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Jeong A, Pastor CM, Brouwer KLR. Application of Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Characterize Hepatobiliary Disposition of Imaging Agents and Alterations due to Liver Injury in Isolated Perfused Rat Livers. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2513-2523. [PMID: 37349653 PMCID: PMC10739561 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the impact of altered hepatic uptake and/or efflux on the hepatobiliary disposition of the imaging agents [99mTc]Mebrofenin (MEB) and [153Gd]Gadobenate dimeglumine (BOPTA) is important for proper estimation of liver function. METHODS A multi-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model describing MEB and BOPTA disposition in isolated perfused rat livers (IPRLs) was developed. The PK model was simultaneously fit to MEB and BOPTA concentration-time data in the extracellular space, hepatocytes, bile canaliculi, and sinusoidal efflux in livers from healthy rats, and to BOPTA concentration-time data in rats pretreated with monocrotaline (MCT). RESULTS The model adequately described MEB and BOPTA disposition in each compartment. The hepatocyte uptake clearance was much higher for MEB (55.3 mL/min) than BOPTA (6.67 mL/min), whereas the sinusoidal efflux clearance for MEB (0.000831 mL/min) was lower than BOPTA (0.0127 mL/min). The clearance from hepatocytes to bile (CLbc) for MEB (0.658 mL/min) was similar to BOPTA (0.642 mL/min) in healthy rat livers. The BOPTA CLbc was reduced in livers from MCT-pretreated rats (0.496 mL/min), while the sinusoidal efflux clearance was increased (0.0644 mL/min). CONCLUSION A PK model developed to characterize MEB and BOPTA disposition in IPRLs was used to quantify changes in the hepatobiliary disposition of BOPTA caused by MCT pretreatment of rats to induce liver toxicity. This PK model could be applied to simulate changes in the hepatobiliary disposition of these imaging agents in rats in response to altered hepatocyte uptake or efflux associated with disease, toxicity, or drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Jeong
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 L Beard Hall, CB# 7569, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7569, USA
| | - Catherine M Pastor
- Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Université de Paris, Inserm, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100 L Beard Hall, CB# 7569, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7569, USA.
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Marie S, Frost KL, Hau RK, Martinez-Guerrero L, Izu JM, Myers CM, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting disruptions to drug pharmacokinetics and the risk of adverse drug reactions in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:1-28. [PMID: 36815037 PMCID: PMC9939324 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs through drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) causes disease-specific alterations to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, including a decrease in protein expression of basolateral uptake transporters, an increase in efflux transporters, and modifications to enzyme activity. This can result in increased drug exposure and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Our goal was to predict drugs that pose increased risks for ADRs in NASH patients. Bibliographic research identified 71 drugs with reported ADRs in patients with liver disease, mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 54 of which are known substrates of transporters and/or metabolizing enzymes. Since NASH is the progressive form of NAFLD but is most frequently undiagnosed, we identified other drugs at risk based on NASH-specific alterations to ADME processes. Here, we present another list of 71 drugs at risk of pharmacokinetic disruption in NASH, based on their transport and/or metabolism processes. It encompasses drugs from various pharmacological classes for which ADRs may occur when used in NASH patients, especially when eliminated through multiple pathways altered by the disease. Therefore, these results may inform clinicians regarding the selection of drugs for use in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kayla L. Frost
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raymond K. Hau
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lucy Martinez-Guerrero
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jailyn M. Izu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cassandra M. Myers
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- College of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Nathan J. Cherrington
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 520 6260219; fax: +1 520 6266944.
