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Pollock NM, Fernandes JP, Woodfield J, Moussa E, Hlavay B, Branton WG, Wuest M, Mohammadzadeh N, Schmitt L, Plemel JR, Julien O, Wuest F, Power C. Gasdermin D activation in oligodendrocytes and microglia drives inflammatory demyelination in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:374-393. [PMID: 37914099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation coupled with demyelination and neuro-axonal damage in the central nervous system (CNS) contribute to disease advancement in progressive multiple sclerosis (P-MS). Inflammasome activation accompanied by proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD) results in cellular hyperactivation and lytic death. Using multiple experimental platforms, we investigated the actions of GSDMD within the CNS and its contributions to P-MS. Brain tissues from persons with P-MS showed significantly increased expression of GSDMD, NINJ1, IL-1β, and -18 within chronic active demyelinating lesions compared to MS normal appearing white matter and nonMS (control) white matter. Conditioned media (CM) from stimulated GSDMD+/+ human macrophages caused significantly greater cytotoxicity of oligodendroglial and neuronal cells, compared to CM from GSDMD-/- macrophages. Oligodendrocytes and CNS macrophages displayed increased Gsdmd immunoreactivity in the central corpus callosum (CCC) of cuprizone (CPZ)-exposed Gsdmd+/+ mice, associated with greater demyelination and reduced oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, compared to CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- animals. CPZ-exposed Gsdmd+/+ mice exhibited significantly increased G-ratios and reduced axonal densities in the CCC compared to CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- mice. Proteomic analyses revealed increased brain complement C1q proteins and hexokinases in CPZ-exposed Gsdmd-/- animals. [18F]FDG PET imaging showed increased glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and whole brain with intact neurobehavioral performance in Gsdmd-/- animals after CPZ exposure. GSDMD activation in CNS macrophages and oligodendrocytes contributes to inflammatory demyelination and neuroaxonal injury, offering mechanistic and potential therapeutic insights into P-MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Schmitt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Power
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Canada.
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2
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Ni R, Straumann N, Fazio S, Dean-Ben XL, Louloudis G, Keller C, Razansky D, Ametamey S, Mu L, Nombela-Arrieta C, Klohs J. Imaging increased metabolism in the spinal cord in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100532. [PMID: 37645255 PMCID: PMC10461215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates crosstalk between the brain and hematopoietic system following cerebral ischemia. Here, we investigated metabolism and oxygenation in the spleen and spinal cord in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) to assess glucose metabolism. Naïve, sham-operated and tMCAO mice underwent multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) assisted by quantitative model-based reconstruction and unmixing algorithms for accurate mapping of oxygenation patterns in peripheral tissues at 24 h after reperfusion. We found increased [18F]FDG uptake and reduced MSOT oxygen saturation, indicating hypoxia in the thoracic spinal cord of tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice but not in the spleen. Reduced spleen size was observed in tMCAO mice compared with sham-operated mice ex vivo. tMCAO led to an increase in the numbers of mature T cells in femoral bone marrow tissues, concomitant with a stark reduction in these cell subsets in the spleen and peripheral blood. The combination of quantitative PET and MSOT thus enabled observation of hypoxia and increased metabolic activity in the spinal cord of tMCAO mice at 24 h after occlusion compared to sham-operated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Straumann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Serana Fazio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xose Luis Dean-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Louloudis
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zentrum für Neurowissenschaften Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ametamey
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH, PSI and USZ, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Buttigieg E, Scheller A, El Waly B, Kirchhoff F, Debarbieux F. Contribution of Intravital Neuroimaging to Study Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:22-38. [PMID: 36653665 PMCID: PMC10119369 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and long-lasting neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by the loss of myelin within the white matter and cortical fibers, axonopathy, and inflammatory responses leading to consequent sensory-motor and cognitive deficits of patients. While complete resolution of the disease is not yet a reality, partial tissue repair has been observed in patients which offers hope for therapeutic strategies. To address the molecular and cellular events of the pathomechanisms, a variety of animal models have been developed to investigate distinct aspects of MS disease. Recent advances of multiscale intravital imaging facilitated the direct in vivo analysis of MS in the animal models with perspective of clinical transfer to patients. This review gives an overview of MS animal models, focusing on the current imaging modalities at the microscopic and macroscopic levels and emphasizing the importance of multimodal approaches to improve our understanding of the disease and minimize the use of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Buttigieg
