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Cheng L, Chen S, Luo Y, Gao Y, Ren Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Geng N. Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Trigger Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Interfere with Mitochondrial Function in the Thyroid Gland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15428-15437. [PMID: 39172767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, C14-C17) are frequently detected in diverse environmental media. It has been proposed to be listed in Annex A of the Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2023. Although MCCPs are a crucial health concern, their toxicity remains unclear. This study investigated the toxic effects of MCCPs (0.1-50 mg/kg body weight/day) on the thyroid gland of female Sprague-Dawley rats and characterized the potential toxic pathways via transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches. MCCPs exposure caused histopathological changes to the endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria in thyroid follicular cells at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw/d and increased serum thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormones, and thyroxine when exposed to a higher dose of MCCPs. Transcriptomic analysis indicated the excessive expression of key genes related to thyroid hormone synthesis induced by MCCPs. Integrating the dual-omics analysis revealed mitochondrial dysfunction of the thyroid by mediating fatty acid oxidation, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Significant metabolic toxicity on the thyroid might be linked to the characteristics of the chlorine content of MCCPs. This study revealed the toxicity of MCCPs to the thyroid gland via triggering thyroid hormone synthesis and interfering with mitochondrial function, which can provide new insights into the modes of action and mechanism-based risk assessment of MCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yun Luo
- College of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong 276005, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang SYRICI Testing Co., Ltd., Shenyang, Liaoning 110141, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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2
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Suvorov A. The dose disrupts the pathway: application of Paracelsus principle to mechanistic toxicology. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:228-234. [PMID: 38713198 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Arguably the most famous principle of toxicology is "The dose makes the poison" formulated by Paracelsus in the 16th century. Application of the Paracelsus's principle to mechanistic toxicology may be challenging as one compound may affect many molecular pathways at different doses with different and often nonlinear dose-response relationships. As a result, many mechanistic studies of environmental and occupational compounds use high doses of xenobiotics motivated by the need to see a clear signal indicating disruption of a particular molecular pathway. This approach ignores the possibility that the same xenobiotic may affect different molecular mechanism(s) at much lower doses relevant to human exposures. To amend mechanistic toxicology with a simple and concise guiding principle, I suggest recontextualization of Paracelsus's following its letter and spirit: "The dose disrupts the pathway". Justification of this statement includes observations that many environmental and occupational xenobiotics affect a broad range of molecular cascades, that most molecular pathways are sensitive to chemical exposures, and that different molecular pathways are sensitive to different doses of a chemical compound. I suggest that this statement may become a useful guidance and educational tool in a range of toxicological applications, including experimental design, comparative analysis of mechanistic hypotheses, evaluation of the quality of toxicological studies, and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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3
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Diot A, Groth G, Blanchet S, Chervin C. Responses of animals and plants to physiological doses of ethanol: a molecular messenger of hypoxia? FEBS J 2024; 291:1102-1110. [PMID: 38232057 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Our viewpoint is that ethanol could act as a molecular messenger in animal and plant organisms under conditions of hypoxia or other stresses and could elicit physiological responses to such conditions. There is evidence that both animal and plant organisms have endogenous levels of ethanol, but reports on the changes induced by this alcohol at physiological levels are sparse. Studies have shown that ethanol has different effects on cell metabolism at low and high concentrations, resembling a hormetic response. Further studies have addressed the potential cellular and molecular mechanisms used by organisms to sense changes in physiological concentrations of ethanol. This article summarizes the possible mechanisms by which ethanol may be sensed, particularly at the cell membrane level. Our analysis shows that current knowledge on this subject is limited. More research is required on the effects of ethanol at very low doses, in plants and animals at both molecular and physiological levels. We believe that further research on this topic could lead to new discoveries in physiology and may even help us understand metabolic adjustments related to climate change. As temperatures rise more frequently, dissolved oxygen levels drop, leading to hypoxic conditions and consequently, an increase in cellular ethanol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Diot
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (UMR5546), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR 2029), Moulis, France
| | - Georg Groth
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR 2029), Moulis, France
