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Kairemo K, Gouda M, Chuang HH, Macapinlac HA, Subbiah V. Deciphering Tumor Response: The Role of Fluoro-18-d-Glucose Uptake in Evaluating Targeted Therapies with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3269. [PMID: 38892979 PMCID: PMC11173296 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The inhibitory effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on glucose uptake through their binding to human glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) have been well documented. Thus, our research aimed to explore the potential impact of various TKIs of GLUT-1 on the standard [18F]FDG-PET monitoring of tumor response in patients. Methods: To achieve this, we conducted an analysis on three patients who were undergoing treatment with different TKIs and harbored actionable alterations. Alongside the assessment of FDG data (including SUVmax, total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and metabolic tumor volume (MTV)), we also examined the changes in tumor sizes through follow-up [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging. Notably, our patients harbored alterations in BRAFV600, RET, and c-KIT and exhibited positive responses to the targeted treatment. Results: Our analysis revealed that FDG data derived from SUVmax, TLG, and MTV offered quantifiable outcomes that were consistent with the measurements of tumor size. Conclusions: These findings lend support to the notion that the inhibition of GLUT-1, as a consequence of treatment efficacy, could be indirectly gauged through [18F] FDG-PET/CT imaging in cancer patients undergoing TKI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalevi Kairemo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mohamed Gouda
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hubert H. Chuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Homer A. Macapinlac
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Floresta G, Abbate V. Recent progress in the imaging of c-Met aberrant cancers with positron emission tomography. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1588-1606. [PMID: 35292998 PMCID: PMC9314990 DOI: 10.1002/med.21885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-protein kinase Met-also known as c-Met or HGFR-is a membrane receptor protein with associated tyrosine kinase activity physiologically stimulated by its natural ligand, the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and is involved in different ways in cancer progression and tumourigenesis. Targeting c-Met with pharmaceuticals has been preclinically proved to have significant benefits for cancer treatment. Recently, evaluating the protein status during and before c-Met targeted therapy has been shown of relevant importance by different studies, demonstrating that there is a correlation between the status (e.g., aberrant activation and overexpression) of the HGFR with therapy response and clinical prognosis. Currently, clinical imaging based on positron emission tomography (PET) appears as one of the most promising tools for the in vivo real-time scanning of irregular alterations of the tyrosine-protein kinase Met and for the diagnosis of c-Met related cancers. In this study, we review the recent progress in the imaging of c-Met aberrant cancers with PET. Particular attention is directed on the development of PET probes with a range of different sizes (HGF, antibodies, anticalines, peptides, and small molecules), and radiolabeled with different radionuclides. The goal of this review is to report all the preclinical imaging studies based on PET imaging reported until now for in vivo diagnosis of c-Met in oncology to support the design of novel and more effective PET probes for in vivo evaluation of c-Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Floresta
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Therapeutic Targeting of the Gas6/Axl Signaling Pathway in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189953. [PMID: 34576116 PMCID: PMC8469858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many signaling pathways are dysregulated in cancer cells and the host tumor microenvironment. Aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways promote cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Hence, numerous therapeutic interventions targeting RTKs have been actively pursued. Axl is an RTK that belongs to the Tyro3, Axl, MerTK (TAM) subfamily. Axl binds to a high affinity ligand growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) that belongs to the vitamin K-dependent family of proteins. The Gas6/Axl signaling pathway has been implicated to promote progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance in many cancer types. Therapeutic agents targeting Gas6 and Axl have been developed, and promising results have been observed in both preclinical and clinical settings when such agents are used alone or in combination therapy. This review examines the current state of therapeutics targeting the Gas6/Axl pathway in cancer and discusses Gas6- and Axl-targeting agents that have been evaluated preclinically and clinically.
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AXL receptor tyrosine kinase as a promising anti-cancer approach: functions, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:153. [PMID: 31684958 PMCID: PMC6827209 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy for cancer has been a research hotspot for decades. AXL is a member of the TAM family with the high-affinity ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6). The Gas6/AXL signalling pathway is associated with tumour cell growth, metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, drug resistance, immune regulation and stem cell maintenance. Different therapeutic agents targeting AXL have been developed, typically including small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), nucleotide aptamers, soluble receptors, and several natural compounds. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive discussion of the structure, function, regulation, and signalling pathways of AXL. Then, we highlight recent strategies for targeting AXL in the treatment of cancer.AXL-targeted drugs, either as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or other small molecule inhibitors, are likely to improve the survival of many patients. However, future investigations into AXL molecular signalling networks and robust predictive biomarkers are warranted to select patients who could receive clinical benefit and to avoid potential toxicities.