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bilal El Waly
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franck Debarbieux
- Institut des Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR7289, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie Médicale (CERIMED), Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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4
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Boyko AN, Dolgushin MB, Karalkina MA. [New neuroimaging methods in assessing the activity of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:8-14. [PMID: 37560828 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20231230728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The review presents current data on the use of positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography in multiple sclerosis (MS) to assess the activity of the pathological process, including neuroinflammation, demyelination, activation of microglia, neurodegeneration and local blood flow disorders. These methodologies are a new approach for studying the mechanisms of action and evaluating the clinical effect of disease modifying therapy of MS, especially those capable of penetrating into brain tissue. Among them, the most attention is attracted by cladribine tablets acting on the mechanism of immune reconstitution therapy, most likely with the modulation of immune reactions directly in the brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Boyko
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Dolgushin
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Karalkina
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Thomas AM, Barkhof F, Bulte JWM. Opportunities for Molecular Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Management: Linking Probe to Treatment. Radiology 2022; 303:486-497. [PMID: 35471110 PMCID: PMC9131169 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imaging has been a critical component of multiple sclerosis (MS) management for nearly 40 years. The visual information derived from structural MRI, that is, signs of blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation and demyelination, and brain and spinal cord atrophy, are the primary metrics used to evaluate therapeutic efficacy in MS. The development of targeted imaging probes has expanded our ability to evaluate and monitor MS and its therapies at the molecular level. Most molecular imaging probes evaluated for MS applications are small molecules initially developed for PET, nearly half of which are derived from U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs and those currently undergoing clinical trials. Superparamagnetic and fluorinated particles have been used for tracking circulating immune cells (in situ labeling) and immunosuppressive or remyelinating therapeutic stem cells (ex vivo labeling) clinically using proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) and preclinically using fluorine 19 MRI. Translocator protein PET and 1H MR spectroscopy have been demonstrated to complement imaging metrics from structural (gadolinium-enhanced) MRI in nine and six trials for MS disease-modifying therapies, respectively. Still, despite multiple demonstrations of the utility of molecular imaging probes to evaluate the target location and to elucidate the mechanisms of disease-modifying therapies for MS applications, their use has been sparse in both preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, and the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Room 659, Baltimore, MD 21205 (A.M.T., J.W.M.B.); and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (F.B.)
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, and the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Room 659, Baltimore, MD 21205 (A.M.T., J.W.M.B.); and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (F.B.)
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, and the Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Room 659, Baltimore, MD 21205 (A.M.T., J.W.M.B.); and Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (F.B.)
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6
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Positron emission tomography in multiple sclerosis - straight to the target. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:663-675. [PMID: 34545219 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the impressive progress in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the major challenge ahead is the development of treatments to prevent or delay the irreversible accumulation of clinical disability in progressive forms of the disease. The substrate of clinical progression is neuro-axonal degeneration, and a deep understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this process is a precondition for the development of therapies for progressive MS. PET imaging involves the use of radiolabelled compounds that bind to specific cellular and metabolic targets, thereby enabling direct in vivo measurement of several pathological processes. This approach can provide key insights into the clinical relevance of these processes and their chronological sequence during the disease course. In this Review, we focus on the contribution that PET is making to our understanding of extraneuronal and intraneuronal mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible neuro-axonal damage in MS. We consider the major challenges with the use of PET in MS and the steps necessary to realize clinical benefits of the technique. In addition, we discuss the potential of emerging PET tracers and future applications of existing compounds to facilitate the identification of effective neuroprotective treatments for patients with MS.
