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Liu W, Guo K. Tannic acid alleviates ETEC K88-induced intestinal damage through regulating the p62-keap1-Nrf2 and TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway in IPEC-J2 cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5186-5196. [PMID: 38288747 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring polyphenol, has shown diverse potential in preventing intestinal damage in piglet diarrhea induced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. However, the protective effect of TA on ETEC k88 infection-induced post-weaning diarrhea and its potential mechanism has not been well elucidated. Therefore, an animal trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with TA on the intestinal diarrhea of weaned piglets challenged with ETEC K88. In addition, porcine intestinal epithelial cells were used as an in vitro model to explore the mechanism through which TA alleviates intestinal oxidative damage and inflammation. RESULTS The results indicated that TA supplementation (2 and 4 g kg-1) reduced diarrhea rate, enzyme activity (diamine oxidase [DAO] and Malondialdehyde [MAD]) and serum inflammatory cytokines concentration (TNF-α and IL-1β) (P < 0.05) compared to the Infection group (IG), group in vivo. In vitro, TA treatment effectively alleviated ETEC-induced cytotoxicity, increased the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, TA pre-treatment increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (such as T-SOD) and decreased serum cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β). Furthermore, TA increased cellular antioxidant capacity by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and decreased inflammatory response by down-regulating the expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB and NLRP3. CONCLUSION The present study showed that TA reduced the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets by restoring the intestinal mucosal mechanical barrier function, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. The underlying mechanism was achieved by modulating the p62-keap1-Nrf2 and TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Xu J, Jia Z, Xiao S, Long C, Wang L. Effects of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge on Jejunal Morphology and Microbial Community Profiles in Weaned Crossbred Piglets. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2646. [PMID: 38004658 PMCID: PMC10672776 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of bacterial diarrhea in weaning piglets, which are vulnerable to changes in environment and feed. This study aimed to determine the effects of the ETEC challenge on piglet growth performance, diarrhea rate, jejunal microbial profile, jejunal morphology and goblet cell distribution. A total of 13 piglets from one litter were selected on postnatal day 21 and assigned to treatments with or without ETEC challenge at 1 × 108 CFUs, as ETEC group or control group, respectively. On postnatal day 28, samples were collected, followed by the detection of serum biochemical indexes and inflammatory indicators, HE staining, PAS staining and 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed that the growth performance decreased, while the diarrhea rate increased for the ETEC group. The jejunum is the main segment of the injured intestine during the ETEC challenge. Compared with the control, the ETEC group displayed fewer goblet cells in the jejunum, where goblet cells are more distributed at the crypt and less distributed at the villus. In addition, ETEC piglets possessed higher abundances of the genus Desulfovibrio, genus Oxalobacter and genus Peptococus and lower abundances of the genus Prevotella 2, genus Flavonifractor and genus Blautra. In terms of alpha diversity, Chao 1 and observed features indexes were both increased for the ETEC group. Our study provides insights into jejunal histopathological impairment and microbial variation in response to ETEC infection for weaned piglets and is a valuable reference for researchers engaged in animal health research to select stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Shu Xiao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
| | - Cimin Long
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China; (J.X.); (Z.J.); (S.X.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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René R, Sebastian V, Marlies D, Lukas S, Annemarie K, Andrea L. Risk factors associated with post-weaning diarrhoea in Austrian piglet-producing farms. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37170128 PMCID: PMC10176918 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) is a frequent, multifactorial disease of piglets leading to increased mortality rates and high economic losses. Due to the emergence of multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates and the ban of zinc oxide (ZnO) in the EU since June 2022, alternative measures to prevent PWD are urgently needed. While an abundance of feed supplements is described to prevent PWD, there are hardly any studies reflecting the current situation of PWD in the field. Thus, we aimed to identify differences in management practices, housing and feeding strategies between farms with PWD and farms without PWD. Data were personally collected using a semi-structured questionnaire in 257 Austrian piglet-producing farms. Farms with PWD in more than 10% of all weaned groups within twelve months prior to data collection were