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Iommelli F, De Rosa V, Terlizzi C, Fonti R, Del Vecchio S. Preclinical Imaging in Targeted Cancer Therapies. Semin Nucl Med 2019; 49:369-381. [PMID: 31470932 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical imaging with radiolabeled probes can provide noninvasive tools to test the efficacy of targeted agents in tumors harboring specific genetic alterations and to identify imaging parameters that can be used as pharmacodynamics markers in cancer patients. The present review will primarily focus on preclinical imaging studies that can accelerate the clinical approval of targeted agents and promote the development of imaging biomarkers for clinical applications. Since only subgroups of patients may benefit from treatment with targeted anticancer agents, the identification of a patient population expressing the target is of primary importance for the success of clinical trials. Preclinical imaging studies tested the ability of new radiolabeled compounds to recognize mutant, amplified, or overexpressed targets and some of these tracers were transferred to the clinical setting. More common tracers such as 18F-Fluorothymidine and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose were employed in animal models to test the inhibition of the target and downstream pathways through the evaluation of early changes of proliferation and glucose metabolism allowing the identification of sensitive and resistant tumors. Furthermore, since the majority of patients treated with targeted anticancer agents will invariably develop resistance, preclinical imaging studies were performed to test the efficacy of reversal agents to overcome resistance. These studies provided consistent evidence that imaging with radiolabeled probes can monitor the reversal of drug resistance by newly designed alternative compounds. Finally, despite many difficulties and challenges, preclinical imaging studies targeting the expression of immune checkpoints proved the principle that it is feasible to select patients for immunotherapy based on imaging findings. In conclusion, preclinical imaging can be considered as an integral part of the complex translational process that moves a newly developed targeted agent from laboratory to clinical application intervening in all clinically relevant steps including patient selection, early monitoring of drug effects and reversal of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Iommelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana De Rosa
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Terlizzi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Fonti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Del Vecchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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An S, Zhou X, Liu J, Huang G. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake predicts MET expression in lung adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5643-5651. [PMID: 29225472 PMCID: PMC5709992 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s150334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective MET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinases. Several MET-targeting inhibitors and antagonistic antibodies have shown promising data in clinical trials of lung adenocarcinoma. Finding noninvasive diagnostic tools to estimate the status of MET is helpful in clinical practice. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) has been used routinely for the diagnosis and staging of tumors. However, the relationship between MET expression and 18F-FDG uptake has not been investigated yet. This study aimed to determine the correlation of MET expression with 18F-FDG uptake on PET-CT scan and whether or not 18F-FDG PET/CT can be used to predict the MET status of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Patients and methods Fifty-seven lung adenocarcinoma patients were analyzed in our study. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was calculated in all PET/CT images. The expression levels of MET and two important glycolysis-related markers, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and pyruvate kinase M2, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of tissues. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the association between MET expression and SUVmax. In vitro MET knockdown in lung adenocarcinoma cells was used to examine the role of MET in tumor metabolism. The effect of MET on GLUT1 expression was investigated using Western blot assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results SUVmax was positively correlated with the expression levels of MET (r=0.458; P<0.001) and GLUT1 (r=0.551; P<0.001). SUVmax was significantly higher in patients with positive MET expression than in those with negative MET expression (9.92±6.62 vs 4.60±3.00; P=0.002). MET knockdown in lung adenocarcinoma cells led to a significant decrease in GLUT1 expression and 18F-FDG uptake. Conclusion MET could increase 18F-FDG uptake by upregulating GLUT1 expression. 18F-FDG PET/CT could be used to predict the MET status of lung adenocarcinoma patients and to supply valuable information to guide targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian An
- Department of Nuclear Medicine.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine.,Institute of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.,Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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7
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18F-FDG PET/CT Evaluation of Ceritinib Therapy in Metastatic ALK-Positive Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2016; 41:879-880. [PMID: 27607176 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000001361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) account for 3% to 7% of all NSCLC and require a standard treatment by crizotinib. However, crizotinib resistance is frequent within the first 12 months of treatment. Ceritinib is a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ALK recently introduced in France for metastatic or locally advanced crizotinib-resistant ALK NSCLC. We report the first use of ceritinib in our institution with a spectacular tumoral response after only 3 months of treatment. This case demonstrates the major role of F-FDG PET/CT for monitoring the effectiveness of this new treatment.