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7
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Shimizu K, Agata K, Takasugi S, Goto S, Narita Y, Asai T, Magata Y, Oku N. New strategy for MS treatment with autoantigen-modified liposomes and their therapeutic effect. J Control Release 2021; 335:389-397. [PMID: 34033858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As current treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS) remain chemotherapeutic ones directed toward symptoms, the development of a curative treatment is urgently required. Herein, we show an autoreactive immune cell-targetable approach using autoantigen-modified liposomes for the curative treatment of MS. In these experiments, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by autoantigenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide was used as a model of primary progressive MS, and MOG-modified liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin (MOG-LipDOX) were used as a therapeutic drug. The results showed that the progression of encephalomyelitis symptoms was significantly suppressed by MOG-LipDOX injection, whereas the other samples failed to show any effect. Additionally, invasion of inflammatory immune cells into the spinal cord and demyelination of neurons were clearly suppressed in the MOG-LipDOX-treated mice. FACS analysis revealed that the number of both MOG-recognizable CD4+ T cells in the spleen was obviously decreased after MOG-LipDOX treatment. Furthermore, the number of effector Th17 cells in the spleen was significantly decreased and that of regulatory Treg cells was concomitantly increased. Finally, we demonstrated that myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)-modified liposomes encapsulating DOX (PLP-LipDOX) also showed the therapeutic effect on relapsing-remitting EAE. These findings indicate that autoantigen-modified liposomal drug produced a highly therapeutic effect on EAE by delivering the encapsulated drug to autoantigen-recognizable CD4+ T cells and thus suppressing autoreactive immune responses. The present study suggests that the use of these autoantigen-modified liposomes promises to be a suitable therapeutic approach for the cure of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Agata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shohei Takasugi
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shungo Goto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yudai Narita
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Asai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Magata
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naoto Oku
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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8
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Mitelman SA, Buchsbaum MS, Christian BT, Merrill BM, Adineh M, DeCastro A, Buchsbaum BR, Lehrer DS. Relationship between white matter glucose metabolism and fractional anisotropy in healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 299:111060. [PMID: 32135405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreased fractional anisotropy and increased glucose utilization in the white matter have been reported in schizophrenia. These findings may be indicative of an inverse relationship between these measures of white matter integrity and metabolism. We used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and diffusion-tensor imaging in 19 healthy and 25 schizophrenia subjects to assess and compare coterritorial correlation patterns between glucose utilization and fractional anisotropy on a voxel-by-voxel basis and across a range of automatically placed representative white matter regions of interest. We found a pattern of predominantly negative correlations between white matter metabolism and fractional anisotropy in both healthy and schizophrenia subjects. The overall strength of the relationship was attenuated in subjects with schizophrenia, who displayed significantly fewer and weaker correlations in all regions assessed with the exception of the corpus callosum. This attenuation was most prominent in the left prefrontal white matter and this region also best predicted the diagnosis of schizophrenia. There exists an inverse relationship between the measures of white matter integrity and metabolism, which may therefore be physiologically linked. In subjects with schizophrenia, hypermetabolism in the white matter may be a function of lower white matter integrity, with lower efficiency and increased energetic cost of task-related computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge A Mitelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elmhurst Hospital Center, 79-01 Broadway, Elmhurst, NY 11373, United States.
| | - Monte S Buchsbaum
- NeuroPET Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bradley T Christian
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Avenue, Room T231, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Brian M Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH 45408, United States
| | - Mehdi Adineh
- Wallace-Kettering Neuroscience Institute, Kettering Medical Center, Kettering, OH 45429
| | - Alex DeCastro
- NeuroPET Center, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M6A 2E1
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, East Medical Plaza, Dayton, OH 45408, United States
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Jaiswal S, Knutsen AK, Wilson CM, Fu AH, Tucker LB, Kim Y, Bittner KC, Whiting MD, McCabe JT, Dardzinski BJ. Mild traumatic brain injury induced by primary blast overpressure produces dynamic regional changes in [18F]FDG uptake. Brain Res 2019; 1723:146400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Bauckneht M, Capitanio S, Raffa S, Roccatagliata L, Pardini M, Lapucci C, Marini C, Sambuceti G, Inglese M, Gallo P, Cecchin D, Nobili F, Morbelli S. Molecular imaging of multiple sclerosis: from the clinical demand to novel radiotracers. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:6. [PMID: 31659498 PMCID: PMC6453990 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain PET imaging with different tracers is mainly clinically used in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. In recent years, the potential usefulness of PET has also gained attention in the field of MS. In fact, MS is a complex disease and several processes can be selected as a target for PET imaging. The use of PET with several different tracers has been mainly evaluated in the research setting to investigate disease pathophysiology (i.e. phenotypes, monitoring of progression) or to explore its use a surrogate end-point in clinical trials. Results We have reviewed PET imaging studies in MS in humans and animal models. Tracers have been grouped according to their pathophysiological targets (ie. tracers for myelin kinetic, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration). The emerging clinical indication for brain PET imaging in the differential diagnosis of suspected tumefactive demyelinated plaques as well as the clinical potential provided by PET images in view of the recent introduction of PET/MR technology are also addressed. Conclusion While several preclinical and fewer clinical studies have shown results, full-scale clinical development programs are needed to translate molecular imaging technologies into a clinical reality that could ideally fit into current precision medicine perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bauckneht
