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Heydari M, Yarifard K, Tajvar M. The Trend of Death Rate and Causes of Death Based on the ICD-10 among Young People in Iran within the Last Three Decades. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 53:472-481. [PMID: 38894834 PMCID: PMC11182481 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v53i2.14932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Background Youth is undeniably the most important resource of any country. This study aimed to determine the trend of mortality rate and the cause of death, based on the ICD-10, among young people in Iran and examines significance of the changes in any cause during the last three decades. Methods The present study is a secondary analysis of data, which examines the trend of death rate and its causes among young adult, aged 15-24 yr, longitudinally during 1990-2019. The data source was the GBD web-site. Linear Regression analysis was used to measure the slope of changes in mortality rates and causes of death during the period, where "time" was the independent variable and "mortality rate" and "causes of mortality" were dependent variables. Results The death rate of young people declined by 56% during the period, equal to an average of 2.17 units per year. The most common cause of death has been injuries (69%), then NCDs (25%), and finally communicable diseases (6%). However, death due to injuries (except SUD), communicable diseases (except HIV), and NCDs (except musculoskeletal disorders) declined significantly by 1.43, 0.3, and 0.09 units per year, over 30 yr respectively. Conclusion Examining past trends in death rates and causes strengthens insights into the state and future trends in health and death-related indicators, which are crucial for policy-making, especially in developing countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdiyeh Heydari
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Yarifard
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tajvar
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Eneh OC, Okosun A, Egbenta IR, Obi NI, Oloto MC, Ubani O, Eneh CA, Eneonwo CI. A comparative analysis of road and vehicle qualities as factors of road traffic carnage in Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2173. [PMID: 37932715 PMCID: PMC10629133 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Carnage on roads is a growing concern in Nigeria. Over 27 persons, equivalent to more than 4 families, die daily from road traffic crashes. Two direct factors of a road crash are road quality and vehicle quality. To interrogate and compare both factors to road traffic accidents, the longitudinal study regressed secondary data on death tolls against road quality and vehicle quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on the estimated number of vehicles imported into Nigeria (1992-2021) served as the indicator of vehicle quality on Nigerian roads. The longitudinal study regressed secondary data on death tolls (2013-2019) against road quality (2006-2019) and vehicle quality (1992-2021). RESULTS Results showed that road quality is degenerating as well as vehicle quality in Nigeria, resulting in increase in the number of road traffic crashes and the attendant death tolls. For every 1% decrease in road quality, death tolls from road traffic crashes in Nigeria increased by 0.00642% at 5% significance, and for every decrease in vehicle quality, death tolls from road traffic crashes in Nigeria increased by 0.327% at 5% significance. CONCLUSION The study recommended increased advocacy on the sanctity of life and the need for all tiers of government to prioritize policy and implementation of improving the road quality and vehicle quality to reduce road traffic crashes and save lives on Nigerian roads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyenekenwa Cyprian Eneh
- Institute for Development Studies, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Andy Okosun
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Idu R Egbenta
- Department of Estate Management, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas I Obi
- Department of Architecture, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Martin C Oloto
- Institute for Development Studies, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Ubani
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Enugu Campus, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinemelum A Eneh
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Cosmas I Eneonwo
- Centre for Logistics & Transport Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Malekpour MR, Ghamari SH, Ghasemi E, Hejaziyeganeh S, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Bhalla K, Rezaei N, Shahraz S, Dilmaghani-Marand A, Taghi Heydari S, Rezaei N, Lankarani KB, Farzadfar F. The effect of Real-Time feedback and incentives on speeding behaviors using Telematics: A randomized controlled trial. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 191:107216. [PMID: 37429155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Speeding behaviour of drivers is highly correlated to their tangible consequence. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of telematics-based feedback and financial incentives in reducing speeding behaviors through a randomized controlled field trial. This randomized controlled trial included four groups of (1) control, (2) information-only, (3) gain-of-reward, and (4) loss-of-reward. While drivers of the control group were unobtrusively monitored using telematics devices, drivers of the information-only group received real-time, weekly, and monthly feedback via text message. In both groups with financial incentives, in addition to receiving feedback, drivers could receive payments at the end of each month based on observed speeding. The primary outcome was the distance traveled at speeds more than 10% (S10 + ) above the posted speed limit as a proportion of the total traveled distance. A total of 397 male taxi drivers consented to participate in the study. After the stratified randomization, the mean age of the participant was 46.0 (95% Confidence Interval: 43.8 to 48.2), 47.0 (44.7 to 49.3), 46.1 (43.7 to 48.5), and 48.8 (46.5 to 51.1) years for the control, the information-only, the gain-of-reward, and the loss-of-reward groups, respectively. The mean S10 + rate per 100 km was 0.9 (0.5 to 1.2) for the control, 0.8 (0.4 to 1.1) for the information-only, 0.7 (0.3 to 1.1) for the gain-of-reward, and 1.3 (0.4 to 2.2) for the loss-of-reward group at the start of intervention. During the intervention phase, the loss-of-reward group with 0.6 (0.5 to 0.7) had the lowest mean of S10 + rate, followed by the gain-of-reward group with 0.8 (0.7 to 0.8). The loss-of-reward and gain-of-reward groups were the most influenced groups by the intervention, with 38.0% (13.2 to 55.7; p-value < 0.01) and 29.4% (2.0 to 49.2; p-value = 0.04) less S10 + rate than the control group, respectively. It was figured out that providing information regarding drivers' behavior without appropriating motives or penalties would have a minuscule impact.In addition, the group of drivers who were treated with instant punishment was the most influenced group by the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Malekpour
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Ghasemi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedamirhossein Hejaziyeganeh
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kavi Bhalla
- Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nazila Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahraz
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Taghi Heydari
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Rezaei
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kamran B Lankarani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sadeghian Tafti MR, Ostovar A, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Shobeiri P, Ehrampoush MH, Salmani I, Khajeaminian MR, Fallahzadeh H, Dehghani Tafti A. Burden of road traffic injuries in Iran: a national and subnational perspective, 1990-2019. Inj Prev 2023; 29:101-110. [PMID: 36564169 PMCID: PMC10086501 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reliable and valid information on burden of road traffic injuries (RTIs) is essential for short-term and long-term planning. We designed the present study to describe the levels and trends of burden of RTIs in Iran from 1990 to 2019. METHODS This is an observational epidemiological study. We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 estimates to report RTIs incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by sex, age group and road user category in Iran and each of the 31 provinces from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS Age-standardised incidence, prevalence, death and DALY rates of RTIs decreased by 31.7% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 29.4 to 33.9), 34.9% (33.8 to 36.0), 57.7% (48.1 to 62.3) and 60.1% (51.7 to 65.2), respectively between 1990 and 2019. The 2019 age-standardised DALY rates varied from smallest value in Tehran 303.8 (216.9 to 667.2) per 100 000 to largest value in Sistan-Baluchistan 2286.8 (1978.1 to 2627.9) per 100 000. The burden of RTIs was mainly related to injuries sustained by drivers or passengers of motorised vehicles with three or more wheels and pedestrians' injuries, mostly affected males aged 15-29 years and individuals aged ≥70 years. CONCLUSION The reducing trend in the burden of RTIs in Iran possibly reflects the effectiveness of the intervention programmes. However, with regard to the Sustainable Development Goals the burden is still at an alarming level. Further reductions are necessary for specific road user groups such as adolescent and adult male drivers or passengers of motorised vehicles, also pedestrians aged ≥70 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sadeghian Tafti
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Shobeiri
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Salmani
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khajeaminian
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbasali Dehghani Tafti