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8
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Arulappu A, Battle M, Eisenblaetter M, McRobbie G, Khan I, Monypenny J, Weitsman G, Galazi M, Hoppmann S, Gazinska P, Wulaningsih W, Dalsgaard GT, Macholl S, Ng T. c-Met PET Imaging Detects Early-Stage Locoregional Recurrence of Basal-Like Breast Cancer. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:765-70. [PMID: 26635342 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Locoregional recurrence of breast cancer poses significant clinical problems because of frequent inoperability once the chest wall is involved. Early detection of recurrence by molecular imaging agents against therapeutically targetable receptors, such as c-Met, would be of potential benefit. The aim of this study was to assess (18)F-AH113804, a peptide-based molecular imaging agent with high affinity for human c-Met, for the detection of early-stage locoregional recurrence in a human basal-like breast cancer model, HCC1954. METHODS HCC1954 tumor-bearing xenograft models were established, and (18)F-AH113804 was administered. Distribution of radioactivity was determined via PET at 60 min after radiotracer injection. PET and CT images were acquired 10 d after tumor inoculation, to establish baseline distribution and uptake, and then on selected days after surgical tumor resection. CT images and caliper were used to determine the tumor volume. Radiotracer uptake was assessed by (18)F-AH113804 PET imaging. c-Met expression was assessed by immunofluorescence imaging of tumor samples and correlated with (18)F-AH113804 PET imaging results. RESULTS Baseline uptake of (18)F-AH113804, determined in tumor-bearing animals after 10 d, was approximately 2-fold higher in the tumor than in muscle tissue or the contralateral mammary fat pad. The tumor growth rate, determined from CT images, was comparable between the animals with recurrent tumors, with detection of tumors of low volume (<10 mm(3)) only possible by day 20 after tumor resection. (18)F-AH113804 PET detected local tumor recurrence as early as 6 d after surgery in the recurrent tumor-bearing animals and exhibited significantly higher (18)F-AH113804 uptake (in comparison to mammary fatty tissue), with a target-to-background (muscle) ratio of approximately 3:1 (P < 0.01). The c-Met expression of individual resected tumor samples, determined by immunofluorescence, correlated with the respective (18)F-AH113804 imaging signals (r = 0.82, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION (18)F-AH113804 PET provides a new diagnostic tool for the detection of c-Met-expressing primary tumor and has potential utility for the detection of locoregional recurrence from an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appitha Arulappu
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Battle
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Eisenblaetter
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Imtiaz Khan
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, Amersham, United Kingdom
| | - James Monypenny
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Weitsman
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myria Galazi
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer NOW Unit, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wulan Wulaningsih
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sven Macholl
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, Amersham, United Kingdom Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tony Ng
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom Breast Cancer NOW Unit, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Jagoda EM, Bhattacharyya S, Kalen J, Riffle L, Leeder A, Histed S, Williams M, Wong KJ, Xu B, Szajek LP, Elbuluk O, Cecchi F, Raffensperger K, Golla M, Bottaro DP, Choyke P. Imaging the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (Met) and Assessing Tumor Responses to a Met Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Human Xenograft Mouse Models with a [
99m
Tc] (AH-113018) or CY 5** (AH-112543) Labeled Peptide. Mol Imaging 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Jagoda
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Sibaprasad Bhattacharyya
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Joseph Kalen
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Lisa Riffle
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Avrum Leeder
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Stephanie Histed
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Mark Williams
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Karen J. Wong
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Biying Xu
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Lawrence P. Szajek
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Osama Elbuluk
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Fabiola Cecchi
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Kristen Raffensperger
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Meghana Golla