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Selene Capitanio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Raffa
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Roccatagliata
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.,Neuroradiology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Lapucci
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the Veneto Region, Department of Neurosciences DNS, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, Padova University Hospital, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Clinical Neurology, Department of Neuroscience (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Increased white matter metabolic rates in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1290-1305. [PMID: 29168086 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are often characterized as disorders of white matter integrity. Multimodal investigations have reported elevated metabolic rates, cerebral perfusion and basal activity in various white matter regions in schizophrenia, but none of these functions has previously been studied in ASD. We used 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to compare white matter metabolic rates in subjects with ASD (n = 25) to those with schizophrenia (n = 41) and healthy controls (n = 55) across a wide range of stereotaxically placed regions-of-interest. Both subjects with ASD and schizophrenia showed increased metabolic rates across the white matter regions assessed, including internal capsule, corpus callosum, and white matter in the frontal and temporal lobes. These increases were more pronounced, more widespread and more asymmetrical in subjects with ASD than in those with schizophrenia. The highest metabolic increases in both disorders were seen in the prefrontal white matter and anterior limb of the internal capsule. Compared to normal controls, differences in gray matter metabolism were less prominent and differences in adjacent white matter metabolism were more prominent in subjects with ASD than in those with schizophrenia. Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia are associated with heightened metabolic activity throughout the white matter. Unlike in the gray matter, the vector of white matter metabolic abnormalities appears to be similar in ASD and schizophrenia, may reflect inefficient functional connectivity with compensatory hypermetabolism, and may be a common feature of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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12
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Aggarwal H, D'souza M, Panwar P, Jyotsna N, Alvi T, Solanki Y, Kumar T, Sharma R. Role of fluoroethyl tyrosine positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan in differentiating ewing's sarcoma from osteomyelitis. World J Nucl Med 2019; 18:77-80. [PMID: 30774555 PMCID: PMC6357705 DOI: 10.4103/wjnm.wjnm_23_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing's sarcoma is a kind of undifferentiated reticulocytic sarcoma, which was first reported in 1921 by James Ewing. It is difficult to differentiate Ewing's sarcoma from osteomyelitis on computed tomography (CT) and X-ray and hence cytological confirmation is needed. Fluorodeoxy glucose being a nonspecific tracer cannot differentiate between malignant and inflammatory lesions. However, it is found that Ewing's sarcoma has increased LAT1 transporter expression at the cell surface. This property has been utilized to specifically target the tumor cells and differentiate them from inflammatory lesions. 18F-fluoroethyl tyrosine (FET) is a radiotracer which shows increased uptake in tumors having LAT1 expression and no uptake in inflammatory lesions. Thus, FET positron emission tomography-computed tomography can serve as a useful tool in diagnosing recurrence or residual Ewing's sarcoma from infective pathology. Besides, it is also helpful in monitoring response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Aggarwal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Panwar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeru Jyotsna
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tauheed Alvi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yachna Solanki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarakant Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India
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13
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Regional elevations in microglial activation and cerebral glucose utilization in frontal white matter tracts of rhesus monkeys following prolonged cocaine self-administration. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1417-1428. [PMID: 30747315 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that exposure to cocaine can result in neuroinflammatory responses. Microglia, the resident CNS immune cells, undergo a transition to an activated state when challenged. In rodents, and possibly humans, cocaine exposure activates microglia. The goal of this study was to assess the extent and magnitude of microglial activation in rhesus monkeys with an extensive history of cocaine self-administration. Male rhesus monkeys (N = 4/group) were trained to respond on a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food or 0.3 mg/kg/injection cocaine presentation (30 reinforcers/session) for 300 sessions. At the end of the final session, monkeys were administered 2-[14C]deoxyglucose intravenously and 45 min later euthanized. Brain sections were used for autoradiographic assessments of glucose utilization and for microglia activation with [3H]PK11195, a marker for the microglial 18-kDa translocator protein. There were no group differences in gray matter [3H]PK11195 binding, while binding was significantly greater in cocaine self-administration animals as compared to food controls in 8 of the 11 white matter tracts measured at the striatal level. Binding did not differ from control at other levels. There were also significant increases in white matter local cerebral glucose utilization at the striatal level, which were positively correlated with [3H]PK11195 binding. The present findings demonstrate an elevation in [3H]PK11195 binding in forebrain white matter tracts of nonhuman primates with a prolonged history of cocaine self-administration. These elevations were also associated with greater cerebral metabolic rates. These data suggest that white matter deficits may contribute to behavioral, motivational, and cognitive impairments observed in cocaine abusers.