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergencies, School of public health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Razzaghi A, Somi MH, Doshmangir L, Esmaeili A, Hedayati J, Hosseini ST, Khankeh H, Khiavi AK, Far RM, Mohammadian P, Pour-Doulati S, Rezaei M, Saadati M, Zakeri JA. Road safety lead agency challenges of three decades of intervention for road safety in Iran: implications for policy-makers. Inj Prev 2023; 29:16-21. [PMID: 35999042 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic crashes and associated injuries and mortalities are one of the big public health challenges, especially in low/middle-income countries. Road safety lead agency (RSLA) is a vital factor in the sustainable prevention and promotes road safety. In the recent decades, various policy interventions have been conducted for road safety in Iran. This study aimed at exploring the challenges of RSLA from the perspectives of stakeholders at various levels. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted. In-depth interviews and document reviews were used for data collection. To conduct interviews, different stakeholders at various levels such as policy-makers, senior national authorities, researchers and faculty members were selected. Data collection was conducted between November 2019 and June 2020. Thematic content analysis approach was used for data analysis. RESULTS The experts' perspectives were analysed and then categorised under five main themes including the role and position of the lead agency, the role and duties of the actors and players, translating policy into practice, intrasectoral and intersectoral cooperation and coordination and evidence production and application and a total of 22 subthemes were identified. The current structure of the RSLA is one of the main challenges emphasised by the research participants. CONCLUSION To achieve significant improvements in road safety at the national level, a strong management system and leadership body is a critical issue. Organisational reform to establish an effective unique lead agency is proposed to cope with RSLA challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Razzaghi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Doshmangir
- Department of Health Policy & Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Esmaeili
- Department of Traffic and Transportation, Faculty of Traffic University of Police, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hedayati
- General Manager of Strategic Studies of Road Maintenance and Transportation (RMTO) Studies Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Teymoor Hosseini
- Department of Engineering Traffic and transportation, Faculty of Traffic University of Police, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Khankeh
- Health in Emergency and Disaster Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Masoudi Far
- Social Deputy of the Judiciary, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Mohammadian
- Transport Office of Ministry of Interior and Secretary of High Council for Urban Traffic Coordination of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Pour-Doulati
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rezaei
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saadati
- Department of Public health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Jabbar Ali Zakeri
- Center of Excellence for Railway Transportation, School of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Habibzadeh Omran Y, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Yarmohammadian MH, Atighechian G. Driving Hazard Perception Tests: A Systematic Review. Bull Emerg Trauma 2023; 11:51-68. [PMID: 37193008 PMCID: PMC10182720 DOI: 10.30476/beat.2023.95777.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was conducted to evaluate previous studies on hazard perception among road users. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted using electronic databases and search engines including Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Iranmedex, SID, Irandoc, and Google Scholar from January 2000 to September 2021. The search was performed using a combination of medical subject heading terms and keywords. Endnote software version 20.0 (Clarivate, Philadelphia, PA, USA) was used to organize the included articles. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the findings. The entire review process was conducted by two authors, and unresolved challenges were discussed with other researchers. Results Findings of the study show that all of the tests could discriminate between inexperienced and experienced drivers. The use of dynamic hazard perception tests was more common than static tests, and in some cases, simulators were used. Moreover, the results indicated a weak correlation between the results of dynamic and static tests. Therefore, it could be claimed that both dynamic and static methods measured certain dimensions of hazard perception. Conclusion Regarding the importance of hazard perception, the findings of this study can provide further progress in designing hazard perception tests. The hazard perception tests can be sensitive to cultural or legal differences. It should also be noted that in developing tools for measuring drivers' hazard perception, different dimensions of hazard perception must be considered, so that the level of drivers' hazard perception can be reported accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Habibzadeh Omran
- Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Corresponding author: Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani Address: Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Tel: +98-9117423813 e-mail:
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yarmohammadian
- Department of Health in Disasters, Health Management & Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golrokh Atighechian