| | - Christian Chervin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (UMR5546), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Bello W, Pezzatti J, Berger-Gryllaki M, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F. Development of a generic approach for monitoring leachable compounds in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled plastic packaging by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with postcolumn infusion. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115640. [PMID: 37683372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Prefilled plastic packaging is time- and cost-effective in hospital pharmacy because it prevents waste, preparation errors, dosage errors, microbial contamination and accidents. This packaging mostly includes prefilled syringes (PFS), intravenous (IV) bags and vials intended for long-term storage that can be used for immediate treatment. There is a rising availability in the market for prefilled drug products due to their practical approach. Leachable compounds could be evaluated in hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled drug solutions. The Pharmacy Department at the Lausanne University Hospital has developed an innovative, highly sensitive, and generic method by postcolumn infusion based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the analysis of plastic additives in hospital pharmacies. The postcolumn infusion solution was developed with 2% ammonium hydroxide in methanol on a representative set of 30 candidate compounds with different physical-chemical properties, such as log P and molecular structure, to represent the most important categories of additives. The LODs obtained for all compounds ranged from 0.03 to 7.91 ng/mL with linearity up to 250 ng/mL. Through this screening method, plastic additives can be rapidly identified due to the combined use of retention time, exact mass (including isotopic pattern) and MS/MS spectra. In addition, the users can screen for vast categories of plastic additives, including plasticizers, epoxy monomers, antioxidants, UV stabilizers, and others. The screening is facilitated by assessments of a complex in-house-built database for extractable and leachable trace assessment (DELTA), containing 205 compounds for unambiguous identification. Relative response factors were established for all analytes to obtain a semiquantitation of compounds. Moreover, the database also contains valuable estimative toxicology information, which was obtained through calculating their permissible dose exposure threshold; thus, estimative toxicology assessment can be performed for identified compounds in prefilled drug products. This method and the database were applied to a hospital pharmacy-prepared prefilled vancomycin syringe for paediatric use. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) was used to prepare the samples for leachable analysis. As a result, 17 plastic additives were formally identified, and their concentrations were estimated. A toxicology assessment was performed by comparing their concentrations with their theoretical PDE thresholds. In conclusion, the prefilled drug solution released a negligible amount of known leachables that appeared to be safe for use in neonates and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bello
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farshid Sadeghipour
- Pharmacy Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Centre for Research and Innovation in Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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5
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Lambré C, Barat Baviera JM, Bolognesi C, Chesson A, Cocconcelli PS, Crebelli R, Gott DM, Grob K, Lampi E, Mengelers M, Mortensen A, Rivière G, Silano (until 21 December 2020†) V, Steffensen I, Tlustos C, Vernis L, Zorn H, Batke M, Bignami M, Corsini E, FitzGerald R, Gundert‐Remy U, Halldorsson T, Hart A, Ntzani E, Scanziani E, Schroeder H, Ulbrich B, Waalkens‐Berendsen D, Woelfle D, Al Harraq Z, Baert K, Carfì M, Castoldi AF, Croera C, Van Loveren H. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2023; 21:e06857. [PMID: 37089179 PMCID: PMC10113887 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, EFSA established a temporary tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) for BPA of 4 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day. In 2016, the European Commission mandated EFSA to re-evaluate the risks to public health from the presence of BPA in foodstuffs and to establish a tolerable daily intake (TDI). For this re-evaluation, a pre-established protocol was used that had undergone public consultation. The CEP Panel concluded that it is Unlikely to Very Unlikely that BPA presents a genotoxic hazard through a direct mechanism. Taking into consideration the evidence from animal data and support from human observational studies, the immune system was identified as most sensitive to BPA exposure. An effect on Th17 cells in mice was identified as the critical effect; these cells are pivotal in cellular immune mechanisms and involved in the development of inflammatory conditions, including autoimmunity and lung inflammation. A reference point (RP) of 8.2 ng/kg bw per day, expressed as human equivalent dose, was identified for the critical effect. Uncertainty analysis assessed a probability of 57-73% that the lowest estimated Benchmark Dose (BMD) for other health effects was below the RP based on Th17 cells. In view of this, the CEP Panel judged that an additional uncertainty factor (UF) of 2 was needed for establishing the TDI. Applying an overall UF of 50 to the RP, a TDI of 0.2 ng BPA/kg bw per day was established. Comparison of this TDI with the dietary exposure estimates from the 2015 EFSA opinion showed that both the mean and the 95th percentile dietary exposures in all age groups exceeded the TDI by two to three orders of magnitude. Even considering the uncertainty in the exposure assessment, the exceedance being so large, the CEP Panel concluded that there is a health concern from dietary BPA exposure.