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14
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Silva RBM, Greggio S, Venturin GT, da Costa JC, Gomez MV, Campos MM. Beneficial Effects of the Calcium Channel Blocker CTK 01512-2 in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9307-9327. [PMID: 29667130 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) play a critical role in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). CTK 01512-2 is a recombinant version of the peptide Phα1β derived from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, which inhibits N-type VGCC/TRPA1-mediated calcium influx. We investigated the effects of this molecule in the mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The effects of CTK 01512-2 were compared to those displayed by ziconotide-a selective N-type VGCC blocker clinically used for chronic pain-and fingolimod-a drug employed for MS treatment. The intrathecal (i.t.) treatment with CTK 01512-2 displayed beneficial effects, by preventing nociception, body weight loss, splenomegaly, MS-like clinical and neurological scores, impaired motor coordination, and memory deficits, with an efficacy comparable to that observed for ziconotide and fingolimod. This molecule displayed a favorable profile on EAE-induced neuroinflammatory changes, including inflammatory infiltrate, demyelination, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, glial activation, and glucose metabolism in the brain and spinal cord. The recovery of spatial memory, besides a reduction of serum leptin levels, allied to central and peripheral elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, was solely modulated by CTK 01512-2, dosed intrathecally. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of CTK 01512-2 also reduced the EAE-elicited MS-like symptoms, similarly to that seen in animals that received fingolimod orally. Ziconotide lacked any significant effect when dosed by i.v. route. Our results indicate that CTK 01512-2 greatly improved the neuroinflammatory responses in a mouse model of MS, with a higher efficacy when compared to ziconotide, pointing out this molecule as a promising adjuvant for MS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B M Silva
- Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil.,Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil.,Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Graduação em Biomedicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gianina T Venturin
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Jaderson C da Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa Pré-Clínica, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul - Brain Institute (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, 30150-240, Brazil
| | - Maria M Campos
- Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil. .,Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil. .,Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Curso de Graduação em Odontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil. .,Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil.
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15
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Hoehne A, James ML, Alam IS, Ronald JA, Schneider B, D'Souza A, Witney TH, Andrews LE, Cropper HC, Behera D, Gowrishankar G, Ding Z, Wyss-Coray T, Chin FT, Biswal S, Gambhir SS. [ 18F]FSPG-PET reveals increased cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:55. [PMID: 29471880 PMCID: PMC5822551 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) has been implicated in several neurological disorders and, specifically, in multiple sclerosis (MS) as a mediator of glutamate excitotoxicity and proinflammatory immune responses. We aimed to evaluate an xc-specific positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate ([18F]FSPG), for its ability to allow non-invasive monitoring of xc- activity in a mouse model of MS. METHODS Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) followed by pertussis toxin. Control mice received CFA emulsion and pertussis toxin without MOG peptide, while a separate cohort of naïve mice received no treatment. PET studies were performed to investigate the kinetics and distribution of [18F]FSPG in naïve, control, pre-symptomatic, and symptomatic EAE mice, compared to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG). After final PET scans, each mouse was perfused and radioactivity in dissected tissues was measured using a gamma counter. Central nervous system (CNS) tissues were further analyzed using ex vivo autoradiography or western blot. [18F]FSPG uptake in human monocytes, and T cells pre- and post-activation was investigated in vitro. RESULTS [18F]FSPG was found to be more sensitive than [18F]FDG at detecting pathological changes in the spinal cord and brain of EAE mice. Even before clinical signs of disease, a small but significant increase in [18F]FSPG signal was observed in the spinal cord of EAE mice compared to controls. This increase in PET signal became more pronounced in symptomatic EAE mice and was confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution and autoradiography. Likewise, in the brain of symptomatic EAE mice, [18F]FSPG uptake was significantly higher than controls, with the largest changes observed in the cerebellum. Western blot analyses of CNS tissues revealed a significant correlation between light chain of xc- (xCT) protein levels, the subunit of xc- credited with its transporter activity, and [18F]FSPG-PET signal. In vitro [18F]FSPG uptake studies suggest that both activated monocytes and T cells contribute to the observed in vivo PET signal. CONCLUSION These data highlight the promise of [18F]FSPG-PET as a technique to provide insights into neuroimmune interactions in MS and the in vivo role of xc- in the development and progression of this disease, thus warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Hoehne
