide applications. The analytical framework used here is compared to other frameworks. With climate change, Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine, the supply chains are challenged, and we foresee increasing food prices associated with social tensions. Our food supply chain becomes more fragile with more unknowns, thereby increasing the needs for risk and vulnerability analyses, of which FORSA is one example.
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Wyszyńska AK, Godlewska R. Lactic Acid Bacteria - A Promising Tool for Controlling Chicken Campylobacter Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:703441. [PMID: 34650524 PMCID: PMC8506037 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.703441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, campylobacteriosis has been the most common zoonotic disease in Europe. The main reservoir of pathogenic Campylobacter strains is broilers, which makes raw and undercooked poultry meat two major sources of disease. Infection in chicken flocks is most often asymptomatic, despite a high level of colonization reaching 106-109cfu/g in animal ceca. It is widely believed that controlling the level of colonization of the birds' digestive tract by pathogenic strains is a good way to increase food safety. Many treatments have been proposed to combat or at least reduce the level of colonization in animals reservoirs: probiotics, bacteriophages, vaccines, and anti-Campylobacter bacteriocins. This review focuses on the effects of Campylobacter infection on the chicken microbiome and colonization control strategies using probiotics (mostly lactic acid bacteria, LAB), which are live microorganisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Probiotics are not only an alternative to antibiotics, which were used for years as animal growth promoters, but they also constitute an effective protective barrier against excessive colonization of the digestive system by pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter. Moreover, one of the many beneficial functions of probiotics is the ability to manipulate the host's microbiota. Recently, there have also been some promising attempts to use lactic acid bacteria as a delivery system of oral vaccine against Campylobacter. Recombinant LAB strains induce primarily a mucosal immune response against foreign antigens, accompanied by at most a low-level immune response against carrier strains. Since the main barrier against the invasion of pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract is the intestinal mucosal membrane, the development of effective oral vaccines to protect animals against enteric infection is very reasonable.
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Gruel G, Diouf MB, Abadie C, Chilin-Charles Y, Etter EMC, Geffroy M, Herrmann Storck C, Meyer DF, Pagès N, Pressat G, Teycheney PY, Umber M, Vega-Rúa A, Pradel J. Critical Evaluation of Cross-Sectoral Collaborations to Inform the Implementation of the "One Health" Approach in Guadeloupe. Front Public Health 2021; 9:652079. [PMID: 34409004 PMCID: PMC8366749 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.652079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Guadeloupe, a French overseas territory located in the Eastern Caribbean, infectious and non-infectious diseases, loss of biodiversity, natural disasters and global change threaten the health and well-being of animals, plants, and people. Implementing the “One Health” (OH) approach is crucial to reduce the archipelago's vulnerability to these health threats. However, OH remains underdeveloped in Guadeloupe, hampering efficient and effective intersectoral and transdisciplinary collaborations for disease surveillance and control. A multidisciplinary research group of volunteer researchers working in Guadeloupe, with collective expertise in infectious diseases, undertook a study to identify key attributes for OH operationalization by reviewing past and current local collaborative health initiatives and analyzing how much they mobilized the OH framework. The research group developed and applied an operational OH framework to assess critically collaborative initiatives addressing local health issues. Based on a literature review, a set of 13 opinion-based key criteria was defined. The criteria and associated scoring were measured through semi-directed interviews guided by a questionnaire to critically evaluate four initiatives in animal, human, plant, and environmental health research and epidemiological surveillance. Gaps, levers, and prospects were identified that will help health communities in Guadeloupe envision how to implement the OH approach to better address local health challenges. The methodology is simple, generic, and pragmatic and relies on existing resources. It can be transposed and adapted to other contexts to improve effectiveness and efficiency of OH initiatives, based on lessons-learned of local past or current multi-interdisciplinary and intersectoral initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Gruel
- Laboratory for the Study of Microbial Ecosystem Interactions, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, France
| | - Mame Boucar Diouf
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Abadie
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yolande Chilin-Charles
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.,CIRAD, UMR BGPI, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France
| | - Eric Marcel Charles Etter
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mariana Geffroy
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Herrmann Storck
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU de Guadeloupe, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Humaine et Environnementale, Les Abymes, France
| | - Damien F Meyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Gersende Pressat
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Teycheney
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-97130, Capesterre Belle-Eau, France.,AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Umber
- INRAE, UR ASTRO, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France
| | - Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Unit Transmission Reservoir and Pathogens Diversity, Les Abymes, France