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Donald P. Bottaro
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
| | - Peter Choyke
- From the Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD; ADRD, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Small Animal Imaging Program, NCI, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc. (formerly SAIC-Frederick, Inc.), Frederick, MD; Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD; PET Department, Clinical Center, NIH,
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10
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Luo H, Hong H, Slater MR, Graves SA, Shi S, Yang Y, Nickles RJ, Fan F, Cai W. PET of c-Met in Cancer with ⁶⁴Cu-Labeled Hepatocyte Growth Factor. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:758-63. [PMID: 25840981 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, are actively involved in tumor progression and metastasis and are closely associated with a poor prognostic outcome for cancer patients. Thus, the development of PET agents that can assess c-Met expression would be extremely useful for diagnosing cancer and subsequently monitoring response to c-Met-targeted therapies. Here, we report the characterization of recombinant human HGF (rh-HGF) as a PET tracer for detection of c-Met expression in vivo. METHODS rh-HGF was expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. The concentrated rh-HGF was conjugated to 2-S-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid and labeled with (64)Cu. c-Met binding evaluation by flow cytometry was performed on both U87MG and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, which have a high level and a low level, respectively, of c-Met. PET imaging and biodistribution studies were performed on nude mice bearing U87MG and MDA-MB-231 xenografted tumors. RESULTS The rh-HGF expression yield was 150-200 μg of protein per 5 × 10(6) cells after a 48-h transfection, with purity of approximately 85%-90%. Flow cytometry examination confirmed that rh-HGF had a strong and specific capacity to bind to c-Met. After (64)Cu labeling, PET imaging revealed specific and prominent uptake of (64)Cu-NOTA-rh-HGF in c-Met-positive U87MG tumors (percentage injected dose per gram, 6.8 ± 1.8 at 9 h after injection) and significantly lower uptake in c-Met-negative MDA-MB-231 tumors (percentage injected dose per gram, 1.8 ± 0.6 at 9 h after injection). The fact that sonication-denatured rh-HGF had significantly lower uptake in U87MG tumors, along with histology analysis, confirmed the c-Met specificity of (64)Cu-NOTA-rh-HGF. CONCLUSION This study provided initial evidence that (64)Cu-NOTA-rh-HGF visualizes c-Met expression in vivo, an application that may prove useful for c-Met-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Luo
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Yunan Yang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | | | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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Jagoda EM, Bhattacharyya S, Kalen J, Riffle L, Leeder A, Histed S, Williams M, Wong KJ, Xu B, Szajek LP, Elbuluk O, Cecchi F, Raffensperger K, Golla M, Bottaro DP, Choyke P. Imaging the Met Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (Met) and Assessing Tumor Responses to a Met Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Human Xenograft Mouse Models with a [99mTc] (AH-113018) or Cy 5** (AH-112543) Labeled Peptide. Mol Imaging 2015; 14:499-515. [PMID: 26461980 PMCID: PMC7709139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing an imaging agent targeting the hepatocyte growth factor receptor protein (Met) status of cancerous lesions would aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of Met-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). A peptide targeting Met labeled with [(99m)Tc] had high affinity in vitro (Kd = 3.3 nM) and detected relative changes in Met in human cancer cell lines. In vivo [(99m)Tc]-Met peptide (AH-113018) was retained in Met-expressing tumors, and high-expressing Met tumors (MKN-45) were easily visualized and quantitated using single-photon emission computed tomography or optical imaging. In further studies, MKN-45 mouse xenografts treated with PHA 665752 (Met TKI) or vehicle were monitored weekly for tumor responses by [(99m)Tc]-Met peptide imaging and measurement of tumor volumes. Tumor uptake of [(99m)Tc]-Met peptide was significantly decreased as early as 1 week after PHA 665752 treatment, corresponding to decreases in tumor volumes. These results were comparable to Cy5**-Met peptide (AH-112543) fluorescence imaging using the same treatment model. [(99m)Tc] or Cy5**-Met peptide tumor uptake was further validated by histologic (necrosis, apoptosis) and immunoassay (total Met, p Met, and plasma shed Met) assessments in imaged and nonimaged cohorts. These data suggest that [(99m)Tc] or Cy5**-Met peptide imaging may have clinical diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic monitoring applications.