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michelle L James
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Israt S Alam
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John A Ronald
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bernadette Schneider
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aloma D'Souza
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Timothy H Witney
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lauren E Andrews
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Haley C Cropper
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Deepak Behera
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gayatri Gowrishankar
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Ding
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Frederick T Chin
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sandip Biswal
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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16
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Mahajan KR, Ontaneda D. The Role of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Trials. Neurotherapeutics 2017; 14:905-923. [PMID: 28770481 PMCID: PMC5722766 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging has been crucial in the development of anti-inflammatory disease-modifying treatments. The current landscape of multiple sclerosis clinical trials is currently expanding to include testing not only of anti-inflammatory agents, but also neuroprotective, remyelinating, neuromodulating, and restorative therapies. This is especially true of therapies targeting progressive forms of the disease where neurodegeneration is a prominent feature. Imaging techniques of the brain and spinal cord have rapidly evolved in the last decade to permit in vivo characterization of tissue microstructural changes, connectivity, metabolic changes, neuronal loss, glial activity, and demyelination. Advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques hold significant promise for accelerating the development of different treatment modalities targeting a variety of pathways in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar R Mahajan
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, U-10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, U-10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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17
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Kebir S, Kimmich O, Niehusmann P, Gaertner FC, Essler M, Landsberg J, Klockgether T, Simon M, Herrlinger U, Glas M. 18F-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography-guided diagnosis of a malignant intramedullary spinal cord tumor. Oncol Lett 2017; 12:4705-4707. [PMID: 28105177 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis in patients with a suspected malignant intramedullary lesion that requires biopsy for definitive diagnosis may be challenging, as spinal cord surgery carries the risk of irreversible neurological deficits. The current study presents the first case of 18F-fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in a patient with a spinal cord tumor. The patient was unsuitable for magnetic resonance imaging due to his implanted cardiac defibrillator. 18F-FET PET indicated a high-grade malignancy of the spinal cord, justifying tumor biopsy. Histological analysis was compatible with a malignant melanoma. This is also the first report demonstrating the FET-PET appearance/metabolic phenotype of a malignant melanoma of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sied Kebir
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Stem Cell Pathologies Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Okka Kimmich
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian C Gaertner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Essler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Klockgether
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Stem Cell Pathologies Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, MediClin Robert Janker Klinik, 53129 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Abstract
A 32-year-old woman, with spare previous medical history, presented with neurological symptoms of numbness and diplopia. The patient underwent brain MRI, which revealed a lesion of abnormal signal in the midbrain that could be attributed to subacute stroke; however, consecutive MRIs revealed multiple lesions of abnormal signal pointing to demyelinating disease. During symptoms investigation and MRI findings assessment, the patient underwent a FLT PET/CT examination, which revealed lesions of increased FLT uptake, probably indicating active disease and blood-brain barrier disruption.