| | - Jennifer Pradel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Braam DH, Jephcott FL, Wood JLN. Identifying the research gap of zoonotic disease in displacement: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 2021; 6:25. [PMID: 34271977 PMCID: PMC8283393 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-021-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of zoonotic diseases that transmit between animals and humans, against a backdrop of increasing levels of forced migration, present a major challenge to global public health. This review provides an overview of the currently available evidence of how displacement may affect zoonotic disease and pathogen transmission, with the aim to better understand how to protect health and resilience of displaced and host populations. Methods A systematic review was conducted aligned with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. Between December 2019 - February 2020, PubMed, Web of Science, PLoS, ProQuest, Science Direct and JSTOR were searched for literature. Studies were included based on a focus on zoonotic disease risks in displacement and/or humanitarian emergencies, and relevance in terms of livestock dependency of the displaced populations. Evidence was synthesised in form of a table and thematic analysis. Results Of all records, 78 papers were selected for inclusion. Among the included studies, the majority were based on secondary data, including literature reviews (n=43) and case studies (n=5), while the majority of papers covered wide geographical areas such as the Global South (n=17) and Africa (n=20). The review shows significant gaps in the literature, which is specifically lacking primary data on zoonotic diseases in displacement. Risk factors for the transmission of zoonoses in displacement are based on generic infectious disease risks, which include the loss of health services, increased population density, changes in environment, reduced quality of living conditions and socio-economic factors. Regardless of the presence of these disease drivers during forced migration however, there is little evidence of large-scale zoonotic disease outbreaks linked directly to livestock in displacement. Conclusion Due to the lack of primary research, the complex interlinkages of factors affecting zoonotic pathogen transmission in displacement remain unclear. While the presence of animals may increase the burden of zoonotic pathogens, maintaining access to livestock may improve livelihoods, nutrition and mental health, with the potential to reduce people’s vulnerability to disease. Further primary interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral research is urgently required to address the evidence gaps identified in this review to support policy and program development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-021-00205-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Hanneke Braam
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Freya Louise Jephcott
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Lionel Norman Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Machalaba C, Uhart M, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Karesh WB. Gaps in health security related to wildlife and environment affecting pandemic prevention and preparedness, 2007-2020. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:342-350B. [PMID: 33958822 PMCID: PMC8061663 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.272690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and quantify the extent of wildlife and environment sector inclusion in country evaluation and prioritization tools for health security, and to provide practical recommendations for global and national action to improve pandemic prevention and preparedness. METHODS To assess coverage of wildlife and other environmental aspects, we reviewed major health security reports (including World Organisation for Animal Health Performance of Veterinary Services reports, and World Health Organization Joint External Evaluations and follow-on National Action Plans for Health Security) published by 107 countries and territories. We extracted information on stated coverage gaps, wildlife surveillance systems and priority diseases. We also searched National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans published by 125 countries to assess whether disease surveillance or prevention activities were included. FINDINGS We noted that the occurrence frequency of keywords indicative of wildlife, environment, biodiversity and climate factors varied with type of report and between countries. We found that more than half (57.9%, 62/107) of the reporting countries did not provide any evidence of a functional wildlife health surveillance programme. Most countries (83.2%, 89/107) indicated specific gaps in operations, coordination, scope or capacity. Only eight of the 125 countries (6.4%) publishing a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan reported tangible activities related to wildlife health or zoonotic disease. CONCLUSION Overall, despite their importance for pandemic prevention, wildlife and environmental considerations are neglected in health security priorities and plans. Strengthening wildlife health capacity and operations should be emphasized in One Health efforts to monitor and mitigate known and novel disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Machalaba
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10018, United States of America (USA)
| | - Marcela Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William B Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10018, United States of America (USA)