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Newbold A, Martin BP, Cullinane C, Bots M. Fluorodeoxyglucose-based positron emission tomography imaging to monitor drug responses in hematological tumors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.prot082511. [PMID: 25275108 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot082511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to monitor the uptake of the labeled glucose analog fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG), a process that is generally believed to reflect viable tumor cell mass. The use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET can be helpful in documenting over time the reduction in tumor mass volume in response to anticancer drug therapy in vivo. In this protocol, we describe how to monitor the response of murine B-cell lymphomas to an inducer of apoptosis, the anticancer drug vorinostat (a histone deacetylase inhibitor). B-cell lymphoma cells are injected into recipient mice and, on tumor formation, the mice are treated with vorinostat. The tracer ¹⁸F-FDG is then injected into the mice at several time points, and its uptake is monitored using PET. Because the uptake of ¹⁸F-FDG is not a direct measure of apoptosis, an additional direct method proving that apoptotic cells are present should also be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Newbold
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben P Martin
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Bots
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu CH, Sastre A, Conroy R, Seto B, Pettigrew RI. NIH workshop on clinical translation of molecular imaging probes and technology--meeting report. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 16:595-604. [PMID: 24833042 PMCID: PMC4161932 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A workshop on "Clinical Translation of Molecular Imaging Probes and Technology" was held August 2, 2013 in Bethesda, Maryland, organized and supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). This workshop brought together researchers, clinicians, representatives from pharmaceutical companies, molecular probe developers, and regulatory science experts. Attendees met to talk over current challenges in the discovery, validation, and translation of molecular imaging (MI) probes for key clinical applications. Participants also discussed potential strategies to address these challenges. The workshop consisted of 4 sessions, with 14 presentations and 2 panel discussions. Topics of discussion included (1) challenges and opportunities for clinical research and patient care, (2) advances in molecular probe design, (3) current approaches used by industry and pharmaceutical companies, and (4) clinical translation of MI probes. In the presentations and discussions, there were general agreement that while the barriers for validation and translation of MI probes remain high, there are pressing clinical needs and development opportunities for targets in cardiovascular, cancer, endocrine, neurological, and inflammatory diseases. The strengths of different imaging modalities, and the synergy of multimodality imaging, were highlighted. Participants also underscored the continuing need for close interactions and collaborations between academic and industrial partners, and federal agencies in the imaging probe development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Liu
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Suite 200, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Newbold A, Martin BP, Cullinane C, Bots M. Fluorodeoxyglucose-based positron emission tomography imaging to monitor drug responses in solid tumors. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:pdb.prot082529. [PMID: 25275109 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot082529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is used to monitor the uptake of the labeled glucose analogue fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) by solid tumor cells, a process generally believed to reflect viable tumor cell mass. The use of ¹⁸F-FDG exploits the high demand for glucose in tumor cells, and serves to document over time the response of a solid tumor to an inducer of apoptosis. The apoptosis inducer crizotinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is often dysregulated in human tumors. In this protocol, we describe how to monitor the response of a solid tumor to crizotinib. Human gastric tumor cells (GTL-16 cells) are injected into recipient mice and, on tumor formation, the mice are treated with crizotinib. The tracer ¹⁸F-FDG is then injected into the mice at several time points, and its uptake is monitored using PET. Because ¹⁸F-FDG uptake varies widely among different tumor models, preliminary experiments should be performed with each new model to determine its basal level of ¹⁸F-FDG uptake. Verifying that the basal level of uptake is sufficiently above background levels will assure accurate quantitation. Because ¹⁸F-FDG uptake is not a direct measure of apoptosis, it is advisable to carry out an additional direct method to show the presence of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Newbold
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben P Martin
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Bots
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Peptide receptor chemoradionuclide therapy in small cell carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014; 42:25-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-014-2888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kanazu M, Maruyama K, Ando M, Asami K, Ishii M, Uehira K, Minomo S, Matsuda Y, Kawaguchi T, Atagi S, Ogawa Y, Kusunoki Y, Takada M, Kubo A. Early Pharmacodynamic Assessment Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-Emission Tomography on Molecular Targeted Therapy and Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Clinical Outcome Prediction. Clin Lung Cancer 2014; 15:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cullinane C, Solomon B, Hicks RJ. Imaging of molecular target modulation in oncology: challenges of early clinical trials. Clin Transl Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-013-0047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maroun CR, Rowlands T. The Met receptor tyrosine kinase: a key player in oncogenesis and drug resistance. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:316-38. [PMID: 24384534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is an attractive oncology therapeutic target. Met and its ligand, HGF, play a central role in signaling pathways that are exploited during the oncogenic process, including regulation of cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and cancer stem cell regulation. Elevated Met and HGF as well as numerous Met genetic alterations have been reported in human cancers and correlate with poor outcome. Alterations of pathways that regulate Met, such as the ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl are also likely to activate Met in the oncogenic setting. Moreover, interactive crosstalk between Met and other receptors such as EGFR, HER2 and VEGFR, underlies a key role for Met in resistance to other RTK-targeted therapies. A large body of preclinical and clinical data exists that supports the use of either antibodies or small molecule inhibitors that target Met or HGF as oncology therapeutics. The prognostic potential of Met expression has been suggested from studies in numerous cancers including lung, renal, liver, head and neck, stomach, and breast. Clinical trials using Met inhibitors indicate that the level of Met expression is a determinant of trial outcome, a finding that is actively under investigation in multiple clinical scenarios. Research in Met prognostics and predictors of drug response is now shifting toward more sophisticated methodologies suitable for development as validated and effective biomarkers that can be partnered with therapeutics to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane R Maroun
- Mirati Therapeutics, 7150 Frederick-Banting, Suite 200, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2A1, Canada.