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Marie S, Hernández-Lozano I, Le Vée M, Breuil L, Saba W, Goislard M, Goutal S, Truillet C, Langer O, Fardel O, Tournier N. Pharmacokinetic Imaging Using 99mTc-Mebrofenin to Untangle the Pattern of Hepatocyte Transporter Disruptions Induced by Endotoxemia in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040392. [PMID: 35455390 PMCID: PMC9028474 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia-induced inflammation may impact the activity of hepatocyte transporters, which control the hepatobiliary elimination of drugs and bile acids. 99mTc-mebrofenin is a non-metabolized substrate of transporters expressed at the different poles of hepatocytes. 99mTc-mebrofenin imaging was performed in rats after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Changes in transporter expression were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of resected liver samples. Moreover, the particular impact of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions in the context of endotoxemia was investigated using rifampicin (40 mg/kg), a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte transporters. LPS increased 99mTc-mebrofenin exposure in the liver (1.7 ± 0.4-fold). Kinetic modeling revealed that endotoxemia did not impact the blood-to-liver uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin, which is mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) transporters. However, liver-to-bile and liver-to-blood efflux rates were dramatically decreased, leading to liver accumulation. The transcriptomic profile of hepatocyte transporters consistently showed a downregulation of multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 and 3 (Mrp2 and Mrp3), which mediate the canalicular and sinusoidal efflux of 99mTc-mebrofenin in hepatocytes, respectively. Rifampicin effectively blocked both the Oatp-mediated influx and the Mrp2/3-related efflux of 99mTc-mebrofenin. The additive impact of endotoxemia and rifampicin led to a 3.0 ± 1.3-fold increase in blood exposure compared with healthy non-treated animals. 99mTc-mebrofenin imaging is useful to investigate disease-associated change in hepatocyte transporter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pharmacie Clinique, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Louise Breuil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Wadad Saba
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Maud Goislard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ. Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
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Marie S, Hernández-Lozano I, Langer O, Tournier N. Repurposing 99mTc-Mebrofenin as a Probe for Molecular Imaging of Hepatocyte Transporters. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1043-1047. [PMID: 33674399 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte transporters control the hepatobiliary elimination of many drugs, metabolites, and endogenous substances. Hepatocyte transporter function is altered in several pathophysiologic situations and can be modulated by certain drugs, with a potential impact for pharmacokinetics and drug-induced liver injury. The development of substrate probes with optimal properties for selective and quantitative imaging of hepatic transporters remains a challenge. 99mTc-mebrofenin has been used for decades for hepatobiliary scintigraphy, but the specific transporters controlling its liver kinetics have not been characterized until recently. These include sinusoidal influx transporters (organic anion-transporting polypeptides) responsible for hepatic uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin, and efflux transporters (multidrug resistance-associated proteins) mediating its canalicular (liver-to-bile) and sinusoidal (liver-to-blood) excretion. Pharmacokinetic modeling enables molecular interpretation of 99mTc-mebrofenin scintigraphy data, thus offering a widely available translational method to investigate transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in vivo. 99mTc-mebrofenin allows for phenotyping transporter function at the different poles of hepatocytes as a biomarker of liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BioMaps, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
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Imaging-Based Characterization of a Slco2b1(-/-) Mouse Model Using [ 11C]Erlotinib and [ 99mTc]Mebrofenin as Probe Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060918. [PMID: 34205780 PMCID: PMC8233734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) is co-localized with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 in the basolateral hepatocyte membrane, where it is thought to contribute to the hepatic uptake of drugs. We characterized a novel Slco2b1(-/-) mouse model using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [11C]erlotinib (a putative OATP2B1-selective substrate) and planar scintigraphic imaging with [99mTc]mebrofenin (an OATP1B1/1B3 substrate, which is not transported by OATP2B1). Dynamic 40-min scans were performed after intravenous injection of either [11C]erlotinib or [99mTc]mebrofenin in wild-type and Slco2b1(-/-) mice. A pharmacokinetic model was used to estimate the hepatic uptake clearance (CL1) and the rate constants for transfer of radioactivity from the liver to the blood (k2) and excreted bile (k3). CL1 was significantly reduced in Slco2b1(-/-) mice for both radiotracers (p < 0.05), and k2 was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in Slco2b1(-/-) mice for [11C]erlotinib, but not for [99mTc]mebrofenin. Our data support previous evidence that OATP transporters may contribute to the hepatic uptake of [11C]erlotinib. However, the decreased hepatic uptake of the OATP1B1/1B3 substrate [99mTc]mebrofenin in Slco2b1(-/-) mice questions the utility of this mouse model to assess the relative contribution of OATP2B1 to the liver uptake of drugs which are substrates of multiple OATPs.