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6
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Mutti A. The Linear Non-threshold Extrapolation of Dose-Response Curves Is a Challenge for Managing the Risk Associated with Occupational Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2023; 114:e2023001. [PMID: 36790404 PMCID: PMC9987469 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v114i1.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mutti
- Redazione LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO Clinica del Lavoro "L. Devoto" Via S. Barnaba, 820122 Milano - tel. 02 503 20125 - fax 02 503 20126 - .
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7
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Astuto MC, Benford D, Bodin L, Cattaneo I, Halldorsson T, Schlatter J, Sharpe RM, Tarazona J, Younes M. Applying the adverse outcome pathway concept for assessing non-monotonic dose responses: biphasic effect of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testosterone levels. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:313-327. [PMID: 36336711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Male reproduction is one of the primary health endpoints identified in rodent studies for some phthalates, such as DEHP (Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), DBP (Dibutyl phthalate), and BBP (Benzyl butyl phthalate). The reduction in testosterone level was used as an intermediate key event for grouping some phthalates and to establish a reference point for risk assessment. Phthalates, and specifically DEHP, are one of the chemicals for which the greatest number of non-monotonic dose responses (NMDRs) are observed. These NMDRs cover different endpoints and situations, often including testosterone levels. The presence of NMDR has been the subject of some debate within the area of chemical risk assessment, which is traditionally anchored around driving health-based guidance values for apical endpoints that typically follow a clear monotonic dose-response. The consequence of NMDR for chemical risk assessment has recently received considerable attention amongst regulatory agencies, which confirmed its relevance particularly for receptor-mediated effects. The present review explores the relationship between DEHP exposure and testosterone levels, investigating the biological plausibility of the observed NMDRs. The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept is applied to integrate NMDRs into Key Event Relationships (KERs) for exploring a mechanistic understanding of initial key events and possibly associated reproductive and non-reproductive adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Astuto
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy.
| | - D Benford
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - L Bodin
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - I Cattaneo
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - T Halldorsson
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy.,Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - J Schlatter
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - R M Sharpe
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - J Tarazona
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
| | - M Younes
- European Food Safety Authority, Methodology and Scientific Support Unit and Working Group on Non-Monotonic Dose Responses, Parma, Italy
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8
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Inkaya EN, Barlas N. Investigation of combined effects of propyl paraben and methyl paraben on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:687-701. [PMID: 36066884 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the endocrine-disrupting effects of methyl paraben (MeP) and propyl paraben (PrP) mixture on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). In this study, six experimental groups were designated. These groups included three control groups (control, corn oil control, and positive control (50 mg/kg/day BPA)) and three dose groups (10, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP). MeP with PrP were mixed in a 1:1 ratio and administered to the 42-day-old male rats by oral gavage for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and aldosterone hormones were analyzed in serum. Effects of MeP+PrP on the adrenal glands were investigated by immunohistochemical staining of 11ß hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) enzymes involved in the synthesis steps of corticosterone and aldosterone. Also, pituitary and adrenal glands were examined histopathologically. In the histopathological findings, cortical nodule, congestion, and edema were found in the tissues. In the pituitary gland, cytokeratin rings were detected in all MeP+PrP dose groups, supporting the increase of corticosterone and ACTH. Serum corticosterone, aldosterone, and ACTH hormone levels were increased in the 100 mg/kg/day MeP+PrP and BPA groups. Results obtained from immunohistochemical staining showed that increased staining parallelled increased corticosterone and aldosterone hormone levels. In summary, the results showed that exposure to the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase in ACTH and corticosterone. Also, the MeP+PrP mixture caused a significant increase of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. MeP+PrP exposure disrupts the normal HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Nur Inkaya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurhayat Barlas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 198375Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Agathokleous E, Barceló D, Aschner M, Azevedo RA, Bhattacharya P, Costantini D, Cutler GC, De Marco A, Docea AO, Dórea JG, Duke SO, Efferth T, Fatta-Kassinos D, Fotopoulos V, Ginebreda A, Guedes RNC, Hayes AW, Iavicoli I, Kalantzi OI, Koike T, Kouretas D, Kumar M, Manautou JE, Moore MN, Paoletti E, Peñuelas J, Picó Y, Reiter RJ, Rezaee R, Rinklebe J, Rocha-Santos T, Sicard P, Sonne C, Teaf C, Tsatsakis A, Vardavas AI, Wang W, Zeng EY, Calabrese EJ. Rethinking Subthreshold Effects in Regulatory Chemical Risk Assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11095-11099. [PMID: 35878124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu China
- Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu China
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC; Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, ICRA-CERCA; Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Ricardo Antunes Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP); São Paulo CEP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- KTH-international Groundwater Arsenic Research Group, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), UMR 7221 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CNRS, 7 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - G Christopher Cutler
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Campus, Dalhousie University; Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
| | | | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova; Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - José G Dórea
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília; Brasília 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi; Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Johannes Gutenberg University, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Centre, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus; P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology; Lemesos 3603, Cyprus
| | - Antonio Ginebreda
- Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Raul Narciso C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa;Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Center for Environmental/Occupational Risk Analysis & Management, University of South Florida, College of Public Health; Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Michigan State University; East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II; Naples 80131, Italy
| | | | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University; Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Greece
| | - Manish Kumar
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies; Dehradun 248007, India
| | - José E Manautou
- Pharmaceutical Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Michael N Moore
- European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital; Truro TR1 3HD, U.K
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Plymouth, Devon PL1 3DH, U.K
- School of Biological & Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth; Plymouth PL 4 8AA, U.K
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council; Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB; Bellaterra, Catalonia 08193, Spain
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), Universitat de València-CSIC-GV; Valencia 46113, Spain
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio; San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,Mashhad 91779-43335, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779-43335, Iran
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water, and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management; Wuppertal 42285, Germany
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro; Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, Biot 06410, France
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC); Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University; Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Christopher Teaf
- Institute of Science & Public Affairs, Florida State University; Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete; Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete; Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University; Harbin 150040, China
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Science; Changchun 130102, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University; Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts; Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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10
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, De Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Peláez C, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Aggett P, Crous Bou M, Cubadda F, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Martino L, Naska A. Guidance for establishing and applying tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and essential minerals: Draft for internal testing. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200102. [PMID: 35106096 PMCID: PMC8784980 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins and essential minerals are micronutrients that are essential for the normal functioning of the human body. However, they may lead to adverse health effects if consumed in excess. The concept of a tolerable upper intake level (UL) is a science-based reference value, which was introduced to support policy-makers and other relevant actors in managing the risks of excess nutrient intake. EFSA's principles for establishing ULs for vitamins and minerals were originally developed by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2000. Since then, experience has been gained and the scientific field developed. This guidance from the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens provides an updated framework to support EFSA's UL assessments. It covers aspects related to the planning of the risk assessment (problem formulation and definition of methods) and its implementation (evidence retrieval, appraisal, synthesis, integration, uncertainty analysis). As in the previous framework, the general principles developed for the risk assessment of chemicals in food are applied (hazard identification, hazard characterisation, intake assessment, risk characterisation). Peculiar to nutrients are their biochemical and physiological roles and the specific and selective mechanisms that maintain the systemic homoeostasis and body burden of the nutrient. These must be considered when conducting a risk assessment of nutrients. This document constitutes a draft guidance that will be applied in EFSA's assessments during a 1-year pilot phase and be revised and complemented as necessary. Before finalisation of the guidance, a public consultation will be launched.
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