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Applying a One Health Approach in Global Health and Medicine: Enhancing Involvement of Medical Schools and Global Health Centers. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:30. [PMID: 33816135 PMCID: PMC7996453 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multidisciplinary and multisectoral approaches such as One Health and related concepts (e.g., Planetary Health, EcoHealth) offer opportunities for synergistic expertise to address complex health threats. The connections between humans, animals, and the environment necessitate collaboration among sectors to comprehensively understand and reduce risks and consequences on health and wellbeing. One Health approaches are increasingly emphasized for national and international plans and strategies related to zoonotic diseases, food safety, antimicrobial resistance, and climate change, but to date, the possible applications in clinical practice and benefits impacting human health are largely missing. Methods: In 2018 the “Application of the One Health Approach to Global Health Centers” conference held at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine convened experts involved in One Health policy and practice. The conference examined issues relevant to One Health approaches, sharing examples of challenges and successes to guide application to medical school curricula and clinical practice for human health. This paper presents a synthesis of conference proceedings, framed around objectives identified from presentations and audience feedback. Findings and Recommendations: The following objectives provide opportunities for One Health involvement and benefits for medical schools and global health centers by: 1) Improving One Health resource sharing in global health and medical education; 2) Creating pathways for information flow in clinical medicine and global health practice; 3) Developing innovative partnerships for improved health sector outcomes; and 4) Informing and empowering health through public outreach. These objectives can leverage existing resources to deliver value to additional settings and stakeholders through resource efficiency, more holistic and effective service delivery, and greater ability to manage determinants of poor health status. We encourage medical and global health educators, practitioners, and students to explore entry points where One Health can add value to their work from local to global scale.
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Braam DH, Chandio R, Jephcott FL, Tasker A, Wood JLN. Disaster displacement and zoonotic disease dynamics: The impact of structural and chronic drivers in Sindh, Pakistan. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 1:e0000068. [PMID: 36962103 PMCID: PMC10021430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Projected increases in human and animal displacement driven by climate change, disasters and related environmental degradation will have significant implications to global health. Pathways for infectious disease transmission including zoonoses, diseases transmitted between animals and humans, are complex and non-linear. While forced migration is considered an important driver for the spread of zoonoses, actual disease dynamics remain under researched. This paper presents the findings of a case study investigating how disaster displacement affected zoonotic disease transmission risk following the 2010 'superfloods' in Sindh province, Pakistan. We interviewed 30 key informants and 17 household members across 6 rural communities between March and November 2019, supported by observational studies and a review of secondary data. Results were analysed using the ecosocial theoretical framework. Buffalo, cattle and goats were often the only moveable asset, therefore livestock was an important consideration in determining displacement modality and destination location, and crowded locations were avoided to protect human and animal health. Meanwhile however, livestock was rarely included in the humanitarian response, resulting in communities and households fragmenting according to the availability of livestock provisions. We found that rather than a driver for disease, displacement acted as a process affecting community, household and individual zoonotic disease risk dynamics, based on available resources and social networks before, during and after displacement, rooted in the historical, political and socio-economic context. We conclude that in rural Sindh, disaster displaced populations' risk of zoonoses is the result of changes in dynamics rooted in pre-existing structural and chronic inequalities, making people more or less vulnerable to disease through multiple interlinked pathways. Our findings have implications for policy makers and humanitarian responders assisting displaced populations dependent on livestock, with a call to integrate livestock support in humanitarian policies and responses for health, survival and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien H Braam
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rafiq Chandio
- Department of Economics, University of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Freya L Jephcott
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Tasker
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James L N Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Iskandar K, Molinier L, Hallit S, Sartelli M, Catena F, Coccolini F, Craig Hardcastle T, Roques C, Salameh P. Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance Transmissionin Low- and Middle-Income Countriesfrom a "One Health" Perspective-A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E372. [PMID: 32630353 PMCID: PMC7400606 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an ecosystem problem threatening the interrelated human-animalenvironmenthealth under the "One Health" framework. Resistant bacteria arising in onegeographical area can spread via cross-reservoir transmission to other areas worldwide either bydirect exposure or through the food chain and the environment. Drivers of antibiotic resistance arecomplex and multi-sectoral particularly in Lower- and Middle-income countries. These includeinappropriate socio-ecological behaviors; poverty; overcrowding; lack of surveillance systems; foodsupply chain safety issues; highly contaminated waste effluents; and loose rules and regulations. Inorder to examine the drivers of antibiotic resistance from a "one health" perspective, a literaturereview was conducted on three databases including PubMed, Medline and Google Scholar. A totalof 485 studies of potential relevance were selected, out of which 182 were included in this review.Results have shown that the aforementioned market failures are the leading cause for the negativeexternality of antibiotic resistance that extends in scope from the individual to the global ecosystem.Incremental and sustainable global actions can make the change, however, the problem willcontinue to prevail if governments do not prioritize the "One health" approach and if individual'saccountability is still denied in a world struggling with profound socio-economic problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- Department of Mathématiques Informatique et Télécommunications, Université Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, INSERM, UMR 1027, F-31000 Toulouse, France