defined as case farms (n = 101), while the remaining 136 farms were defined as control farms. Data from 237 farms and 69 explanatory variables were analysed via penalized binary logistic regression using elastic-net in 100 different splits into randomly selected training and test datasets (80:20). Treatment with ZnO and/or colistin (136 farms) was negatively associated with PWD in all splits and had the biggest estimated absolute log odds ratio out of all tested variables. Implementation of an all-in/all-out system in the nursery units and administration of probiotics or horseradish also had preventive effects in most splits (≥ 97%). A higher number of feeding phases for piglets within the first seven weeks of life and housing on fully slatted floors was associated negatively with the occurrence of PWD as well in > 95% of all splits. PWD was more likely to occur on farms having problems with neonatal diarrhoea or postpartum dysgalactia syndrome. While our data demonstrate that treatment with ZnO or colistin had the biggest statistical effect on PWD, we were able to identify other preventive measures like supplementation with probiotics or horseradish. Since implementation of all-in/all-out measures and fully slatted floors were also negatively associated with the occurrence of PWD on visited farms, we assume that reduction of bacterial load by the implementation of simple hygiene measures are still crucial to prevent PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhammer René
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
| | - Vetter Sebastian
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Dolezal Marlies
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Schwarz Lukas
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Käsbohrer Annemarie
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
| | - Ladinig Andrea
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Phaengphairee P, Boontiam W, Wealleans A, Hong J, Kim YY. Dietary supplementation with full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae and multi-probiotics, as a substitute for antibiotics, improves the growth performance, gut health, and antioxidative capacity of weaned pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:7. [PMID: 36631776 PMCID: PMC9832753 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplementation of full-fat black soldier fly larvae (BSFL full-fat meal; alone or in combination with multi-probiotics) was tested as an alternative to dietary antibiotics in weaning piglets. We also tested the effects of these diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, immune status, oxidative stress, intestinal histomorphology, and rectal microbial modulations in weaned pigs. A total of 80 piglets [(Landrace × Large White) × Duroc] of both sexes (a ratio of gilts and barrows; 1:1), were randomly allotted to four diet groups: positive control (PC) diet supplemented with 0.02% amoxicillin; negative control (NC) diet without supplement addition; BSFL12 diet (NC + 12% BSFL full-fat meal); and BSFL + Pro diet (BSFL full-fat meal + 0.1% multi-probiotics, including Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). All groups had five replicates, with four piglets per replicate. RESULTS Dietary BSFL + Pro improved the overall average daily gain (P = 0.013), and gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.032). The BSFL12 and BSFL + Pro diets improved nutrient digestibility and increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and glutathione peroxidase, while reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The spleen weight was higher and caecal pH was lower in pigs fed the BSFL + Pro diet than in those fed the NC diet (P = 0.011 and P = 0.021, respectively). Pigs fed the BSFL diets had longer duodenal villi, a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P = 0.004), and shorter crypt depth (P = 0.017) than those fed NC. The BSFL + Pro diet also increased faecal Lactobacillus spp. count (P = 0.008) and reduced Escherichia coli (P = 0.021) counts compared with that seen with PC and NC diets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation with BSFL or BSFL + multi-probiotics can improve the growth performance and intestinal health of pigs and may be an effective strategy to replace antibiotics for weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pheeraphong Phaengphairee
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Waewaree Boontiam
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Division of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Alexandra Wealleans
- Kemin Europa N.V., Animal Nutrition and Health EMENA, Toekomstlaan 42, 2200 Herentals, Belgium
| | - Jinsu Hong
- grid.263791.80000 0001 2167 853XDepartment of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 USA
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Gangnam-ru, Seoul, 135-754 South Korea
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Wu D, Fu L, Wen W, Dong N. The dual antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their applications in animal production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:141. [PMID: 36474280 PMCID: PMC9724304 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are small molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against infectious bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Increasing evidence suggests that HDPs can also indirectly protect hosts by modulating their immune responses. Due to these dual roles, HDPs have been considered one of the most promising antibiotic substitutes to improve growth performance, intestinal health, and immunity in farm animals. This review describes the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles of host defense peptides and their recent applications in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Linglong Fu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weizhang Wen
