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Elsayed A, Plüss L, Nideroest L, Rotta G, Thoma M, Zangger N, Peissert F, Pfister SK, Pellegrino C, Dakhel Plaza S, De Luca R, Manz MG, Oxenius A, Puca E, Halin C, Neri D. Optimizing the Design and Geometry of T Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibodies Targeting CEA in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:1010-1020. [PMID: 38638035 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a 5-year survival rate of only 15%. T cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) represent a class of biopharmaceuticals that redirect cytotoxic T cells toward tumor cells, thereby turning immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot" ones. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an attractive tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed in more than 98% of patients with colorectal cancer. In this study, we report the comparison of four different TCB formats employing the antibodies F4 (targeting human CEA) and 2C11 (targeting mouse CD3ε). These formats include both antibody fragment-based and IgG-based constructs, with either one or two binding specificities of the respective antibodies. The 2 + 1 arrangement, using an anti-CEA single-chain diabody fused to an anti-CD3 single-chain variable fragment, emerged as the most potent design, showing tumor killing at subnanomolar concentrations across three different CEA+ cell lines. The in vitro activity was three times greater in C57BL/6 mouse colon adenocarcinoma cells (MC38) expressing high levels of CEA compared with those expressing low levels, highlighting the impact of CEA density in this assay. The optimal TCB candidate was tested in two different immunocompetent mouse models of colorectal cancer and showed tumor growth retardation. Ex vivo analysis of tumor infiltrates showed an increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon TCB treatment. This study suggests that bivalent tumor targeting, monovalent T-cell targeting, and a short spatial separation are promising characteristics for CEA-targeting TCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Elsayed
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Plüss
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Nideroest
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marina Thoma
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Zangger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia Halin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Philochem AG, Otelfingen, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zurich, Switzerland
- Philogen SpA, Siena, Italy
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2
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Ramogida C, Price E. Transition and Post-Transition Radiometals for PET Imaging and Radiotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:65-101. [PMID: 38006492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiometals are an exciting class of radionuclides because of the large number of metallic elements available that have medically useful isotopes. To properly harness radiometals, they must be securely bound by chelators, which must be carefully matched to the radiometal ion to maximize radiolabeling performance and the stability of the resulting complex. This chapter focuses on practical aspects of radiometallation chemistry including chelator selection, radiolabeling procedures and conditions, radiolysis prevention, purification, quality control, requisite equipment and reagents, and useful tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ramogida
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Eric Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Evaluation of L-Alanine Metabolism in Bacteria and Whole-Body Distribution with Bacterial Infection Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054775. [PMID: 36902204 PMCID: PMC10002749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has cautioned that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will be responsible for an estimated 10 million deaths annually by 2050. To facilitate prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment of infectious disease, we investigated the potential of amino acids for use as indicators of bacterial growth activity by clarifying which amino acids are taken up by bacteria during the various growth phases. In addition, we examined the amino acid transport mechanisms that are employed by bacteria based on the accumulation of labeled amino acids, Na+ dependence, and inhibitory effects using a specific inhibitor of system A. We found that 3H-L-Ala accurately reflects the proliferative activity of Escherichia coli K-12 and pathogenic EC-14 in vitro. This accumulation in E. coli could be attributed to the amino acid transport systems being different from those found in human tumor cells. Moreover, biological distribution assessed in infection model mice with EC-14 using 3H-L-Ala showed that the ratio of 3H-L-Ala accumulated in infected muscle to that in control muscle was 1.20. By detecting the growth activity of bacteria in the body that occurs during the early stages of infection by nuclear imaging, such detection methods may result in expeditious diagnostic treatments for infectious diseases.
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2021 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry ( Part 2 - Recommendations on Biomarkers/CDx Assays Development & Validation, Cytometry Validation & Innovation, Biotherapeutics PK LBA Regulated Bioanalysis, Critical Reagents & Positive Controls Generation). Bioanalysis 2022; 14:627-692. [PMID: 35578974 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15th edition of the Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (15th WRIB) was held on 27 September to 1 October 2021. Even with a last-minute move from in-person to virtual, an overwhelmingly high number of nearly 900 professionals representing pharma and biotech companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and multiple regulatory agencies still eagerly convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 15th WRIB included three Main Workshops and seven Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on biomarker assay development and validation (BAV) (focused on clarifying the confusion created by the increased use of the term "context of use" [COU]); mass spectrometry of proteins (therapeutic, biomarker and transgene); state-of-the-art cytometry innovation and validation; and critical reagent and positive control generation were the special features of the 15th edition. This 2021 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop, and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2021 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations on ISR for Biomarkers, Liquid Biopsies, Spectral Cytometry, Inhalation/Oral & Multispecific Biotherapeutics, Accuracy/LLOQ for Flow Cytometry. Part 1A (Endogenous Compounds, Small Molecules, Complex Methods, Regulated Mass Spec of Large Molecules, Small Molecule, PoC), Part 1B (Regulatory Agencies' Inputs on Bioanalysis, Biomarkers, Immunogenicity, Gene & Cell Therapy and Vaccine) and Part 3 (TAb/NAb, Viral Vector CDx, Shedding Assays; CRISPR/Cas9 & CAR-T Immunogenicity; PCR & Vaccine Assay Performance; ADA Assay Comparability & Cut Point Appropriateness) are published in volume 14 of Bioanalysis, issues 9 and 11 (2022), respectively.
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Bolleddula J, Brady K, Bruin G, Lee AJ, Martin JA, Walles M, Xu K, Yang TY, Zhu X, Yu H. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of Therapeutic Proteins: Current Industry Practices and Future Perspectives. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:837-845. [PMID: 35149541 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics proteins (TPs) comprise a variety of modalities including antibody-based drugs, coagulation factors, recombinant cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, and hormones. TPs usually cannot traverse cellular barriers and exert their pharmacological activity by interacting with targets on the exterior membrane of cells or with soluble ligands in the tissue interstitial fluid/blood. Due to large size, lack of cellular permeability, variation in metabolic fate, and distinct physicochemical characteristics, TPs are subject to different absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes as compared to small molecules. Limited regulatory guidance makes it challenging to determine the most relevant ADME data required for regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group (WG) was sponsored by the Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group (TALG) within the Innovation and Quality (IQ) consortium with objectives to: i) better understand the current practices of ADME data generated for TPs across IQ member companies, ii) learn about their regulatory strategy and interaction experiences, and iii) provide recommendations on best practices for conducting ADME studies. To understand current ADME practices and regulatory strategies, an industry-wide survey was conducted within IQ member companies. In addition, ADME data submitted to FDA was also collated by reviewing regulatory submission packages of TPs approved between 2011-2020. This article summarizes the key learnings from the survey and an overview of ADME data presented in BLAs along with future perspectives and recommendations for conducting ADME studies for internal decision making as well as regulatory submissions for TPs. Significance Statement This article provides comprehensive assessment of the current practices of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data generated for therapeutic proteins across the Innovation and Quality (IQ) participating companies and the utility of the data in discovery, development, and regulatory submissions. The TP ADME working group (WG) working group also recommends the best practices for conducting ADME studies for internal decision making and regulatory submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerard Bruin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Markus Walles
- DMPK, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hongbin Yu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, United States
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Pandey MK, DeGrado TR. Cyclotron Production of PET Radiometals in Liquid Targets: Aspects and Prospects. Curr Radiopharm 2021; 14:325-339. [PMID: 32867656 PMCID: PMC9909776 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013999200820165734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes the methodological aspects and prospects of the production of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiometals in a liquid target using low-medium energy medical cyclotrons. The main objective of this review is to delineate and discuss the critical factors involved in the liquid target production of radiometals, including type of salt solution, solution composition, beam energy, beam current, the effect of irradiation duration (length of irradiation) and challenges posed by in-target chemistry in relation with irradiation parameters. We also summarize the optimal parameters for the production of various radiometals in liquid targets. Additionally, we discuss the future prospects of PET radiometals production in the liquid targets for academic research and clinical applications. Significant emphasis has been given to the production of 68Ga using liquid targets due to the growing demand for 68Ga labeled PSMA vectors, [68Ga]- Ga-DOTATATE, [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and some upcoming 68Ga labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Other PET radiometals included in the discussion are 86Y, 63Zn and 89Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K. Pandey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA; E-mail:
| | - Timothy R. DeGrado
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA
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Monoclonal antibody based radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and therapy. Curr Probl Cancer 2021; 45:100796. [PMID: 34657748 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2021.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The concept of personalized medicine has been steadily growing for the past decades. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are undoubtedly playing an important role in the transition away from conventional medical practice to a more tailored approach to deliver the best therapy with the highest safety margin to a specific patient. In certain instances, mAbs and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) may represent the preferred therapeutic option for several types of cancers due to their high specificity and affinity to the antigen. Monoclonal antibodies can be labeled with specific radionuclides well-suited for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) or gamma camera scintigraphy. The use of radiolabeled mAbs allows the interrogation of specific biomarkers and assessment of tumor heterogeneity in vivo by a single diagnostic imaging scan that includes the whole-body in the field-of-view. Moreover, the same mAb can then be radiolabeled with an analogous radionuclide for the delivery of beta-minus radiation or alpha-particles as part of a radioimmunotherapy (RIT) approach. However, the path to develop, validate, and implement mAb-based radiopharmaceuticals from bench-to-bedside is complex due to the extensive pre-clinical experiments and toxicological studies required, and the necessity of labor-intensive clinical trials that often require multi-time-point imaging and blood draws for internal radiation dosimetry and pharmacokinetics. As more mAb-based radiopharmaceuticals have been developed and evaluated, the opportunities and limitations offered by mAbs have become better defined. Our aim with this manuscript is therefore to provide an overview of the recent advances in the development of mAb-based radiopharmaceuticals and their clinical applications in Oncology.