| | - Tracey Rowlands
- Mirati Therapeutics, 7150 Frederick-Banting, Suite 200, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2A1, Canada
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Scrib heterozygosity predisposes to lung cancer and cooperates with KRas hyperactivation to accelerate lung cancer progression in vivo. Oncogene 2013; 33:5523-33. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Preclinical evaluation of a novel c-Met inhibitor in a gastric cancer xenograft model using small animal PET. Mol Imaging Biol 2013; 15:203-11. [PMID: 22864665 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Here, we describe the efficacy of the novel small molecule c-Met inhibitor BAY 853474 in reducing tumor growth in the Hs746T gastric cancer xenograft model and tested the suitability of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) versus 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) for response monitoring in a gastric cancer xenograft mouse model using small animal PET. PROCEDURES The c-Met inhibitor or vehicle control was administered orally at various doses in tumor-bearing mice. Glucose uptake and proliferation was measured using PET before, 48 and 96 h after the first treatment. The PET data were compared to data from tumor growth curves, autoradiography, Glut-1 and Ki-67 staining of tumor sections, and biochemical analysis of tissue probes, i.e., c-Met and ERK phosphorylation and cyclin D1 levels. RESULTS BAY 853474 significantly reduces tumor growth. [(18)F]FDG uptake in Hs746T tumors was significantly reduced in the groups receiving the drug, compared with the control group. The [(18)F]FLT uptake in the tumor tissue was completely absent 96 h after treatment. Autoradiographic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses confirmed the PET findings. Treatment with the c-Met inhibitor did not affect body weight or glucose levels, and no adverse effects were observed in the animals. CONCLUSION These preclinical findings suggest that clinical PET imaging is a useful tool for early response monitoring in clinical studies.
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Rex K, Lewis XZ, Gobalakrishnan S, Glaus C, Silva MD, Radinsky R, Burgess TL, Gambhir SS, Coxon A. Evaluation of the antitumor effects of rilotumumab by PET imaging in a U-87 MG mouse xenograft model. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:458-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Cawthorne C, Burrows N, Gieling RG, Morrow CJ, Forster D, Gregory J, Radigois M, Smigova A, Babur M, Simpson K, Hodgkinson C, Brown G, McMahon A, Dive C, Hiscock D, Wilson I, Williams KJ. [18F]-FLT positron emission tomography can be used to image the response of sensitive tumors to PI3-kinase inhibition with the novel agent GDC-0941. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:819-28. [PMID: 23427298 PMCID: PMC3670082 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is deregulated in a range of cancers, and several targeted inhibitors are entering the clinic. This study aimed to investigate whether the positron emission tomography tracer 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]-FLT) is suitable to mark the effect of the novel PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941, which has entered phase II clinical trial. CBA nude mice bearing U87 glioma and HCT116 colorectal xenografts were imaged at baseline with [(18)F]-FLT and at acute (18 hours) and chronic (186 hours) time points after twice-daily administration of GDC-0941 (50 mg/kg) or vehicle. Tumor uptake normalized to blood pool was calculated, and tissue was analyzed at sacrifice for PI3K pathway inhibition and thymidine kinase (TK1) expression. Uptake of [(18)F]-FLT was also assessed in tumors inducibly overexpressing a dominant-negative form of the PI3K p85 subunit p85α, as well as HCT116 liver metastases after GDC-0941 therapy. GDC-0941 treatment induced tumor stasis in U87 xenografts, whereas inhibition of HCT116 tumors was more variable. Tumor uptake of [(18)F]-FLT was significantly reduced following GDC-0941 dosing in responsive tumors at the acute time point and correlated with pharmacodynamic markers of PI3K signaling inhibition and significant reduction in TK1 expression in U87, but not HCT116, tumors. Reduction of PI3K signaling via expression of Δp85α significantly reduced tumor growth and [(18)F]-FLT uptake, as did treatment of HCT116 liver metastases with GDC-0941. These results indicate that [(18)F]-FLT is a strong candidate for the noninvasive measurement of GDC-0941 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cawthorne