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Jaber FL, Sharma Y, Mui BG, Kapoor S, Gupta S. Tumor Necrosis Factor Directs Allograft-Related Innate Responses and Its Neutralization Improves Hepatocyte Engraftment in Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:79-89. [PMID: 33127336 PMCID: PMC7768347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in allograft rejection. Alloresponses involve numerous cytokines, chemokines, and receptors that cause tissue injury during rejection. To dissect these inflammatory mechanisms, we developed cell transplantation models in dipeptidylpeptidase-deficient F344 rats using mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus for partial lymphocyte-directed immunosuppression. Syngeneic hepatocytes engrafted in liver, whereas allogeneic hepatocytes were rejected but engrafted after immunosuppression. These transplants induced mRNAs for >40 to 50 cytokines, chemokines, and receptors. In allografts, innate cell type-related regulatory networks extended to granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. Activation of Tnfa and its receptors or major chemokine receptor-ligand subsets persisted in the long term. An examination of the contribution of Tnfa in allograft response revealed that it was prospectively antagonized by etanercept or thalidomide, which resolved cytokine, chemokine, and receptor cascades. In bioinformatics analysis of upstream regulator networks, the Cxcl8 pathway exhibited dominance despite immunosuppression. Significantly, Tnfa antagonism silenced the Cxcl8 pathway and decreased neutrophil and Kupffer cell recruitment, resulting in multifold greater engraftment of allogeneic hepatocytes and substantially increased liver repopulation in retrorsine/partial hepatectomy model. We conclude that Tnfa is a major driver for persistent innate immune responses after allogeneic cells. Neutralizing Tnfa should help in avoiding rejection and associated tissue injury in the allograft setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Luc Jaber
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Brandon G Mui
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Sorabh Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Diabetes Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Validation of Pharmacological Protocols for Targeted Inhibition of Canalicular MRP2 Activity in Hepatocytes Using [ 99mTc]mebrofenin Imaging in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060486. [PMID: 32471244 PMCID: PMC7355955 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) mediates the biliary excretion of drugs and metabolites. [99mTc]mebrofenin may be employed as a probe for hepatic MRP2 activity because its biliary excretion is predominantly mediated by this transporter. As the liver uptake of [99mTc]mebrofenin depends on organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) activity, a safe protocol for targeted inhibition of hepatic MRP2 is needed to study the intrinsic role of each transporter system. Diltiazem (DTZ) and cyclosporin A (CsA) were first confirmed to be potent MRP2 inhibitors in vitro. Dynamic acquisitions were performed in rats (n = 5-6 per group) to assess the kinetics of [99mTc]mebrofenin in the liver, intestine and heart-blood pool after increasing doses of inhibitors. Their impact on hepatic blood flow was assessed using Doppler ultrasound (n = 4). DTZ (s.c., 10 mg/kg) and low-dose CsA (i.v., 0.01 mg/kg) selectively decreased the transfer of [99mTc]mebrofenin from the liver to the bile (k3). Higher doses of DTZ and CsA did not further decrease k3 but dose-dependently decreased the uptake (k1) and backflux (k2) rate constants between blood and liver. High dose of DTZ (i.v., 3 mg/kg) but not CsA (i.v., 5 mg/kg) significantly decreased the blood flow in the portal vein and hepatic artery. Targeted pharmacological inhibition of hepatic MRP2 activity can be achieved in vivo without impacting OATP activity and liver blood flow. Clinical studies are warranted to validate [99mTc]mebrofenin in combination with low-dose CsA as a novel substrate/inhibitor pair to untangle the role of OATP and MRP2 activity in liver diseases.