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19
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to lesion formation both in the brain and spinal cord. Imaging plays a prominent role in the diagnosis and monitoring of MS. Over a dozen anti-inflammatory therapies are approved for MS and the development of many of these medications was made possible through the use of contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI as a phase II outcome. A similar phase II outcome method for the neurodegeneration that underlies progressive courses of the disease is still unavailable. Although magnetic resonance is an invaluable tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effects in MS, several imaging barriers still exist. In general, MRI is less sensitive to gray matter lesions, lacks pathological specificity, and does not provide quantitative data easily. Several advanced imaging methods including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer, functional MRI, myelin water fraction imaging, ultra-high field MRI, positron emission tomography, and optical coherence tomography of the retina study promising ways of overcoming the difficulties in MS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Robert J Fox
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Poutiainen P, Jaronen M, Quintana FJ, Brownell AL. Precision Medicine in Multiple Sclerosis: Future of PET Imaging of Inflammation and Reactive Astrocytes. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:85. [PMID: 27695400 PMCID: PMC5023680 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques can enhance diagnosis to achieve successful treatment, as well as reveal underlying pathogenic mechanisms in disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The cooperation of advanced multimodal imaging techniques and increased knowledge of the MS disease mechanism allows both monitoring of neuronal network and therapeutic outcome as well as the tools to discover novel therapeutic targets. Diverse imaging modalities provide reliable diagnostic and prognostic platforms to better achieve precision medicine. Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been considered the golden standard in MS research and diagnosis. However, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can provide functional information of molecular biology in detail even prior to anatomic changes, allowing close follow up of disease progression and treatment response. The recent findings support three major neuroinflammation components in MS: astrogliosis, cytokine elevation, and significant changes in specific proteins, which offer a great variety of specific targets for imaging purposes. Regardless of the fact that imaging of astrocyte function is still a young field and in need for development of suitable imaging ligands, recent studies have shown that inflammation and astrocyte activation are related to progression of MS. MS is a complex disease, which requires understanding of disease mechanisms for successful treatment. PET is a precise non-invasive imaging method for biochemical functions and has potential to enhance early and accurate diagnosis for precision therapy of MS. In this review we focus on modulation of different receptor systems and inflammatory aspect of MS, especially on activation of glial cells, and summarize the recent findings of PET imaging in MS and present the most potent targets for new biomarkers with the main focus on experimental MS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Poutiainen
- Athinoula A Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Merja Jaronen
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco J. Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Athinoula A Martinos Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
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21
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Persico MG, Buroni FE, Pasi F, Lodola L, Aprile C, Nano R, Hodolic M. (18)F-FET and (18)F-FCH uptake in human glioblastoma T98G cell lines. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:153-8. [PMID: 27247547 PMCID: PMC4852969 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite complex treatment of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, high grade gliomas often recur. Differentiation between post-treatment changes and recurrence is difficult. 18F-methyl-choline (18F-FCH) is frequently used in staging and detection of recurrent prostate cancer disease as well as some brain tumours; however accumulation in inflammatory tissue limits its specificity. The 18F-ethyl-tyrosine (18F-FET) shows a specific uptake in malignant cells, resulting from increased expression of amino acid transporters or diffusing through the disrupted blood-brain barrier. 18F-FET exhibits lower uptake in machrophages and other inflammatory cells. Aim of this study was to evaluate 18F-FCH and 18F-FET uptake by human glioblastoma T98G cells. Material and methods Human glioblastoma T98G or human dermal fibroblasts cells, seeded at a density to obtain 2 × 105 cells per flask when radioactive tracers were administered, grew adherent to the plastic surface at 37°C in 5% CO2 in complete medium. Equimolar amounts of radiopharmaceuticals were added to cells for different incubation times (20 to 120 minutes) for 18F-FCH and 18F-FET respectively. The cellular radiotracer uptake was determined with a gamma counter. All experiments were carried out in duplicate and repeated three times. The uptake measurements are expressed as the percentage of the administered dose of tracer per 2 × 105 cells. Data (expressed as mean values of % uptake of radiopharmaceuticals) were compared using parametric or non-parametric tests as appropriate. Differences were regarded as statistically significant when p<0.05. Results A significant uptake of 18F-FCH was seen in T98G cells at 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The percentage uptake of 18F-FET in comparison to 18F-FCH was lower by a factor of more than 3, with different kinetic curves.18F-FET showed a more rapid initial uptake up to 40 minutes and 18F-FCH showed a progressive rise reaching a maximum after 90 minutes. Conclusions 18F-FCH and 18F-FET are candidates for neuro-oncological PET imaging. 18F-FET could be the most useful oncological PET marker in the presence of reparative changes after therapy, where the higher affinity of 18F-FCH to inflammatory cells makes it more difficult to discriminate between tumour persistence and non-neoplastic changes. Additional studies on the influence of inflammatory tissue and radionecrotic cellular components on radiopharmaceutical uptake are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovanni Persico