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Lasnon C, Quak E, Briand M, Gu Z, Louis MH, Aide N. Contrast-enhanced small-animal PET/CT in cancer research: strong improvement of diagnostic accuracy without significant alteration of quantitative accuracy and NEMA NU 4-2008 image quality parameters. EJNMMI Res 2013; 3:5. [PMID: 23327687 PMCID: PMC3563455 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of iodinated contrast media in small-animal positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) could improve anatomic referencing and tumor delineation but may introduce inaccuracies in the attenuation correction of the PET images. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance and accuracy of quantitative values in contrast-enhanced small-animal PET/CT (CEPET/CT) as compared to unenhanced small animal PET/CT (UEPET/CT). Methods Firstly, a NEMA NU 4–2008 phantom (filled with 18F-FDG or 18F-FDG plus contrast media) and a homemade phantom, mimicking an abdominal tumor surrounded by water or contrast media, were used to evaluate the impact of iodinated contrast media on the image quality parameters and accuracy of quantitative values for a pertinent-sized target. Secondly, two studies in 22 abdominal tumor-bearing mice and rats were performed. The first animal experiment studied the impact of a dual-contrast media protocol, comprising the intravenous injection of a long-lasting contrast agent mixed with 18F-FDG and the intraperitoneal injection of contrast media, on tumor delineation and the accuracy of quantitative values. The second animal experiment compared the diagnostic performance and quantitative values of CEPET/CT versus UEPET/CT by sacrificing the animals after the tracer uptake period and imaging them before and after intraperitoneal injection of contrast media. Results There was minimal impact on IQ parameters (%SDunif and spillover ratios in air and water) when the NEMA NU 4–2008 phantom was filled with 18F-FDG plus contrast media. In the homemade phantom, measured activity was similar to true activity (−0.02%) and overestimated by 10.30% when vials were surrounded by water or by an iodine solution, respectively. The first animal experiment showed excellent tumor delineation and a good correlation between small-animal (SA)-PET and ex vivo quantification (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.0001). The second animal experiment showed a good correlation between CEPET/CT and UEPET/CT quantitative values (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated better diagnostic accuracy of CEPET/CT versus UEPET/CT (senior researcher, area under the curve (AUC) 0.96 versus 0.77, P = 0.004; junior researcher, AUC 0.78 versus 0.58, P = 0.004). Conclusions The use of iodinated contrast media for small-animal PET imaging significantly improves tumor delineation and diagnostic performance, without significant alteration of SA-PET quantitative accuracy and NEMA NU 4–2008 IQ parameters.
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Ou SHI, Bartlett CH, Mino-Kenudson M, Cui J, Iafrate AJ. Crizotinib for the treatment of ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer: a success story to usher in the second decade of molecular targeted therapy in oncology. Oncologist 2012; 17:1351-75. [PMID: 22989574 PMCID: PMC3500356 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2012-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crizotinib, an ALK/MET/ROS1 inhibitor, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in August 2011, merely 4 years after the first publication of ALK-rearranged NSCLC. The crizotinib approval was accompanied by the simultaneous approval of an ALK companion diagnostic fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for the detection of ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Crizotinib continued to be developed as an ALK and MET inhibitor in other tumor types driven by alteration in ALK and MET. Crizotinib has recently been shown to be an effective ROS1 inhibitor in ROS1-rearranged NSCLC, with potential future clinical applications in ROS1-rearranged tumors. Here we summarize the heterogeneity within the ALK- and ROS1-rearranged molecular subtypes of NSCLC. We review the past and future clinical development of crizotinib for ALK-rearranged NSCLC and the diagnostic assays to detect ALK-rearranged NSCLC. We highlight how the success of crizotinib has changed the paradigm of future drug development for targeted therapies by targeting a molecular-defined subtype of NSCLC despite its rarity and affected the practice of personalized medicine in oncology, emphasizing close collaboration between clinical oncologists, pathologists, and translational scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California 92868, USA.