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Hernández Lozano I, Langer O. Use of imaging to assess the activity of hepatic transporters. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:149-164. [PMID: 31951754 PMCID: PMC7055509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Membrane transporters of the SLC and ABC families are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they control the transfer of drugs/drug metabolites across the sinusoidal and canalicular hepatocyte membranes and play a pivotal role in hepatic drug clearance. Noninvasive imaging methods, such as PET, SPECT or MRI, allow for measuring the activity of hepatic transporters in vivo, provided that suitable transporter imaging probes are available.Areas covered: We give an overview of the working principles of imaging-based assessment of hepatic transporter activity. We discuss different currently available PET/SPECT radiotracers and MRI contrast agents and their applications to measure hepatic transporter activity in health and disease. We cover mathematical modeling approaches to obtain quantitative parameters of transporter activity and provide a critical assessment of methodological limitations and challenges associated with this approach.Expert opinion: PET in combination with pharmacokinetic modeling can be potentially applied in drug development to study the distribution of new drug candidates to the liver and their clearance mechanisms. This approach bears potential to mechanistically assess transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, to assess the influence of disease on hepatic drug disposition and to validate and refine currently available in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods to predict hepatic clearance of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Kakabadze Z, Karalashvili L, Chakhunashvili D, Havlioglu N, Janelidze M, Kakabadze A, Sharma Y, Gupta S. Decellularized bovine placentome for portacavally-interposed heterotopic liver transplantation in rats. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:293-301. [PMID: 30678914 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds from healthy placentae offer advantages for tissue engineering with undamaged matrix, associated cytoprotective molecules, and embedded vessels for revascularization. As size disparities in human placenta and small recipients hamper preclinical studies, we studied alternative of bovine placentomes in smaller size ranges. Multiple cow placentomes were decellularized and anatomical integrity was analyzed. Tissue engineering used inbred donor rat livers. Placentomes were hepatized and immediately transplanted in rats with perfusion from portal vein and drainage into inferior vena cava. Cows yielded 99 ± 16 placentomes each. Of these, approximately 25% had 3 to 9 cm diameter and 7 to 63 ml volume, which was suitable for transplantation. After decellularization, angiography and casts documented 100% of vessels and vascular networks were well-perfused without disruptions or leaks. The residual matrix also remained intact for transplantation of placentomes. Perfusion in transplanted placentomes was maintained over up to 30 days. Liver tissue reassembled with restoration of hepatic acinar and sinusoidal structure. Transplanted tissue was intact without apoptosis, or necrosis. Hepatic functions were maintained. Preservation of hepatic homeostasis was verified by cytofluorimetric analysis of hepatocyte ploidy. The prevalence in healthy and transplanted liver of diploid, tetraploid and higher ploidy classes was similar with 57%, 41% and 2% versus 51%, 46.5% and 2.6%, respectively, p = 0.77, ANOVA. CONCLUSIONS: Cow placentomes will allow therapeutic development with disease models in small animals. This will also advance drug or toxicology studies. Portasystemic interposition of engineered liver will be particularly suitable for treating hepatic insufficiencies (metabolic, secretory or detoxification needs), including for children or smaller adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Lia Karalashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Chakhunashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Necat Havlioglu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Pathology and Laboratory Services, VA Medical Center, Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Merab Janelidze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ann Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, 33 V. PshavelaAvenue, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Yogeshwar Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx 10461, NY, USA.
| | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, The Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx 10461, NY, USA.
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Kakabadze Z, Kakabadze A, Chakhunashvili D, Karalashvili L, Berishvili E, Sharma Y, Gupta S. Decellularized human placenta supports hepatic tissue and allows rescue in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2018; 67:1956-1969. [PMID: 29211918 PMCID: PMC5906146 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue engineering with scaffolds to form transplantable organs is of wide interest. Decellularized tissues have been tested for this purpose, although supplies of healthy donor tissues, vascular recellularization for perfusion, and tissue homeostasis in engineered organs pose challenges. We hypothesized that decellularized human placenta will be suitable for tissue engineering. The universal availability and unique structures of placenta for accommodating tissue, including presence of embedded vessels, were major attractions. We found decellularized placental vessels were reendothelialized by adjacent native cells and bridged vessel defects in rats. In addition, implantation of liver fragments containing all cell types successfully hepatized placenta with maintenance of albumin and urea synthesis, as