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Brilhante-da-Silva N, de Oliveira Sousa RM, Arruda A, Dos Santos EL, Marinho ACM, Stabeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies for the Development of Potent Diagnosis Platforms. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:439-456. [PMID: 34146333 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distinct biophysical and pharmaceutical properties of camelid single-domain antibodies, referred to as VHHs or nanobodies, are associated with their nanometric dimensions, elevated stability, and antigen recognition capacity. These biomolecules can circumvent a number of diagnostic system limitations, especially those related to the size and stability of conventional immunoglobulins currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and point-of-care, electrochemical, and imaging assays. In these formats, VHHs are directionally conjugated to different molecules, such as metallic nanoparticles, small peptides, and radioisotopes, which demonstrates their comprehensive versatility. Thus, the application of VHHs in diagnostic systems range from the identification of cancer cells to the detection of degenerative disease biomarkers, viral antigens, bacterial toxins, and insecticides. The improvements of sensitivity and specificity are among the central benefits resulting from the use of VHHs, which are indispensable parameters for high-quality diagnostics. Therefore, this review highlights the main biotechnological advances related to camelid single-domain antibodies and their use in in vitro and in vivo diagnostic approaches for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nairo Brilhante-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria de Oliveira Sousa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Andrelisse Arruda
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Eliza Lima Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Machado Marinho
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stabeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedonio Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Desenvolvimento de Anticorpos e Nanocorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusebio, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Unidade Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, 76812-245, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IOC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Brazil.
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Arslan FB, Ozturk Atar K, Calis S. Antibody-mediated drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120268. [PMID: 33486037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive and active targeted nanoparticulate delivery systems show promise to compensate for lacking properties of conventional therapy such as side effects, insufficient efficiency and accumulation of the drug at target site, poor pharmacokinetic properties etc. For active targeting, physically or covalently conjugated ligands, including monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, are consistently used and researched for targeting delivery systems or drugs to their target site. Currently, there are several FDA approved actively targeted antibody-drug conjugates, whereas no active targeted delivery system is in clinical use at present. However, efforts to successfully formulate actively targeted delivery systems continue. The scope of this review will be the use of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands. General information about targeted delivery and antibodies will be given at the first half of the review. As for the second half, fragmentation of antibodies and conjugation approaches will be explained. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as targeting ligands and approaches for conjugating these ligands to nanoparticulate delivery systems and drugs will be the main focus of this review, polyclonal antibodies will not be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betul Arslan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Ozturk Atar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Calis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tickner BJ, Stasiuk GJ, Duckett SB, Angelovski G. The use of yttrium in medical imaging and therapy: historical background and future perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6169-6185. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Yttrium presents a wide palette of isotopes with interesting coordination and radiochemical properties. We review its most prominent isotopes and their diverse medical uses in therapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging
- King's College London
- London
- UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Goran Angelovski
- MR Neuroimaging Agents
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics
- Tuebingen
- Germany
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Egorova BV, Fedorova OA, Kalmykov SN. Cationic radionuclides and ligands for targeted therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the already used and potential α- and β-emitting cationic radionuclides for targeted radionuclide therapy. Recent results of laboratory, preclinical and clinical applications of these radionuclides are discussed. As opposed to β-emitters, which are already used in nuclear medicine, α-emitters involved in targeted radiopharmaceuticals were subjected to clinical trials only recently and were found to be therapeutically effective. The review summarizes recent trends in the development of ligands as components of radiopharmaceuticals addressing specific features of short-lived cationic radionuclides applied in medicine. Despite a steadily growing number of chelating ligands, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) remain the most widely used agents in nuclear medicine. The drawbacks of these compounds restrict the application of radionuclides in medicine. Variations in the macrocycle size, the introduction and modification of substituents can significantly improve the chelating ability of ligands, enhance stability of radionuclide complexes with these ligands and eliminate the influence of ligands on the affinity of biological targeting vectors.
The bibliography includes 189 references.
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12
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Lofchy LA, Vu VP, Banda NK, Ramirez JR, Smith WJ, Gifford G, Gaikwad H, Scheinman RI, Simberg D. Evaluation of Targeting Efficiency of Joints with Anticollagen II Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2445-2451. [PMID: 31091104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of the joints affect over 10% of the world's population, resulting in significant morbidity. There is an unmet need in strategies for specific delivery of therapeutics to the joints. Collagen type II is synthesized by chondrocytes and is mainly restricted to the cartilage and tendons. Arthrogen-CIA is a commercially available anticollagen II antibody cocktail that reacts with 5 different epitopes on human, bovine, and mouse collagen II. Arthrogen has been used for induction of experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in mice because of high complement activation on the cartilage surface. Native collagen II might serve as a useful target for potential delivery of therapeutics to the joint. To evaluate the efficiency and specificity of targeting collagen II, Arthrogen was labeled with near-infrared (NIR) dye IRDye 800 or IRDye 680. Using ex vivo NIR imaging, we demonstrate that Arthrogen efficiently and specifically accumulated in the limb joints regardless of the label dye or injection route (intravenous and subcutaneous). After subcutaneous injection, the mean fluorescence of the hind limb joints was 19 times higher than that of the heart, 8.7 times higher than that of the liver, and 3.7 times higher than that of the kidney. Control mouse IgG did not show appreciable accumulation. Microscopically, the antibody accumulated on the cartilage surface of joints and on endosteal surfaces. A monoclonal antibody against a single epitope of collagen II showed similar binding affinity and elimination half-life, but about three times lower targeting efficiency than Arthrogen in vitro and ex vivo, and about two times lower targeting efficiency in vivo. We suggest that an antibody against multiple epitopes of collagen II could be developed into a highly effective and specific targeting strategy for diseases of the joints or spine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nirmal K Banda
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver , Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
| | - Joseline Ramos Ramirez
- Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine , University of Colorado Denver , Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , Colorado 80045 , United States
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13
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Fu R, Carroll L, Yahioglu G, Aboagye EO, Miller PW. Antibody Fragment and Affibody ImmunoPET Imaging Agents: Radiolabelling Strategies and Applications. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2466-2478. [PMID: 30246488 PMCID: PMC6587488 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies have long been recognised as potent vectors for carrying diagnostic medical radionuclides, contrast agents and optical probes to diseased tissue for imaging. The area of ImmunoPET combines the use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with antibodies to improve the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of diseases. Recent developments in antibody engineering and PET radiochemistry have led to a new wave of experimental ImmunoPET imaging agents that are based on a range of antibody fragments and affibodies. In contrast to full antibodies, engineered affibody proteins and antibody fragments such as minibodies, diabodies, single-chain variable region fragments (scFvs), and nanobodies are much smaller but retain the essential specificities and affinities of full antibodies in addition to more desirable pharmacokinetics for imaging. Herein, recent key developments in the PET radiolabelling strategies of antibody fragments and related affibody molecules are highlighted, along with the main PET imaging applications of overexpressed antigen-associated tumours and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisi Fu
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSouth Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZUK