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Na Dong
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Canibe N, Højberg O, Kongsted H, Vodolazska D, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Schönherz AA. Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2585. [PMID: 36230326 PMCID: PMC9558551 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Liu N, Ma X, Jiang X. Effects of Immobilized Antimicrobial Peptides on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Index, Inflammatory Factors, Intestinal Morphology, and Microbial Community in Weaning Pigs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872990. [PMID: 35422808 PMCID: PMC9001916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of immobilized antimicrobial peptides on growth performance, serum biochemical index, inflammatory factors, intestinal morphology, and microbial community of weaning piglets. A total of 21 weaning piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] with initial body weight (7.64 ± 0.65 kg) were randomly allocated to one of three treatments with seven replicates (one pig per replicate) per treatment according to sex and weight in randomized complete block design. Pigs in the three treatments were fed corn–soybean meal-based diet (CON), corn–soybean meal based diet + flavomycin (25 mg/kg) + quinone (50 mg/kg) (AB), and corn–soybean meal based diet + 1,000 mg/kg immobilized antimicrobial peptides (IAMPs), respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days, including early stage (0–14 days) and late stage (15–28 days). The results showed the following: (1) compared with the CON group, the average daily gain in the whole experimental time (p < 0.05) was significantly increased, and the diarrhea rate of weaning piglets was decreased (p < 0.01) in the IAMPs group; (2) compared with the CON group, the concentrations of serum IgM and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the IAMPs group were significantly higher than the CON and AB groups (p < 0.01); (3) compared with CON group, the concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the concentration of IL-12 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the IAMPs group; (4) compared with CON group, the concentrations of serum endotoxin and D-lactate of piglets were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and the relative expression of ZO-1 and occludin in the jejunum of piglets were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the IAMPs group; (5) compared with the CON group, the villus height of the duodenum and jejunum of weaning piglets in IAMPs and AB groups was significantly increased (p < 0.05); and (6) compared with CON group, the relative abundance of Escherichia–Shigella in the colon and cecal digesta was decreased. In summary, the addition of 1,000 mg/kg immobilized antimicrobial peptides in the diet effectively relieved weaning stress by showing improved growth performance, antioxidant and immune capacity, intestinal morphology, and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaokang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mörschbächer AP, Granada CE. MAPPING THE WORLDWIDE KNOWLEDGE OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY Lactobacillus spp.: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jin S, Wang M, Yang H, Shan A, Feng X. Dietary supplementation of resveratrol improved the oxidative stability and spatial conformation of myofibrillar protein in frozen-thawed duck breast meat. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhan N, Zhang L, Yang H, Zheng Y, Wei X, Wang J, Shan A. Design and heterologous expression of a novel dimeric LL37 variant in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:143. [PMID: 34301247 PMCID: PMC8305873 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial peptide LL37 is produced by white blood cells (mainly neutrophils) and various epithelial cells, and has the outstanding advantages of participating in immune regulation, causing chemotaxis of immune cells and promoting wound healing. However, the central domain of LL37 needs to be improved in terms of antimicrobial activity. RESULTS In this study, the amino acid substitution method was used to improve the antimicrobial activity of the LL37 active center, and a dimeric design with a better selection index was selected. A flexible linker was selected and combined with the 6 × His-SUMO tag and LG was successfully expressed using Pichia pastoris as a host. Recombinant LG displayed strong antimicrobial activity by destroying the cell membrane of bacteria but had low hemolytic activity. In addition, compared with monomeric peptide FR, rLG had improved ability to tolerate salt ions. CONCLUSION This research provides new ideas for the production of modified AMPs in microbial systems and their application in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Licong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Yalan Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Xinke Wei
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China.
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