well as hepatobiliary transport of 99m Tc-mebrofenin, up to 3 days in vitro. After hepatized placenta containing autologous liver was transplanted into sheep, tissue units were well-perfused and self-assembled. Histological examination indicated transplanted tissue retained hepatic cord structures with characteristic hepatic organelles, such as gap junctions, and hepatic sinusoids lined by endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and other cell types. Hepatocytes in this neo-organ expressed albumin and contained glycogen. Moreover, transplantation of hepatized placenta containing autologous tissue rescued sheep in extended partial hepatectomy-induced acute liver failure. This rescue concerned amelioration of injury and induction of regeneration in native liver. The grafted hepatized placenta was intact with healthy tissue that neither proliferated nor was otherwise altered. CONCLUSION The unique anatomic structure and matrix of human placenta were effective for hepatic tissue engineering. This will advance applications ranging from biological studies, drug development, and toxicology to patient therapies. (Hepatology 2018;67:1956-1969).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurab Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ann Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Chakhunashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lia Karalashvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Sanjeev Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA,Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Diabetes Center, The Irwin S. and Sylvia Chanin Institute for Cancer Research, Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Vendelbo MH, Gormsen LC, Jessen N. Imaging in Pharmacogenetics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2018; 83:95-107. [PMID: 29801585 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An increasing collection of imaging technologies makes it possible to differentiate treatment responders from nonresponders based on genetic variation. This chapter will review some of the imaging technologies currently available in nuclear medicine to visualize drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Some of the commonly used techniques to detect radiation-emitting compounds are the two-dimensional scintigraphy and the three-dimensional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) which both detect photons using a gamma camera, and the three-dimensional positron emission tomography (PET), which detect the decay of positron-emitting radionuclides. Current examples include visualization of functional effects of genetic variants, and these provide proof of concept for imaging in pharmacogenetics as a tool to improve efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Jessen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Ali I, Slizgi JR, Kaullen JD, Ivanovic M, Niemi M, Stewart PW, Barritt AS, Brouwer KLR. Transporter-Mediated Alterations in Patients With NASH Increase Systemic and Hepatic Exposure to an OATP and MRP2 Substrate. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 104:10.1002/cpt.997. [PMID: 29271075 PMCID: PMC6014861 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of hepatic transporters, including organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), is altered in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); however, functional data in humans are lacking. In this study, 99m Tc-mebrofenin (MEB) was used to evaluate OATP1B1/1B3 and MRP2 function in NASH patients. Healthy subjects (n = 14) and NASH patients (n = 7) were administered MEB (∼2.5 mCi). A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe systemic and hepatic MEB disposition. Study subjects were genotyped for SLCO1B1 variants. NASH increased systemic and hepatic exposure (median ± 2 SE, healthy vs. NASH) to MEB (AUC0-300,blood : 1,780 ± 242 vs. 2,440 ± 775 μCi*min/L, P = 0.006; AUC0-180,liver : 277 ± 36.9 vs. 433 ± 40.3 kcounts*min/sec, P < 0.0001) due to decreased biliary clearance (0.035 ± 0.008 vs. 0.017 ± 0.002 L/min, P = 0.0005) and decreased Vcentral (11.1 ± 0.57 vs. 6.32 ± 1.02 L, P < 0.0001). MEB hepatic CLuptake was reduced in NASH and also in healthy subjects with SLCO1B1 *15/*15 and *1A/*15 genotypes. The pharmacokinetics of drugs that are OATP1B1/1B3 and MRP2 substrates may be substantially altered in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izna Ali
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina (UNC) Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason R Slizgi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina (UNC) Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Josh D Kaullen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina (UNC) Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marija Ivanovic
- Department of Radiology, UNC Health Care, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul W Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alfred S Barritt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UNC School of Medicine, UNC-CH, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina (UNC) Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Comparable liver function and volume increase after portal vein embolization in rabbits and humans. Surgery 2017; 161:658-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Olthof PB, van Golen RF, Meijer B, van Beek AA, Bennink RJ, Verheij J, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Warm ischemia time-dependent variation in liver damage, inflammation, and function in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:375-385. [PMID: 27989959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by hepatocellular damage, sterile inflammation, and compromised postoperative liver function. Generally used mouse I/R models are too severe and poorly reflect the clinical injury profile. The aim was to establish a mouse I/R model with better translatability using