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusDu Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusDu Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Gokhan Yahioglu
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSouth Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZUK
- Antikor Biopharma Ltd.StevenageSG1 2FXUK
| | - Eric O. Aboagye
- Comprehensive Cancer Imaging Centre, Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College London, Hammersmith CampusDu Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Philip W. Miller
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonExhibition RoadSouth Kensington, LondonSW7 2AZUK
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Richards DA. Exploring alternative antibody scaffolds: Antibody fragments and antibody mimics for targeted drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:35-46. [PMID: 30553519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of targeted therapeutics has benefitted immeasurably from the development of high-affinity antibodies. These important ligands have facilitated the development of effective therapies, particularly when conjugated to potent cytotoxic payloads i.e. in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The success of ADCs is evidenced by rapid adoption within the pharmaceuticals community; many major companies have dedicated ADC research programmes. However, despite the advantages, the field of ADCs has failed to live up to its full potential. Studies have emerged suggesting that traditional IgG scaffolds may not be the optimal format for targeted payload delivery. In response, the protein engineering community has begun to explore alternative high-binding protein scaffolds as antibody mimics. In this short review I will summarise the generation, modification, and application of emerging antibody fragments and synthetic antibody mimics, with a focus on their use as drug carriers. The review aims to highlight the advantages of antibody mimics, and how they could be employed to overcome the issues and limitations of traditional ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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16
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Wollschlaeger C, Meinhold-Heerlein I, Cong X, Bräutigam K, Di Fiore S, Zeppernick F, Klockenbring T, Stickeler E, Barth S, Hussain AF. Simultaneous and Independent Dual Site-Specific Self-Labeling of Recombinant Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3586-3594. [PMID: 30289242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based diagnostic and therapeutic reagents armed with effector molecules such as dyes and drugs offer hope in the battle against cancer. Several site-specific conjugation methods have been developed to equip antibodies with such effector molecules, but they tend to be expensive and involve multiple reaction steps. The conjugation of two different effector molecules to a single antibody also remains a major challenge. Here we describe a simple, controlled, and robust method for the dual site-specific conjugation of an antibody with two effector molecules in a single-pot reaction using the self-labeling SNAP and CLIP protein tags. We verified the principle of the method by labeling an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-specific single-chain antibody fragment (scFv-425) simultaneously with IRDye700 and Alexa-Fluor647. This dual-labeled antibody bound to EGFR+ ovarian cancer cell lines and tissue samples with high specificity, and its phototherapeutic efficacy was confirmed by the selective killing of EGFR+ cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wollschlaeger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development , Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Forckenbeckstrasse 6 , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Giessen , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Klinikstrasse 33 , 35392 , Giessen , Germany
| | - Xiaojing Cong
- Institute of Chemistry - Nice, UMR 7272, CNRS - University Côte d'Azur , 06108 , Nice cedex 2, France
| | - Karen Bräutigam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160 , 23538 , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Stefano Di Fiore
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Forckenbeckstrasse 6 , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Felix Zeppernick
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Giessen , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Klinikstrasse 33 , 35392 , Giessen , Germany
| | - Torsten Klockenbring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development , Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , Forckenbeckstrasse 6 , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Elmar Stickeler
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30 , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | | | - Ahmad Fawzi Hussain
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics , University Hospital RWTH Aachen , Pauwelsstrasse 30 , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
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17
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El-Sayed A, Bernhard W, Barreto K, Gonzalez C, Hill W, Pastushok L, Fonge H, Geyer CR. Evaluation of antibody fragment properties for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of HER3-positive cancer xenografts. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4856-4869. [PMID: 30279742 PMCID: PMC6160764 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging is influenced by the half-life, tissue penetration, biodistribution, and affinity of the imaging probe. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is composed of discrete domains with known functions, providing a template for engineering antibody fragments with desired imaging properties. Here, we engineered antibody-based imaging probes, consisting of different combinations of antibody domains, labeled them with the near-infrared fluorescent dye IRDye800CW, and evaluated their in vivo imaging properties. Antibody-based imaging probes were based on an anti-HER3 antigen binding fragment (Fab) isolated using phage display. Methods: We constructed six anti-HER3 antibody-based imaging probes: a single chain variable fragment (scFv), Fab, diabody, scFv-CH3, scFv-Fc, and IgG. IRDye800CW-labeled, antibody-based probes were injected into nude mice bearing FaDu xenografts and their distribution to the xenograft, liver, and kidneys was evaluated. Results: These imaging probes bound to recombinant HER3 and to the HER3-positive cell line, FaDu. Small antibody fragments with molecular weight <60 kDa (scFv, diabody, and Fab) accumulated rapidly in the xenograft (maximum accumulation between 2-4 h post injection (hpi)) and cleared primarily through the kidneys. scFv-CH3 (80 kDa) had fast clearance and peaked in the xenograft between 2-3 hpi and cleared from xenograft in a rate comparable to Fab and diabody. IgG and scFv-Fc persisted in the xenografts for up to 72 hpi and distributed mainly to the xenograft and liver. The highest xenograft fluorescence signals were observed with IgG and scFv-Fc imaging probes and persisted for 2-3 days. Conclusion: These results highlight the utility of using antibody fragments to optimize clearance, tumor labeling, and biodistribution properties for developing anti-HER3 probes for image-guided surgery or PET imaging.
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Wu ST, Williams CD, Grover PA, Moore LJ, Mukherjee P. Early detection of pancreatic cancer in mouse models using a novel antibody, TAB004. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193260. [PMID: 29462213 PMCID: PMC5819830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer death in the United States with a 5-year overall survival rate of 8% for all stages combined. But this decreases to 3% for the majority of patients that present with stage IV PDA at time of diagnosis. The lack of distinct early symptoms for PDA is one of the primary reasons for the late diagnosis. Common symptoms like weight loss, abdominal and back pains, and jaundice are often mistaken for symptoms of other issues and do not appear until the cancer has progressed to a late stage. Thus the development of novel imaging platforms for PDA is crucial for the early detection of the disease. MUC1 is a tumor-associated antigen (tMUC1) expressed on 80% of PDA. The goal of this study was to determine the targeting and detection capabilities of a tMUC1 specific antibody, TAB004. TAB004 antibody conjugated to a near infrared fluorescent probe was injected intraperitoneally into immune competent orthotopic and spontaneous models of PDA. Results show that fluorophore conjugated TAB004 specifically targets a) 1 week old small tumor in the pancreas in an orthotopic PDA model and b) very early pre-neoplastic lesions (PanIN lesions) that develop in the spontaneous PDA model before progression to adenocarcinoma. Thus, TAB004 is a promising antibody to deliver imaging agents directly to the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, significantly affecting early detection of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-ta Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chandra D. Williams
- Department of Animal Laboratory Resources, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Priyanka A. Grover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pinku Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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EpCAM Immunotherapy versus Specific Targeted Delivery of Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10010019. [PMID: 29329202 PMCID: PMC5789369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), or CD326, was one of the first cancer associated biomarkers to be discovered. In the last forty years, this biomarker has been investigated for use in personalized cancer therapy, with the first monoclonal antibody, edrecolomab, being trialled in humans more than thirty years ago. Since then, several other monoclonal antibodies have been raised to EpCAM and tested in clinical trials. However, while monoclonal antibody therapy has been investigated against EpCAM for almost 40 years as primary or adjuvant therapy, it has not shown as much promise as initially heralded. In this review, we look at the reasons why and consider alternative targeting options, such as aptamers, to turn this almost ubiquitously expressed epithelial cancer biomarker into a viable target for future personalized therapy.