- Department of Health in Disasters, Health Management & Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Aliyari R, Mirrezaie SM, Kazemeini T, Sadeghian F, Fayaz Dastgerdi M, Azizi A. Effect of psychosocial interventions on risky driving behaviours among offender drivers by using simulated and real driving: study protocol for a non-randomised controlled trial. Inj Prev 2022; 29:272-279. [PMID: 36600587 DOI: 10.1136/ip-2022-044779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risky driving behaviour including anger while driving has led to millions of global road traffic crashes, thousands of mortalities and injuries. These losses are much more in middle-income countries, such as Iran. This paper explains methods of data collection in a controlled trial study for evaluating the effect of psychosocial interventions on risky driving by using simulated and real driving. METHODS This non-randomised controlled trial study will include 180 offender drivers. They will refer to the simulation laboratory by traffic police after their driving licences were suspended. At baseline, all participants will fill five questionnaires including demographic, Driving Anger Scale, Driving Anger Expression Scale, Spielberger's Anger and Manchester Driving Behavioural, and then they will be tested with a driving simulator. Afterwards, they will be allocated to one of three-intervention training arms (mindfulness, meta-cognition and social marketing) or a control arm without any training. Risky driving behaviours will be assessed in three follow-ups after intervention. The primary outcome of interest will be driving offences, recorded by traffic police in two time points: at 6 months and 1 year after the intervention. DISCUSSION This study examines the effect of three interventions in reducing driving offence. The results can end in a new therapeutic training or a new legislation that should be added to current obligatory training for getting driving licence and can lead to long-term safe driving among Iranian drivers. Future research is recommended to study the cost-effectiveness of these interventions in actual driving in Iran. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000039493.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roqayeh Aliyari
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mirrezaie
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Toktam Kazemeini
- Faculty of Educatinal Sciences and Phychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farideh Sadeghian
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahsa Fayaz Dastgerdi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Alireza Azizi
- Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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Fisa R, Musukuma M, Sampa M, Musonda P, Young T. Effects of interventions for preventing road traffic crashes: an overview of systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:513. [PMID: 35296294 PMCID: PMC8925136 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are among the eight-leading causes of death globally. Strategies and policies have been put in place by many countries to reduce RTCs and to prevent RTCs and related injuries/deaths. METHODS In this review, we searched the following databases Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Epistemonikos, Web of Science, and LILACS for reviews matching our inclusion criteria between periods January 1950 and March 2020. We did not apply language or publication restrictions in the searches. We, however, excluded reviews that focused primarily on injury prevention and reviews that looked at crashes not involving a motor vehicle. RESULTS We identified 35 systematic reviews matching our inclusion criteria and most of the reviews (33/35) included studies strictly from high-income countries. Most reviews were published before 2015, with only 5 published between 2015 and 2020. Methodological quality varied between reviews. Most reviews focused on enforcement intervention. There was strong evidence that random breath testing, selective breath testing, and sobriety checkpoints were effective in reducing alcohol-related crashes and associated fatal and nonfatal injuries. Other reviews found that sobriety checkpoints reduced the number of crashes by 17% [CI: (- 20, - 14)]. Road safety campaigns were found to reduce the numbers of RTCs by 9% [CI: (- 11, - 8%)]. Mass media campaigns indicated some median decrease in crashes across all studies and all levels of crash severity was 10% (IQR: 6 to 14%). Converting intersections to roundabouts was associated with a reduction of 30 to 50% in the number of RTCs resulting in injury and property damage. Electronic stability control measure was found to reduce single-vehicle crashes by - 49% [95% CI: (- 55, - 42%)]. No evidence was found to indicate that post-license driver education is effective in preventing road traffic injuries or crashes. CONCLUSION There were many systematic reviews of varying quality available which included studies that were conducted in high-income settings. The overview has found that behavioural based interventions are very effective in reducing RTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Fisa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Mwiche Musukuma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mutale Sampa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Musonda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Zambia, School of Public Health, Ridgeway Campus, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child health (CISMAC), Centre for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Taryn Young