hepatocellular injury, liver function, and innate immune parameters as endpoints. METHODS Mice (C57Bl/6J) were subjected to sham surgery, 30min, or 60min of partial hepatic ischemia. Liver function was measured after 24h using intravital microscopy and spectroscopy. Innate immune activity was assessed at 6 and 24h of reperfusion using mRNA and cytokine arrays. Liver inflammation and function were profiled in two patient cohorts subjected to I/R during liver resection to validate the preclinical results. RESULTS In mice, plasma ALT levels and the degree of hepatic necrosis were strongly correlated. Liver function was bound by a narrow damage threshold and was severely impaired following 60min of ischemia. Severe ischemia (60min) evoked a neutrophil-dominant immune response, whereas mild ischemia (30min) triggered a monocyte-driven response. Clinical liver I/R did not compromise liver function and displayed a cytokine profile similar to the mild I/R injury model. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models using ≤30min of ischemia best reflect the clinical liver I/R injury profile in terms of liver function dynamics and type of immune response. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This short duration of ischemia therefore has most translational value and should be used to increase the prospects of developing effective interventions for hepatic I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim B Olthof
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Meijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A van Beek
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof J Bennink
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kaxiras A, Yamamoto S, Söderdahl G, Wernerson A, Axelsson R, Ericzon BG. Cyclosporin A, but not tacrolimus, negatively affects the hepatic extraction fraction of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in liver transplant recipients. EJNMMI Res 2014; 4:73. [PMID: 26116130 PMCID: PMC4452631 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-014-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-mebrofenin has been used as an investigation to study liver function after liver transplantation (LTx). Hepatic extraction fraction (HEF) is a measurement of the hepatic extraction efficiency and hepatic extraction rate. With the purpose of evaluating a possible diverging effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) on the HEF, we compared the HEF with biochemical and histological parameters in LTx patients receiving either CSA or TAC. Methods Thirty-nine adult patients who underwent LTx due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis were evaluated. All patients underwent a 3-month and 1-year follow-up that included hepatobiliary scintigraphy and biochemistry tests. Liver biopsy was performed at 1 year. These clinical parameters were compared between the two groups, TAC (n = 15) and CSA (n = 24). Results The average HEF was significantly lower in the CSA group compared to the TAC group both at 3 months and 1 year after LTx. The liver biochemistry tests, average donor and recipient age, average cold ischemia time (CIT), and a clearance were comparable in the two groups. The TAC group had more inflammation than the CSA group. Moreover, three patients who converted from CSA to TAC increased their HEF values. Conclusions CSA-treated patients presented a lower HEF value on hepatobiliary scintigraphy in spite of comparable liver function by traditional measurements indicating a decrease on HEF values by CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Kaxiras
- Division of Transplantation Surgery and CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Pastor CM, Wissmeyer M, Millet P. Concentrations of Gd-BOPTA in cholestatic fatty rat livers: role of transport functions through membrane proteins. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 8:147-156. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Millet
- Unité de Neurophysiologie Clinique et Neuroimagerie Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève; Geneva; Switzerland
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Effect of Ritonavir on (99m)Technetium-Mebrofenin Disposition in Humans: A Semi-PBPK Modeling and In Vitro Approach to Predict Transporter-Mediated DDIs. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2:e20. [PMID: 23887590 PMCID: PMC3600725 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A semiphysiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model was developed to describe a unique blood, liver, and bile clinical data set for the hepatobiliary imaging agent 99mTechnetium–mebrofenin (99mTc–mebrofenin), and to simulate sites/mechanisms of a 99mTc–mebrofenin–ritonavir drug–drug interaction (DDI). The transport inhibitor ritonavir (multiple-dose: 2 × 300 mg) significantly increased systemic 99mTc–mebrofenin exposure as compared with control (4,464 ± 1,861 vs. 1,970 ± 311 nCi min/ml; mean ± SD), without affecting overall hepatic exposure or biliary recovery. A novel extrahepatic distribution compartment was required to characterize 99mTc–mebrofenin disposition. Ritonavir inhibited 99mTc–mebrofenin accumulation in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 3.46 ± 1.53 µmol/l). Despite ritonavir accumulation in hepatocytes, intracellular binding was extensive (97. 6%), which limited interactions with multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2)-mediated biliary excretion. These in vitro data supported conclusions from modeling/simulation that ritonavir inhibited 99mTc–mebrofenin hepatic uptake, but not biliary excretion, at clinically relevant concentrations. This integrated approach, utilizing modeling, clinical, and in vitro data, emphasizes the importance of hepatic and extrahepatic distribution, assessment of inhibitory potential in relevant in vitro systems, and intracellular unbound concentrations to assess transporter-mediated hepatic DDIs.