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Simple, mild, one-step labelling of proteins with gallium-68 using a tris(hydroxypyridinone) bifunctional chelator: a 68Ga-THP-scFv targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:86. [PMID: 29067565 PMCID: PMC5655379 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Labelling proteins with gallium-68 using bifunctional chelators is often problematic because of unsuitably harsh labelling conditions such as low pH or high temperature and may entail post-labelling purification. To determine whether tris(hydroxypyridinone) (THP) bifunctional chelators offer a potential solution to this problem, we have evaluated the labelling and biodistribution of a THP conjugate with a new single-chain antibody against the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), an attractive target for staging prostate cancer (PCa). A single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of J591, a monoclonal antibody that recognises an external epitope of PSMA, was prepared in order to achieve biokinetics matched to the half-life of gallium-68. The scFv, J591c-scFv, was engineered with a C-terminal cysteine. Results J591c-scFv was produced in HEK293T cells and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. A maleimide THP derivative (THP-mal) was coupled site-specifically to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The THP-mal-J591c-scFv conjugate was labelled with ammonium acetate-buffered gallium-68 from a 68Ge/68Ga generator at room temperature and neutral pH. The labelled conjugate was evaluated in the PCa cell line DU145 and its PSMA-overexpressing variant in vitro and xenografted in SCID mice. J591c-scFv was produced in yields of 4–6 mg/l culture supernatant and efficiently coupled with the THP-mal bifunctional chelator. Labelling yields > 95% were achieved at room temperature following incubation of 5 μg conjugate with gallium-68 for 5 min without post-labelling purification. 68Ga-THP-mal-J591c-scFv was stable in serum and showed selective binding to the DU145-PSMA cell line, allowing an IC50 value of 31.5 nM to be determined for unmodified J591c-scFv. Serial PET/CT imaging showed rapid, specific tumour uptake and clearance via renal elimination. Accumulation in DU145-PSMA xenografts at 90 min post-injection was 5.4 ± 0.5%ID/g compared with 0.5 ± 0.2%ID/g in DU145 tumours (n = 4). Conclusions The bifunctional chelator THP-mal enabled simple, rapid, quantitative, one-step room temperature radiolabelling of a protein with gallium-68 at neutral pH without a need for post-labelling purification. The resultant gallium-68 complex shows high affinity for PSMA and favourable in vivo targeting properties in a xenograft model of PCa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13550-017-0336-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Rösch F, Herzog H, Qaim SM. The Beginning and Development of the Theranostic Approach in Nuclear Medicine, as Exemplified by the Radionuclide Pair 86Y and 90Y. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E56. [PMID: 28632200 PMCID: PMC5490413 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of radiopharmacy and molecular imaging, the concept of theranostics entails a therapy-accompanying diagnosis with the aim of a patient-specific treatment. Using the adequate diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, the disease and the state of the disease are verified for an individual patient. The other way around, it verifies that the radiopharmaceutical in hand represents a target-specific and selective molecule: the "best one" for that individual patient. Transforming diagnostic imaging into quantitative dosimetric information, the optimum radioactivity (expressed in maximum radiation dose to the target tissue and tolerable dose to healthy organs) of the adequate radiotherapeutical is applied to that individual patient. This theranostic approach in nuclear medicine is traced back to the first use of the radionuclide pair 86Y/90Y, which allowed a combination of PET and internal radiotherapy. Whereas the β-emitting therapeutic radionuclide 90Y (t½ = 2.7 d) had been available for a long time via the 90Sr/90Y generator system, the β⁺ emitter 86Y (t½ = 14.7 h) had to be developed for medical application. A brief outline of the various aspects of radiochemical and nuclear development work (nuclear data, cyclotron irradiation, chemical processing, quality control, etc.) is given. In parallel, the paper discusses the methodology introduced to quantify molecular imaging of 86Y-labelled compounds in terms of multiple and long-term PET recordings. It highlights the ultimate goal of radiotheranostics, namely to extract the radiation dose of the analogue 90Y-labelled compound in terms of mGy or mSv per MBq 90Y injected. Finally, the current and possible future development of theranostic approaches based on different PET and therapy nuclides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55126, Germany.
| | - Hans Herzog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), INM-4 (Physics of Medical Imaging), Research Center Jülich, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
| | - Syed M Qaim
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), INM-5 (nuclear Chemistry), Research Center Jülich, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
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22
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Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Wang X, Clough TJ, Cao Y, Choudhary N, Emler K, Patrick BO, Orvig C. H4octapa: synthesis, solution equilibria and complexes with useful radiopharmaceutical metal ions. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14647-14658. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
H4octapa is synthesized and complexed to nine metals of medicinal interest. Crystal structures of the ligand and its La complex were obtained. Solution equilibria for the ligand and several lanthanide complexes were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Thomas J. Clough
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Yang Cao
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Neha Choudhary
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Kirsten Emler
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Brian O. Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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23
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Evans-Axelsson S, Timmermand OV, Bjartell A, Strand SE, Elgqvist J. Radioimmunotherapy for Prostate Cancer--Current Status and Future Possibilities. Semin Nucl Med 2016; 46:165-79. [PMID: 26897720 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA. In the United States, it is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer after skin cancer, and in Europe it is number one. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 221,000 men in the United States would be diagnosed with PCa during 2015, and approximately 28,000 would die of the disease. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, approximately 345,000 men were diagnosed with PCa in Europe during 2012, and despite more emphasis placed on early detection through routine screening, 72,000 men died of the disease. Hence, the need for improved therapy modalities is of utmost importance. And targeted therapies based on radiolabeled specific antibodies or peptides are a very interesting and promising alternative to increase the therapeutic efficacy and overall chance of survival of these patients. There are currently several preclinical and some clinical studies that have been conducted, or are ongoing, to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) against PCa. One thing that is lacking in a lot of these published studies is the dosimetry data, which are needed to compare results between the studies and the study locations. Given the complicated tumor microenvironment and overall complexity of RIT to PCa, old and new targets and targeting strategies like combination RIT and pretargeting RIT are being improved and assessed along with various therapeutic radionuclides candidates. Given alone or in combination with other therapies, these new and improved strategies and RIT tools further enhance the clinical response to RIT drugs in PCa, making RIT for PCa an increasingly practical clinical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Evans-Axelsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Elgqvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Sharma SK, Wuest M, Way JD, Bouvet VR, Wang M, Wuest FR. Synthesis and pre-clinical evaluation of an (18)F-labeled single-chain antibody fragment for PET imaging of epithelial ovarian cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 6:185-198. [PMID: 27508105 PMCID: PMC4965523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Anti-CA125 antibodies have been used in immunoassays to quantify levels of shed antigen in the serum of patients who are under surveillance for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). However, there is currently no molecular imaging probe in the clinic for the assessment of CA125 expression in vivo. The present study describes the development of an (18)F-labeled single-chain variable fragment (scFv) for PET imaging of CA125 in preclinical EOC models. Anti-CA125 scFv was derived from MAb-B43.13 by recombinant expression of the fragment in E.coli. Fragment scFv-B43.13 was purified via immobilized metal affinity chromatography and characterized for antigen binding via immuno-staining and flow cytometry. Prosthetic group N-succinimidyl 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]SFB) was used for radiolabeling of scFv-B43.13. Preclinical ovarian cancer models were developed based on ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR3 (CA125-positive) and SKOV3 (CA125-negative) in NIH-III mice. The radiopharmacological profile of (18)F-labeled scFv-B43.13 ([(18)F]FBz-scFv-B43.13) was studied with PET. [(18)F]FBz-scFv-B43.13 was prepared in radiochemical yields of 3.7 ± 1.8% (n = 5) at an effective specific activity of 3.88 ± 0.76 GBq/µmol (n = 5). The radiotracer demonstrated selective uptake in CA125-positive OVCAR3 cells and virtually no uptake in CA125-negative SKOV3 cells. Standardized uptake values (SUV) of radioactivity uptake in OVCAR3 tumors was 0.5 (n = 3) and 0.3 (n = 2) in SKOV3 tumors after 60 min post injection (p.i.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Jenilee D Way
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Vincent R Bouvet
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Monica Wang
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Frank R Wuest
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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25
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A comparative evaluation of the chelators H4octapa and CHX-A″-DTPA with the therapeutic radiometal (90)Y. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:566-576. [PMID: 27419360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the radiolabeling performance, stability, and practical efficacy of the chelators CHX-A″-DTPA and H4octapa with the therapeutic radiometal (90)Y. METHODS The bifunctional chelators p-SCN-Bn-H4octapa and p-SCN-Bn-CHX-A″-DTPA were conjugated to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab. The resulting immunoconjugates were radiolabeled with (90)Y to compare radiolabeling efficiency, in vitro and in vivo stability, and in vivo performance in a murine model of ovarian cancer. RESULTS High radiochemical yields (>95%) were obtained with (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab after 15min at room temperature. Both (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab exhibited excellent in vitro and in vivo stability. Furthermore, the radioimmunoconjugates displayed high tumoral uptake values (42.3±4.0%ID/g for (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and 30.1±7.4%ID/g for (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab at 72h post-injection) in mice bearing HER2-expressing SKOV3 ovarian cancer xenografts. Finally, (90)Y radioimmunotherapy studies performed in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab are equally effective therapeutic agents, as treatment with both radioimmunoconjugates yielded substantially decreased tumor growth compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this work demonstrates that the acyclic chelators CHX-A″-DTPA and H4octapa have comparable radiolabeling, stability, and in vivo performance, making them both suitable choices for applications requiring (90)Y.