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care (CEBHC), Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Development, and Internal, and External Validation of a Scoring System to Predict 30-Day Mortality after Having a Traffic Accident Traveling by Private Car or Van: An Analysis of 164,790 Subjects and 79,664 Accidents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249518. [PMID: 33353151 PMCID: PMC7766065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Predictive factors for fatal traffic accidents have been determined, but not addressed collectively through a predictive model to help determine the probability of mortality and thereby ascertain key points for intervening and decreasing that probability. Data on all road traffic accidents with victims involving a private car or van occurring in Spain in 2015 (164,790 subjects and 79,664 accidents) were analyzed, evaluating 30-day mortality following the accident. As candidate predictors of mortality, variables associated with the accident (weekend, time, number of vehicles, road, brightness, and weather) associated with the vehicle (type and age of vehicle, and other types of vehicles in the accident) and associated with individuals (gender, age, seat belt, and position in the vehicle) were examined. The sample was divided into two groups. In one group, a logistic regression model adapted to a points system was constructed and internally validated, and in the other group the model was externally validated. The points system obtained good discrimination and calibration in both the internal and the external validation. Consequently, a simple tool is available to determine the risk of mortality following a traffic accident, which could be validated in other countries.
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Azami-Aghdash S, Abolghasem Gorji H, Derakhshani N, Sadeghi-Bazargani H. Barriers to and Facilitators of Road Traffic Injuries Prevention in Iran; A Qualitative Study. Bull Emerg Trauma 2019; 7:390-398. [PMID: 31858002 PMCID: PMC6911722 DOI: 10.29252/beat-070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the barriers to and facilitators of the prevention of road traffic accidents (RTIs) in Iran. Methods: In this qualitative study 42 key stakeholders and experts in the field of traffic injuries in Iran were selected based on purpose and theoretical sampling to reach informational saturation. Their views concerning barriers to and facilitators of the prevention of traffic injuries in Iran were studied using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using Content Analysis method. Results: Five themes were identified: structural barriers, organizational barriers and planning, socio-cultural barriers, scientific barriers, and inter-sector barriers and 22 sub-themes were extracted. The lack of lead agency, which was among structural barriers, was selected as the main barrier. The five general facilitators included: sensitization of society and authorities, improving the resources and infrastructure (software and hardware), increasing the attention to safety of vehicles and roads, increasing the information and awareness, and use of expert manpower. The sensitization of society and authorities was selected as the most important facilitator. Conclusion: According to the key experts, the barriers of policy changes to prevent the RTIs are more numerous than its facilitators. Therefore, planning and paying more attention to removing these barriers and promoting the facilitators seems necessary to reduce RTIs. Having a lead agency in this regard should be the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolghasem Gorji
- School of health management and information sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Derakhshani
- Health management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moradi M, Khanjani N, Nabipour AR. Determinants of child safety seat use among parents in an International Safe Community, Tehran, Iran. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:844-848. [PMID: 31577453 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1658872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Road traffic accidents are a global issue and serious threat for public health. Children are at high risk of serious injury or death from motor vehicle crashes. Child safety seats (CSSs) can reduce the risk of death and serious injury in children. This study was done to determine the prevalence of child safety seat use in vehicles and the factors influencing their use in a safe society (Tehran, Iran) in 2015.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 804 parents with children under 12 years old who owned private cars were questioned in different areas of Tehran. A questionnaire included demographic data, and 2 specific questionnaires were used for families that used a CSS and those did not use a CSS. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were conducted. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All analyses were carried out using SPSS 21.Results: The prevalence of child safety seat use was 18.7% and was significantly higher among parents with an income greater than 50 million rials/month, parents who received child safety seat recommendations, parents living in the north of Tehran, and fathers with more driving experience. Age, weight, and height of children were also factors that influenced the use of child safety seats. The most common reasons for parents to use child safety seats was awareness about the benefits of this device and fear of harm to the child, and the most common reasons for nonuse were child intolerance while sitting in the seat and cost.Conclusion: The prevalence of child safety seat use in Tehran is very low, and most parents are not aware of the importance of child safety seats. Comprehensive programs, including legislation, law enforcement, public education, and publicity to promote the benefits of using CSSs, in Tehran can be an effective step toward increasing the use of child safety devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology & Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Monash Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amir Reza Nabipour
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Facilities Management, Baltimore, Maryland
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Symons J, Howard E, Sweeny K, Kumnick M, Sheehan P. Reduced Road Traffic Injuries for Young People: A Preliminary Investment Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:S34-S43. [PMID: 31228988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deaths and serious injuries from road accidents remain a serious issue in developing countries, including for young people, for whom they are the largest cause of death. This article provides an assessment of interventions to reduce these deaths and injuries for adolescents in 75 developing countries. METHODS We draw on new data on deaths and injuries by age, gender, and accident type for the 75 countries and on the road safety experience of developed and, more recently, developing countries. Critical tasks are to identify key interventions in road safety and estimate their impact and cost. We incorporate these impact and cost estimates in a modeling framework to calculate the reduction in deaths and serious injuries achieved out to 2030, relative to the base case. Finally, established methods are used to value the economic and social benefits arising from these reductions, and hence to calculate benefit-cost ratios. RESULTS For the unchanged policy case, we estimate that there will be about 3 million deaths and 7.4 million serious injuries from road accidents for persons aged 10-24 years in the 75 countries to 2030. The preferred interventions avert one million of these deaths and 3 million serious injuries, at a cost of $6.5 billion per annum over 2016-2030, or $1.2 per capita across the total population of these countries. After valuing the benefits of the deaths and serious injuries averted, we find a benefit-cost ratio of 7.6 for 2016-2030, but of 9.9 if the interventions continue to 2050. CONCLUSIONS Proven methods, suitably adjusted to local conditions, are available to reduce the tragic toll of road accidents in developing countries. These initiatives are likely to have strong economic and social returns, and should be given high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Symons
- Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Howard
- Whiting Moyne P/L, Malvern East, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Sweeny
- Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margarita Kumnick
- Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Sheehan
- Victoria Institute of Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Azami-Aghdash S, Sadeghi-Bazarghani H, Rezapour R, Heydari M, Derakhshani N. Comparative Study of Stewardship of Road Traffic Injuries Prevention with a Focus on the Role of Health System; Three Pioneer Countries and Three Similar to Iran. Bull Emerg Trauma 2019; 7:212-222. [PMID: 31392219 PMCID: PMC6681879 DOI: 10.29252/beat-070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the stewardship of road traffic accidents (RTIs) prevention in three pioneer countries and three similar ones to Iran. METHODS In this descriptive comparative study, the United States of America, Sweden, and Brazil as the pioneer countries in RTIs prevention were compared to the India, Pakistan, and Turkey as the countries socioeconomically similar to Iran. Embase, PubMed, Scopus, IranDoc, IranMedex, SID, and MagIran were searched. Also a hand search conducted on websites and search engines using related keywords. RESULTS In the pioneer countries in RTIs prevention there was a delegation to a particular organization. In the other three countries a part of the Ministry of Transportation had the overall responsibility of RTIs. In Iran there was uncertainty in the stewardship of RTIs prevention. There was little evidence on the role and activities of health systems in RTIs prevention. CONCLUSION It seems necessary to define a lead agency organization on RTIs prevention in Iran with sufficient authority and resources. This study also recommends conducting reliable studies to investigate the possible roles that the health system of a country can assume regarding the RTIs prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Azami-Aghdash
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Ramin Rezapour
- Department of Health Services Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mahdiyeh Heydari
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Naser Derakhshani
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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