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon; (S.H.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 1106, Lebanon
| | - Laurent Molinier
- Department of Medical Information, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, INSERM, UMR 1027, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, F-31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon; (S.H.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Massimo Sartelli
- Department of surgery, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Fausto Catena
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Parma Maggiore Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Federico Coccolini
- Department of General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital, 56100 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Timothy Craig Hardcastle
- Department of Trauma service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4091, South Africa;
- Department of Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congela, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Christine Roques
- Departement of Bioprocédés et Systèmes Microbiens, Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, UMR 5503, 31330 Toulouse, France;
- Department of Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôpital Purpan, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon; (S.H.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 1106, Lebanon
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut 1103, Lebanon
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Abstract
AbstractIncreasing recognition of interdependencies of the health of humans, other organisms and ecosystems, and of their importance to socio-ecological systems, necessitates application of integrative concepts such as One Health and EcoHealth. These concepts open new perspectives for research and practice but also generate confusion and divergent opinion, prompting new theories, and call for empirical clarification and evaluation. Through a semi-systematic evaluation of knowledge generation in scientific publications (comprised of literature reviews, conceptual models and analyses of communities of practice), we show how integrative concepts and approaches to health evolve and are adopted. Our findings indicate that while their contexts, goals and rationales vary, integrative concepts of health essentially arise from shared interests in living systems. Despite recent increased attention to ecological and societal aspects of health including broader sustainability issues, the focus remains anthropocentric and oriented towards biomedicine. Practices reflect and in turn transform these concepts, which together with practices also influence ways of integration. Overarching narratives vary between optimism and pessimism towards integrated health and knowledge. We conclude that there is an urgent need for better, coherent and more deeply integrative health concepts, approaches and practices to foster the well-being of humans, other animals and ecosystems. Consideration of these concepts and practices has methodological and political importance, as it will transform thinking and action on both society and nature and specifically can enrich science and practice, expanding their scope and linking them better. Transdisciplinary efforts are crucial to developing such concepts and practices to properly address the multiple facets of health and to achieve their appropriate integration for the socio-ecological systems at stake. We propose the term “transdisciplinary health” to denote the new approaches needed.
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Machalaba C, Smith KM, Awada L, Berry K, Berthe F, Bouley TA, Bruce M, Cortiñas Abrahantes J, El Turabi A, Feferholtz Y, Flynn L, Fournié G, Andre A, Grace D, Jonas O, Kimani T, Le Gall F, Miranda JJ, Peyre M, Pinto J, Ross N, Rüegg SR, Salerno RH, Seifman R, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Karesh WB. One Health Economics to confront disease threats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2017; 111:235-237. [PMID: 29044367 PMCID: PMC5914424 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global economic impacts of epidemics suggest high return on investment in prevention and One Health capacity. However, such investments remain limited, contributing to persistent endemic diseases and vulnerability to emerging ones. An interdisciplinary workshop explored methods for country-level analysis of added value of One Health approaches to disease control. Key recommendations include: 1. systems thinking to identify risks and mitigation options for decision-making under uncertainty; 2. multisectoral economic impact assessment to identify wider relevance and possible resource-sharing, and 3. consistent integration of environmental considerations. Economic analysis offers a congruent measure of value complementing diverse impact metrics among sectors and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lina Awada
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris 75017, France
| | - Kevin Berry
- Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska-Anchorage, Anchorage 99508, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anas El Turabi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Olga Jonas
- Global Health Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, USA
| | - Tabitha Kimani
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases-Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Julio Pinto
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome 00153, Italy
| | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York 10001, USA
| | - Simon R Rüegg
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - William B Karesh
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York 10001, USA
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris 75017, France
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