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Bahde R, Kapoor S, Bhargava KK, Schilsky ML, Palestro CJ, Gupta S. PET with 64Cu-histidine for noninvasive diagnosis of biliary copper excretion in Long-Evans cinnamon rat model of Wilson disease. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:961-8. [PMID: 22577234 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.092361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Excretion of copper into bile requires the copper transporter Atp7b, which is deficient in Wilson disease. We hypothesized that a radiocopper-histidine complex would be effective for diagnosing Wilson disease by molecular imaging and tested this hypothesis in the Long-Evans cinnamon (LEC) rat model with Atp7b deficiency. METHODS We complexed (64)Cu to l-histidine and analyzed clearance from blood, uptake in tissues, and excretion in bile of healthy Long-Evans agouti (LEA) rats versus LEC rats modeling Wilson disease. Sixty-minute dynamic PET recordings were obtained in LEA and LEC rats. Possible effects of acute and chronic liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride were studied in LEA rats. Atp7b deficiency in LEC rats was reconstituted by transplantation of healthy cells to establish the specificity of findings. RESULTS Examination of blood, tissue, and bile showed that in healthy rats, radiocopper was incorporated in the liver, followed by rapid excretion in bile. Corresponding blood, tissue, and bile studies in LEC rats showed incorporation of radiocopper in the liver but without copper excretion in bile, leading to hepatic retention of the radiotracer. PET showed onset of copper clearance in the liver of LEA rats, whereas liver copper content progressively increased in LEC rats during the 1-h period. Hepatic radiocopper excretion was not altered by either acute or chronic liver injury. In LEC rats with liver repopulation by transplanted healthy hepatocytes, excretion of radiocopper confirmed that Atp7b was responsible for this effect. CONCLUSION Imaging with the radiocopper-histidine complex successfully identified Atp7b-dependent biliary copper excretion. This principle will advance molecular imaging for Wilson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Bahde
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Ruth L and David S Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Mairinger S, Erker T, Muller M, Langer O. PET and SPECT radiotracers to assess function and expression of ABC transporters in vivo. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 12:774-92. [PMID: 21434859 DOI: 10.2174/138920011798356980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) are expressed in high concentrations at various physiological barriers (e.g. blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, blood-tumor barrier), where they impede the tissue accumulation of various drugs by active efflux transport. Changes in ABC transporter expression and function are thought to be implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The availability of a non-invasive imaging method which allows for measuring ABC transporter function or expression in vivo would be of great clinical use in that it could facilitate the identification of those patients that would benefit from treatment with ABC transporter modulating drugs. To date three different kinds of imaging probes have been described to measure ABC transporters in vivo: i) radiolabelled transporter substrates ii) radiolabelled transporter inhibitors and iii) radiolabelled prodrugs which are enzymatically converted into transporter substrates in the organ of interest (e.g. brain). The design of new imaging probes to visualize efflux transporters is inter alia complicated by the overlapping substrate recognition pattern of different ABC transporter types. The present article will describe currently available ABC transporter radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and critically discuss strengths and limitations of individual probes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Health and Environment Department, Molecular Medicine, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Swift B, Yue W, Brouwer KLR. Evaluation of (99m)technetium-mebrofenin and (99m)technetium-sestamibi as specific probes for hepatic transport protein function in rat and human hepatocytes. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1987-98. [PMID: 20652625 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study characterized 99mTc-Mebrofenin (MEB) and 99mTc-Sestamibi (MIBI) hepatic transport and preferential efflux routes (canalicular vs. basolateral) in rat and human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH). METHODS 99mTc-MEB and 99mTc-MIBI disposition was determined in suspended hepatocytes and in SCH in the presence and absence of inhibitors and genetic knockdown of breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp). RESULTS The general organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp/OATP) inhibitor rifamycin SV reduced initial 99mTc-MEB uptake in rat and human suspended hepatocytes. Initial 99mTc-MIBI uptake in suspended rat hepatocytes was not Na+-dependent or influenced by inhibitors. Multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp2/MRP2) inhibitors decreased 99mTc-MEB canalicular efflux in rat and human SCH. 99mTc-MEB efflux in human SCH was predominantly canalicular (45.8 +/- 8.6%) and approximately 3-fold greater than in rat SCH. 99mTc-MIBI canalicular efflux was similar in human and rat SCH; basolateral efflux was 37% greater in human than rat SCH. 99mTc-MIBI cellular accumulation, biliary excretion index and in vitro biliary clearance in rat SCH were unaffected by Bcrp knockdown. CONCLUSION 99mTc-MEB hepatic uptake is predominantly Oatp-mediated with biliary excretion by Mrp2. 99mTc-MIBI appears to passively diffuse into hepatocytes; biliary excretion is mediated by P-gp. The SCH model is useful to investigate factors that may alter the route and/or extent of hepatic basolateral and canalicular efflux of substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Swift
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7569, USA
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