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26
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Kobayashi H, Choyke PL, Ogawa M. Monoclonal antibody-based optical molecular imaging probes; considerations and caveats in chemistry, biology and pharmacology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:32-8. [PMID: 27281509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) has proven to be a good platform for designing specific molecular imaging probes due to its superior binding specificity. Several optical imaging probes have been developed for surgical navigation in patients and are in early phase clinical trials. However, an inherent limitation of using the mAb is its pharmacokinetics which result in a prolonged circulating half-life and slow clearance from the body. This results in undesirable target to background ratios during imaging. In this review, we first describe the mAb as a platform material for optical probe design and then discuss optimizing the design of monoclonal antibody-based optical molecular imaging probes by focusing on chemistry, biology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Mikako Ogawa
- Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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27
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Feasibility study of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody against tissue factor as a diagnostic tool. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:2107-14. [PMID: 26497165 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is expressed strongly in various types of cancer, especially cancers that are often refractory to treatment, such as pancreatic cancer. In this study, we compared the differences in the biophysical and pharmacological properties of whole IgG and the Fab fragment of anti-human TF monoclonal antibody (1849 antibodies), in order to determine their suitability for application in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. In the biophysical examination, we investigated the characteristics of 1849-whole IgG and 1849-Fab by SPR sensing and confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis using recombinant human TF antigen and TF-overexpressing human pancreatic cancer cell line, BxPC3, respectively. After conjugation with Alexa-Flour-647, in vivo imaging was conducted in mice bearing BxPC3 xenograft tumors. Furthermore, the distribution of the conjugates in tumors and major organs was evaluated by ex vivo study. The in vitro experiments showed that 1849 antibodies had high affinity against TF antigen. In addition, 1849-Fab showed a faster dissociation rate from the antigen than 1849-whole IgG. In mice, 1849-Fab-Alexa-Flour-647 showed rapid renal clearance and faster tumor accumulation, achieving a high contrast signal over nearby normal tissues in the early phase and enhanced tumor penetration after administration. On the other hand, 1849-whole IgG-Alexa-Flour-647 showed slow clearance from the blood and sustained high tumor accumulation. These results suggest that 1849-Fab may be a useful tool for pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
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Dietrich A, Koi L, Zöphel K, Sihver W, Kotzerke J, Baumann M, Krause M. Improving external beam radiotherapy by combination with internal irradiation. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150042. [PMID: 25782328 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is dose dependent, but the dose that can be applied to solid tumour lesions is limited by the sensitivity of the surrounding tissue. The combination of EBRT with systemically applied radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising approach to increase efficacy of radiotherapy. Toxicities of both treatment modalities of this combination of internal and external radiotherapy (CIERT) are not additive, as different organs at risk are in target. However, advantages of both single treatments are combined, for example, precise high dose delivery to the bulk tumour via standard EBRT, which can be increased by addition of RIT, and potential targeting of micrometastases by RIT. Eventually, theragnostic radionuclide pairs can be used to predict uptake of the radiotherapeutic drug prior to and during therapy and find individual patients who may benefit from this treatment. This review aims to highlight the outcome of pre-clinical studies on CIERT and resultant questions for translation into the clinic. Few clinical data are available until now and reasons as well as challenges for clinical implementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dietrich
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - L Koi
- 2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Zöphel
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,4 Clinic and Policlinic for Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - W Sihver
- 5 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Kotzerke
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,4 Clinic and Policlinic for Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Baumann
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,6 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Krause
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,6 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiooncology, Dresden, Germany
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Enrique MA, Mariana OR, Mirshojaei SF, Ahmadi A. Multifunctional radiolabeled nanoparticles: strategies and novel classification of radiopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment. J Drug Target 2014; 23:191-201. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.988216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sharma SK, Wuest M, Wang M, Glubrecht D, Andrais B, Lapi SE, Wuest F. Immuno-PET of epithelial ovarian cancer: harnessing the potential of CA125 for non-invasive imaging. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:60. [PMID: 26116121 PMCID: PMC4883985 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by the overexpression of cancer antigen 125 (CA125), a mucinous glycoprotein that serves as a tumor biomarker. Early diagnosis of EOC is plagued by its asymptomatic nature of progression and the limitations of currently used immunoassay techniques that detect CA125 as a shed antigen in serum samples. Presently, there is no technique available for the in vivo evaluation of CA125 expression in malignant tissues. Moreover, there could be an unexplored pathophysiological time window for the detection of CA125 in EOC, during which it is expressed on tumor cells prior to being shed into the bloodstream. A method for the in vivo evaluation of CA125 expression on ovarian neoplasms earlier along disease progression and/or recurrence can potentially contribute to better disease management. To this end, the present work utilizes an anti-CA125 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) labeled with the positron-emitting radionuclide 64Cu for preclinical molecular imaging of CA125 expression in vivo. Methods Anti-CA125 MAb and scFv were prepared and functionally characterized for target binding prior to being tested as radiotracers in a preclinical setting. Results Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry revealed specific binding of CA125-targeting vectors to NIH:OVCAR-3 cells and no binding to antigen-negative SKOV3 cells. 64Cu-labeled anti-CA125 MAb and scFv were obtained in specific activities of 296 and 122 MBq/mg, respectively. Both radioimmunoconjugate vectors demonstrated highly selective binding to NIH:OVCAR-3 cells and virtually no binding to SKOV3 cells. In vivo radiopharmacological evaluation using xenograft mouse models injected with 64Cu-labeled anti-CA125 MAb provided a standardized uptake value (SUV) of 5.76 (29.70 %ID/g) in OVCAR3 tumors 24 h post-injection (p.i.) versus 1.80 (5.91 %ID/g) in SKOV3 tumors. 64Cu-labeled anti-CA125 scFv provided an SUV of 0.64 (3.21 %ID/g) in OVCAR3 tumors 24 h p.i. versus 0.25 (1.49 %ID/g) in SKOV3 tumors. Results from small-animal PET imaging were confirmed by ex vivo autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Conclusions Radiolabeling of anti-CA125 MAb and scFv with 64Cu did not compromise their immunoreactivity. Both radioimmunoconjugates presented specific tumor uptake and expected biological clearance profiles. This renders them as potential immuno-PET probes for targeted in vivo molecular imaging of CA125 in EOC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-014-0060-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 8613 - 114 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada,
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Tavaré R, Wu WH, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, McCabe KE, Marks JD, Wu AM. Enhanced immunoPET of ALCAM-positive colorectal carcinoma using site-specific ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA conjugation. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 27:317-24. [PMID: 25095796 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule that is aberrantly expressed in a wide variety of human tumors, including melanoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, bladder cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This wide spectrum of human malignancies makes ALCAM a prospective pan-cancer immunoPET target to aid in detection and diagnosis in multiple malignancies. In this study, we assess site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugation strategies for (64)Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) immunoPET imaging of a fully human ALCAM cys-diabody (cDb) with a reduced linker length that retains its bivalent binding ability. ALCAM constructs with linker lengths of eight, five and three amino acids were produced to make true non-covalent site-specifically modified cDbs. Characterization by gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, flow cytometry and mass spectrometry of the various constructs was performed. To demonstrate the increased utility of targeting multiple malignancies expressing ALCAM, we compare the targeting of the site-specific versus non-site-specific conjugated cDbs to the human colorectal cancer xenograft LS174T. Interestingly, the conjugation strategy not only affects tumor targeting but also hepatic and renal uptake/clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Tavaré
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei H Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katelyn E McCabe
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia, UCSF, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Advances in imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for early in vivo cancer assessment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:53-74. [PMID: 24120351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new chapter in the history of medical diagnosis happened when the first X-ray technology was invented in the late 1800s. Since then, many non-invasive and minimally invasive imaging techniques have been invented for clinical diagnosis to research in cellular biology, drug discovery, and disease monitoring. These imaging modalities have leveraged the benefits of significant advances in computer, electronics, and information technology and, more recently, targeted molecular imaging. The development of targeted contrast agents such as fluorescent and nanoparticle probes coupled with optical imaging techniques has made it possible to selectively view specific biological events and processes in both in vivo and ex vivo systems with great sensitivity and selectivity. Thus, the combination of targeted molecular imaging probes and optical imaging techniques have become a mainstay in modern medicinal and biological research. Many promising results have demonstrated great potentials to translate to clinical applications. In this review, we describe a discussion of employing imaging probes and optical microendoscopic imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis.