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The motivations and methodology for high-throughput PET imaging of small animals in cancer research. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39:1497-509. [PMID: 22790877 PMCID: PMC3411308 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, small-animal PET imaging has become a vital platform technology in cancer research. With the development of molecularly targeted therapies and drug combinations requiring evaluation of different schedules, the number of animals to be imaged within a PET experiment has increased. This paper describes experimental design requirements to reach statistical significance, based on the expected change in tracer uptake in treated animals as compared to the control group, the number of groups that will be imaged, and the expected intra-animal variability for a given tracer. We also review how high-throughput studies can be performed in dedicated small-animal PET, high-resolution clinical PET systems and planar positron imaging systems by imaging more than one animal simultaneously. Customized beds designed to image more than one animal in large-bore small-animal PET scanners are described. Physics issues related to the presence of several rodents within the field of view (i.e. deterioration of spatial resolution and sensitivity as the radial and the axial offsets increase, respectively, as well as a larger effect of attenuation and the number of scatter events), which can be assessed by using the NEMA NU 4 image quality phantom, are detailed.
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Zannetti A, Iommelli F, Speranza A, Salvatore M, Del Vecchio S. 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine PET/CT to guide therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor antagonists and Bcl-xL inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med 2012; 53:443-50. [PMID: 22331221 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.096503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutational status, activation of downstream signaling, and effective apoptotic cascade are all factors that may affect the tumor response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we test whether 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) PET/CT can provide clues for the selection of patients with NSCLC as candidates for treatment with reversible and irreversible EGFR TKIs or combination treatment with Bcl-x(L) inhibitors. METHODS HCC827, H1975, and H1650 NSCLC cells were subcutaneously injected into flanks of nude mice. Tumor-bearing animals were treated daily for 3 d by oral gavage with erlotinib at 50 and 150 mg/kg, CL-387,785 (an irreversible EGFR TKI) at 50 mg/kg, WZ4002 (a more potent irreversible EGFR TKI) at 25 and 50 mg/kg, ABT-263 (a Bcl-x(L) inhibitor) at 6.25 mg/kg, and a combination of erlotinib (50 mg/kg) and ABT-263 (6.25 mg/kg). Imaging studies were performed before and after 3 d of treatment by intravenous injection of 7.4 MBq of (18)F-FLT and small-animal PET/CT of animals at 1 h after injection. Quantitative analysis of reconstructed images of baseline and posttreatment scans was performed, and the percentage change in (18)F-FLT uptake in each animal was determined. Tumor sections were tested for Ki67 immunostaining and the percentage of apoptotic cells. RESULTS Sensitive tumors (HCC827) showed mean decreases in (18)F-FLT uptake of 45% and 28% with high- and low-dose regimens of erlotinib, respectively. Resistant NSCLC cells bearing a T790M mutation (H1975) showed mean increases in (18)F-FLT uptake of 27% and 33% with high and low doses of erlotinib, respectively. Treatment with CL-387,785, low-dose WZ4002, and high-dose WZ4002 caused mean decreases in tracer uptake of 21%, 26%, and 36%, respectively. NSCLC cells that were resistant because of dysregulation of Bcl-2 family members (H1650) showed mean reductions in (18)F-FLT uptake of 49% and 23% with high and low doses of erlotinib, respectively, whereas the addition of ABT-263 did not affect tracer uptake but significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in tumor sections. CONCLUSION PET/CT with (18)F-FLT may contribute to the selection of patients who may benefit from treatment with reversible and irreversible EGFR TKIs and may provide clues about which patients with NSCLC may be candidates for combination treatment with erlotinib and Bcl-x(L) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Zannetti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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