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Aluri SR, Shi P, Gustafson JA, Wang W, Lin YA, Cui H, Liu S, Conti PS, Li Z, Hu P, Epstein AL, MacKay JA. A hybrid protein-polymer nanoworm potentiates apoptosis better than a monoclonal antibody. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2064-76. [PMID: 24484356 PMCID: PMC4004287 DOI: 10.1021/nn403973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas continue to occur with a high incidence. The chimeric antibody known as Rituximab (Rituxan) has become a vital therapy for these patients. Rituximab induces cell death via binding and clustering of the CD20 receptor by Fcγ expressing effector cells. Because of the limited mobility of effector cells, it may be advantageous to cluster CD20 directly using multivalent nanostructures. To explore this strategy, this manuscript introduces a nanoparticle that assembles from a fusion between a single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer. These hybrid proteins express in Escherichia coli and do not require bioconjugation between the antibody and a substrate. Surprisingly a fusion between an anti-CD20 single chain antibody and a soluble protein polymer assemble worm-like nanostructures, which were characterized using light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. These nanoworms competitively bind CD20 on two B-cell lymphoma cell lines, exhibit concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis, and induce apoptosis better than Rituximab alone. Similar activity was observed in vivo using a non-Hodgkin lymphoma xenograft model. In comparison to Rituximab, systemic nanoworms significantly slowed tumor growth. These findings suggest that hybrid nanoworms targeted at CD20 may be useful treatments for B-cell related malignancies. Because of the ubiquity of antibody therapeutics, related nanoworms may have uses against other molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhaas Rayudu Aluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Pu Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Joshua A. Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Wan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Yi-An Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peisheng Hu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Alan L. Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - John Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Sihver W, Pietzsch J, Krause M, Baumann M, Steinbach J, Pietzsch HJ. Radiolabeled Cetuximab Conjugates for EGFR Targeted Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:311-38. [PMID: 24603603 PMCID: PMC3978494 DOI: 10.3390/ph7030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has evolved over years into a main molecular target for the treatment of different cancer entities. In this regard, the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab has been approved alone or in combination with: (a) chemotherapy for treatment of colorectal and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and (b) with external radiotherapy for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The conjugation of radionuclides to cetuximab in combination with the specific targeting properties of this antibody might increase its therapeutic efficiency. This review article gives an overview of the preclinical studies that have been performed with radiolabeled cetuximab for imaging and/or treatment of different tumor models. A particularly promising approach seems to be the treatment with therapeutic radionuclide-labeled cetuximab in combination with external radiotherapy. Present data support an important impact of the tumor micromilieu on treatment response that needs to be further validated in patients. Another important challenge is the reduction of nonspecific uptake of the radioactive substance in metabolic organs like liver and radiosensitive organs like bone marrow and kidneys. Overall, the integration of diagnosis, treatment and monitoring as a theranostic approach appears to be a promising strategy for improvement of individualized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Mechthild Krause
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Michael Baumann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and OncoRay, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, Dresden 01328, Germany.
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Abstract
Radiometals comprise many useful radioactive isotopes of various metallic elements. When properly harnessed, these have valuable emission properties that can be used for diagnostic imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, e.g.(67)Ga, (99m)Tc, (111)In, (177)Lu) and positron emission tomography (PET, e.g.(68)Ga, (64)Cu, (44)Sc, (86)Y, (89)Zr), as well as therapeutic applications (e.g.(47)Sc, (114m)In, (177)Lu, (90)Y, (212/213)Bi, (212)Pb, (225)Ac, (186/188)Re). A fundamental critical component of a radiometal-based radiopharmaceutical is the chelator, the ligand system that binds the radiometal ion in a tight stable coordination complex so that it can be properly directed to a desirable molecular target in vivo. This article is a guide for selecting the optimal match between chelator and radiometal for use in these systems. The article briefly introduces a selection of relevant and high impact radiometals, and their potential utility to the fields of radiochemistry, nuclear medicine, and molecular imaging. A description of radiometal-based radiopharmaceuticals is provided, and several key design considerations are discussed. The experimental methods by which chelators are assessed for their suitability with a variety of radiometal ions is explained, and a large selection of the most common and most promising chelators are evaluated and discussed for their potential use with a variety of radiometals. Comprehensive tables have been assembled to provide a convenient and accessible overview of the field of radiometal chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z1.
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Leyton JV, Olafsen T, Lepin EJ, Hahm S, Fonge H, Reiter RE, Wu AM. Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging of Iodine 124 Anti–Prostate Stem Cell Antigen–Engineered Antibody Fragments in LAPC-9 Tumor–Bearing Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice. Mol Imaging 2013. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V. Leyton
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Tove Olafsen
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Eric J.M. Lepin
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Scott Hahm
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Robert E. Reiter
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Anna M. Wu
- From the Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Urology, UCLA, 66-134 Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
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LeBeau AM, Duriseti S, Murphy ST, Pepin F, Hann B, Gray JW, VanBrocklin HF, Craik CS. Targeting uPAR with antagonistic recombinant human antibodies in aggressive breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2070-81. [PMID: 23400595 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Components of the plasminogen activation system, which are overexpressed in aggressive breast cancer subtypes, offer appealing targets for development of new diagnostics and therapeutics. By comparing gene expression data in patient populations and cultured cell lines, we identified elevated levels of the urokinase plasminogen activation receptor (uPAR, PLAUR) in highly aggressive breast cancer subtypes and cell lines. Recombinant human anti-uPAR antagonistic antibodies exhibited potent binding in vitro to the surface of cancer cells expressing uPAR. In vivo these antibodies detected uPAR expression in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumor xenografts using near infrared imaging and (111)In single-photon emission computed tomography. Antibody-based uPAR imaging probes accurately detected small disseminated lesions in a tumor metastasis model, complementing the current clinical imaging standard (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose at detecting non-glucose-avid metastatic lesions. A monotherapy study using the antagonistic antibodies resulted in a significant decrease in tumor growth in a TNBC xenograft model. In addition, a radioimmunotherapy study, using the anti-uPAR antibodies conjugated to the therapeutic radioisotope (177)Lu, found that they were effective at reducing tumor burden in vivo. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for uPAR targeting as a strategy for breast cancer diagnosis and therapy using this novel human antibody technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M LeBeau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Robo4 is an effective tumor endothelial marker for antibody-drug conjugates based on the rapid isolation of the anti-Robo4 cell-internalizing antibody. Blood 2013; 121:2804-13. [PMID: 23365463 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-468363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are internalized into cells are a current focus in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We describe a phage display-based high-throughput screening system to rapidly isolate cell-internalizing mAbs. We simultaneously examined the cell-internalizing activities of several hundred independent mAbs and successfully isolated cell-internalizing mAbs against the tumor endothelial markers Roundabout homolog 4 (Robo4) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2). Tumor accumulation of mAbs with high cell-internalizing activity was significantly higher than that of mAbs with low cell-internalizing activity. Furthermore, the antitumor effects of ADCs of mAbs with high cell-internalizing activity were significantly stronger than those of mAbs with low cell-internalizing activity. Although anti-VEGFR2 therapy caused a significant loss of body weight, anti-Robo4 therapy did not. These findings indicate that cell-internalizing activity plays an important role in the biodistribution and therapeutic effects of ADCs. Further, Robo4 can be an effective marker for tumor vascular targeting.
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Ding H, Wu F. Image guided biodistribution and pharmacokinetic studies of theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:1040-53. [PMID: 23227121 PMCID: PMC3516836 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Image guided technique is playing an increasingly important role in the investigation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of drugs or drug delivery systems in various diseases, especially cancers. Besides anatomical imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), molecular imaging strategy including optical imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) will facilitate the localization and quantization of radioisotope or optical probe labeled nanoparticle delivery systems in the category of theranostics. The quantitative measurement of the bio-distribution and pharmacokinetics of theranostics in the fields of new drug/probe development, diagnosis and treatment process monitoring as well as tracking the brain-blood-barrier (BBB) breaking through by high sensitive imaging method, and the applications of the representative imaging modalities are summarized in this review.
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Bailey GA, Price EW, Zeglis BM, Ferreira CL, Boros E, Lacasse MJ, Patrick BO, Lewis JS, Adam MJ, Orvig C. H(2)azapa: a versatile acyclic multifunctional chelator for (67)Ga, (64)Cu, (111)In, and (177)Lu. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:12575-89. [PMID: 23106422 DOI: 10.1021/ic302225z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary experiments with the novel acyclic triazole-containing bifunctional chelator H2azapa and the radiometals (64)Cu, (67)Ga, (111)In, and (177)Lu have established its significant versatile potential as an alternative to 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) for metal-based radiopharmaceuticals. Unlike DOTA, H2azapa radiolabels quantitatively with (64)Cu, (67)Ga, (111)In, and (177)Lu in 10 min at room temperature. In vitro competition experiments with human blood serum show that (64)Cu remained predominantly chelate-bound, with only 2% transchelated to serum proteins after 20 h. Biodistribution experiments with [(64)Cu(azapa)] in mice reveal uptake in various organs, particularly in the liver, lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys. When compared to [(64)Cu(DOTA)](2-), the lipophilic neutral [(64)Cu(azapa)] was cleared through the gastrointestinal tract and accumulated in the liver, which is common for lipophilic compounds or free (64)Cu. The chelator H2azapa is a model complex for a click-based bifunctional chelating agent, and the lipophilic benzyl "place-holders" will be replaced by hydrophilic peptides to modulate the pharmacokinetics and direct activity away from the liver and gut. The solid-state molecular structure of [In(azapa)(H2O)][ClO4] reveals a very rare eight-coordinate distorted square antiprismatic geometry with one triazole arm bound, and the structure of [(64)Cu(azapa)] shows a distorted octahedral geometry. The present study demonstrates significant potential for bioconjugates of H2azapa as alternatives to DOTA in copper-based radiopharmaceuticals, with the highly modular and "clickable" molecular scaffold of H2azapa easily modified into a variety of bioconjugates. H2azapa is a versatile addition to the "pa" family, joining the previously published H2dedpa ((67/68)Ga and (64)Cu), H4octapa ((111)In, (177)Lu, and (90)Y), and H5decapa ((225)Ac) to cover a wide range of important nuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A Bailey
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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An engineered cysteine-modified diabody for imaging activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM)-positive tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2012; 14:336-47. [PMID: 21630083 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-011-0500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to generate and evaluate a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer targeting activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM). PROCEDURES A human anti-ALCAM single chain variable fragment was reformatted to produce a covalent dimer, termed a cys-diabody (CysDb). Purified CysDb was characterized by gel electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography, and immunoreactivity was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Targeting and imaging of ALCAM-positive tumors using (64)Cu-DOTA-CysDb were evaluated in mice bearing human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts (HPAF-II or BxPC-3). RESULTS CysDb binds specifically to ALCAM-positive cells in vitro with an apparent affinity in the range of 1-3 nM. MicroPET images at 4 h showed specific targeting of positive tumors in vivo, a finding confirmed by biodistribution analysis, with positive/negative tumor ratios of 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.6, and positive tumor/blood ratios of 2.5 ± 0.9 and 2.9 ± 0.6 (HPAF-II and BxPC-3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Successful imaging with (64)Cu-DOTA-CysDb in animal models suggests further investigation of ALCAM as an imaging biomarker is warranted.
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Price EW, Cawthray JF, Bailey GA, Ferreira CL, Boros E, Adam MJ, Orvig C. H4octapa: an acyclic chelator for 111In radiopharmaceuticals. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8670-83. [PMID: 22540281 DOI: 10.1021/ja3024725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary investigation of the octadentate acyclic chelator H(4)octapa (N(4)O(4)) with (111)In/(115)In(3+) has demonstrated it to be an improvement on the shortcomings of the current industry "gold standards" DOTA (N(4)O(4)) and DTPA (N(3)O(5)). The ability of H(4)octapa to radiolabel quantitatively (111)InCl(3) at ambient temperature in 10 min with specific activities as high as 2.3 mCi/nmol (97.5% radiochemical yield) is presented. In vitro mouse serum stability assays have demonstrated the (111)In complex of H(4)octapa to have improved stability when compared to DOTA and DTPA over 24 h. Mouse biodistribution studies have shown that the radiometal complex [(111)In(octapa)](-) has exceptionally high in vivo stability over 24 h with improved clearance and stability compared to [(111)In(DOTA)](-), demonstrated by lower uptake in the kidneys, liver, and spleen at 24 h. (1)H/(13)C NMR studies of the [In(octapa)](-) complex revealed a 7-coordinate solution structure, which forms a single isomer and exhibits no observable fluxional behavior at ambient temperature, an improvement to the multiple isomers formed by [In(DTPA)](2-) and [In(DOTA)](-) under the same conditions. Potentiometric titrations have determined the thermodynamic formation constant of the [In(octapa)](-) complex to be log K(ML) = 26.8(1). Through the same set of analyses, the [(111/115)In(decapa)](2-) complex was found to have nonoptimal stability, with H(5)decapa (N(5)O(5)) being more suitable for larger metal ions due to its higher potential denticity (e.g., lanthanides and actinides). Our initial investigations have revealed the acyclic chelator H(4)octapa to be a valuable alternative to the macrocycle DOTA for use with (111)In, and a significant improvement to the acyclic chelator DTPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Price
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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43
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Abstract
The advent of modern antibody engineering has led to numerous successes in the application of these proteins for cancer therapy in the 13 years since the first Food and Drug Administration approval, which has stimulated active interest in developing more and better drugs based on these molecules. A wide range of tools for discovering and engineering antibodies has been brought to bear on this challenge in the past two decades. Here, we summarize mechanisms of monoclonal antibody therapeutic activity, challenges to effective antibody-based treatment, existing technologies for antibody engineering, and current concepts for engineering new antibody formats and antibody alternatives as next generation biopharmaceuticals for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Boder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-2200, USA.
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44
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Nayak TK, Brechbiel MW. 86Y based PET radiopharmaceuticals: radiochemistry and biological applications. Med Chem 2012; 7:380-8. [PMID: 21711222 DOI: 10.2174/157340611796799249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of targeted radionuclide therapy with (90)Y labeled antibodies and peptides has gained momentum in the past decade due to the successes of (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and (90)Y-DOTA-Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-octreotide in treatment of cancer. (90)Y is a pure β(-)-emitter and cannot be imaged for patient-specific dosimetry which is essential for pre-therapeutic treatment planning and accurate absorbed dose estimation in individual patients to mitigate radiation related risks. This review article describes the utility of (86)Y, a positron emitter (33%) with a 14.7-h half-life that can be imaged by positron emission tomography and used as an isotopically matched surrogate radionuclide for (90)Y radiation doses estimations. This review discusses various aspects involved in the development of (86)Y labeled radiopharmaceuticals with the specific emphasis on the radiochemistry and biological applications with antibodies and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Nayak
- Imaging Sciences, Translational Research Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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Powers GA, Hudson PJ, Wheatcroft MP. Design and production of multimeric antibody fragments, focused on diabodies with enhanced clinical efficacy. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 907:699-712. [PMID: 22907381 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-974-7_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multimeric antibody fragments, particularly dimers (diabodies), trimers (triabodies), and tetramers (tetrabodies) of single-chain Fv molecules (scFv), provide high avidity through multivalent binding to the target antigen. The combination of their smaller size and avid binding can provide desirable biological characteristics for tumor targeting applications in vivo; for example, diabodies can have greater tumor penetration and faster blood clearance rates compared to intact full-size antibodies (IgGs). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics can further be optimized by the addition of specific thiolation sites for conjugation of PEG molecules to regulate molecular weight and reduce kidney uptake. Thiolation sites can also be used for precise loading of therapeutic payloads. This protocol describes our method for construction and bacterial production of soluble multimeric antibody scFv fragments, focusing on diabodies (scFv dimers).
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Prostate-specific membrane antigen-based therapeutics. Adv Urol 2011; 2012:973820. [PMID: 21811498 PMCID: PMC3145341 DOI: 10.1155/2012/973820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy affecting men in the US, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. While significant therapeutic advances have been made, available systemic therapeutic options are lacking. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a highly-restricted prostate cell-surface antigen that may be targeted. While initial anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies were suboptimal, the development of monoclonal antibodies such as J591 which are highly specific for the external domain of PSMA has allowed targeting of viable, intact prostate cancer cells. Radiolabeled J591 has demonstrated accurate and selective tumor targeting, safety, and efficacy. Ongoing studies using anti-PSMA radioimmunotherapy with 177Lu-J591 seek to improve the therapeutic profile, select optimal candidates with biomarkers, combine with chemotherapy, and prevent or delay the onset of metastatic disease for men with biochemical relapse. Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody-drug conjugates have also been developed with completed and ongoing early-phase clinical trials. As PSMA is a selective antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer, anti-PSMA-based immunotherapy has also been studied and utilized in clinical trials.
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Zeglis BM, Lewis JS. A practical guide to the construction of radiometallated bioconjugates for positron emission tomography. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:6168-95. [PMID: 21442098 PMCID: PMC3773488 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become a vital imaging modality in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, most notably cancer. A wide array of small molecule PET radiotracers have been developed that employ the short half-life radionuclides (11)C, (13)N, (15)O, and (18)F. However, PET radiopharmaceuticals based on biomolecular targeting vectors have been the subject of dramatically increased research in both the laboratory and the clinic. Typically based on antibodies, oligopeptides, or oligonucleotides, these tracers have longer biological half-lives than their small molecule counterparts and thus require labeling with radionuclides with longer, complementary radioactive half-lives, such as the metallic isotopes (64)Cu, (68)Ga, (86)Y, and (89)Zr. Each bioconjugate radiopharmaceutical has four component parts: biomolecular vector, radiometal, chelator, and covalent link between chelator and biomolecule. With the exception of the radiometal, a tremendous variety of choices exists for each of these pieces, and a plethora of different chelation, conjugation, and radiometallation strategies have been utilized to create agents ranging from (68)Ga-labeled pentapeptides to (89)Zr-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Herein, the authors present a practical guide to the construction of radiometal-based PET bioconjugates, in which the design choices and synthetic details of a wide range of biomolecular tracers from the literature are collected in a single reference. In assembling this information, the authors hope both to illuminate the diverse methods employed in the synthesis of these agents and also to create a useful reference for molecular imaging researchers both experienced and new to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA. Fax: (646)-888-3039; Tel: (646)-888-3038
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The rise of metal radionuclides in medical imaging: copper-64, zirconium-89 and yttrium-86. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:599-621. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography, with its high sensitivity and resolution, is growing rapidly as an imaging technology for the diagnosis of many disease states. The success of this modality is reliant on instrumentation and the development of effective and novel targeted probes. Initially, research in this area was focused on what we will define in this article as ‘standard’ PET isotopes (carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18), but the short half-lives of these isotopes limit radiopharmaceutical development to those that probe rapid biological processes. To overcome these limitations, there has been a rise in nonstandard isotope probe development in recent years. This review focuses on the biological probes and processes that have been examined, in additiom to the preclinical and clinical findings with nonstandard radiometals: copper-64, zirconium-89, and yttrium-86.
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Li L, Crow D, Turatti F, Bading JR, Anderson AL, Poku E, Yazaki PJ, Carmichael J, Leong D, Wheatcroft D, Wheatcroft MP, Raubitschek AA, Hudson PJ, Colcher D, Shively JE. Site-specific conjugation of monodispersed DOTA-PEGn to a thiolated diabody reveals the effect of increasing peg size on kidney clearance and tumor uptake with improved 64-copper PET imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:709-16. [PMID: 21395337 DOI: 10.1021/bc100464e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimal PET imaging of tumors with radiolabeled engineered antibodies requires, among other parameters, matching blood clearance and tumor uptake with the half-life of the engineered antibody. Although diabodies have favorable molecular sizes (50 kDa) for rapid blood clearance (t(1/2) = 30-60 min) and are bivalent, thereby increasing tumor uptake, they exhibit substantial kidney uptake as their major route of clearance, which is especially evident when they are labeled with the PET isotope (64)Cu (t(1/2) = 12 h). To overcome this drawback, diabodies may be conjugated to PEG, a modification that increases the apparent molecular size of the diabody and reduces kidney uptake without adversely affecting tumor uptake or the tumor to blood ratio. We show here that site-specific attachment of monodispersed PEGn of increasing molecular size (n = 12, 24, and 48) can uniformly increase the apparent molecular size of the PEG-diabody conjugate, decrease kidney uptake, and increase tumor uptake, the latter due to the increased residence time of the conjugate in the blood. Since the monodispersed PEGs were preconjugated to the chelator DOTA, the conjugates were able to bind radiometals such as (111)In and (64)Cu that can be used for SPECT and PET imaging, respectively. To allow conjugation of the DOTA-PEG to the diabody, the DOTA-PEG incorporated a terminal cysteine conjugated to a vinyl sulfone moiety. In order to control the conjugation chemistry, we have engineered a surface thiolated diabody that incorporates two cysteines per monomer (four per diabody). The thiolated diabody was expressed and purified from bacterial fermentation and only needs to be reduced prior to conjugation to the DOTA-PEGn-Cys-VS. This novel imaging agent (a diabody with DOTA-PEG48-Cys-VS attached to introduced thiols) gave up to 80%ID/g of tumor uptake with a tumor to blood ratio (T/B) of 8 at 24 h when radiolabeled with (111)In and 37.9% ID/g of tumor uptake (T/B = 8) at 44 h when radiolabeled with (64)Cu in PET imaging in an animal model. Tumor uptake was significantly improved from the 50% ID/g at 24 h observed with diabodies that were pegylated on surface lysine residues. Importantly, there was no loss of immunoreactivity of the site-specific Cys-conjugated diabody to its antigen (TAG-72) compared to the parent, unconjugated diabody. We propose that thiolated diabodies conjugated to DOTAylated monodisperse PEGs have the potential for superior SPECT and PET imaging in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope , Duarte, California 91010, United States
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50
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Walrand S, Flux GD, Konijnenberg MW, Valkema R, Krenning EP, Lhommel R, Pauwels S, Jamar F. Dosimetry of yttrium-labelled radiopharmaceuticals for internal therapy: 86Y or 90Y imaging? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38 Suppl 1:S57-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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