- Department of Oncohaematology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Eleonora Buroni
- Department of Oncohaematology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Pasi
- Department of Oncohaematology, Radiotherapy Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lodola
- Department of Oncohaematology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Aprile
- Department of Oncohaematology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Nano
- Department of Biology and Biotecnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Hodolic
- Nuclear medicine research department, Iason, Graz, Austria
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22
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von Leden RE, Selwyn RG, Jaiswal S, Wilson CM, Khayrullina G, Byrnes KR. (18)F-FDG-PET imaging of rat spinal cord demonstrates altered glucose uptake acutely after contusion injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:126-132. [PMID: 27084688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in an acute reduction in neuronal and glial cell viability, disruption in axonal tract integrity, and prolonged increases in glial activity and inflammation, all of which can influence regional metabolism and glucose utilization. To date, the understanding of glucose uptake and utilization in the injured spinal cord is limited. Positron emission tomography (PET)-based measurements of glucose uptake may therefore serve as a novel biomarker for SCI. This study aimed to determine the acute and sub-acute glucose uptake pattern after SCI to determine its potential as a novel non-invasive tool for injury assessment and to begin to understand the glucose uptake pattern following acute SCI. Briefly, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate contusion SCI, confirmed by locomotor function and histology. PET imaging with [(18)F] Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was performed prior to injury and at 6 and 24h and 15days post-injury (dpi). FDG-PET imaging revealed significantly depressed glucose uptake at 6h post-injury at the lesion epicenter that returned to sham/naïve levels at 24h and 15 dpi after moderate injury. FDG uptake at 15 dpi was likely influenced by a combination of elevated glial presence and reduced neuronal viability. These results show that moderate SCI results in acute depression in glucose uptake followed by an increase in glucose uptake that may be related to neuroinflammation. This acute and sub-acute uptake, which is dependent on cellular responses, may represent a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Reed G Selwyn
- Department of Radiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Colin M Wilson
- Translational Imaging Core, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States; Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
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Lin J, Li X, Xia J. Th17 cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a review. Int J Neurosci 2016; 126:1051-60. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2016.1163550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Martín A, Vázquez-Villoldo N, Gómez-Vallejo V, Padro D, Soria FN, Szczupak B, Plaza-García S, Arrieta A, Reese T, Llop J, Domercq M, Matute C. In vivo imaging of system xc- as a novel approach to monitor multiple sclerosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:1124-38. [PMID: 26659901 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutamate excitotoxicity contributes to oligodendroglial and axonal damage in multiple sclerosis pathology. Extracellular glutamate concentration in the brain is controlled by cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-), a membrane antiporter that imports cystine and releases glutamate. Despite this, the system xc(-) activity and its connection to the inflammatory reaction in multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely unknown. METHODS Longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies with 2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([(18)F]FDG), [(11)C]-(R)-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-1(1-methylpropyl)-3-isoquinolinecarboxamide ([(11)C]PK11195) and (4S)-4-(3-(18)F-fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate ([(18)F]FSPG) were carried out during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction in rats. RESULTS [(18)F]FSPG showed a significant increase of system xc(-) function in the lumbar section of the spinal cord at 14 days post immunization (dpi) that stands in agreement with the neurological symptoms and ventricle edema formation at this time point. Likewise, [(18)F]FDG did not show significant changes in glucose metabolism throughout central nervous system and [(11)C]PK11195 evidenced a significant increase of microglial/macrophage activation in spinal cord and cerebellum 2 weeks after EAE induction. Therefore, [(18)F]FSPG showed a major capacity to discriminate regions of the central nervous system affected by the MS in comparison to [(18)F]FDG and [(11)C]PK11195. Additionally, clodronate-treated rats showed a depletion in microglial population and [(18)F]FSPG PET signal in spinal cord confirming a link between neuroinflammatory reaction and cystine/glutamate antiporter activity in EAE rats. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results suggest that in vivo PET imaging of system xc(-) could become a valuable tool for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Martín
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Nuria Vázquez-Villoldo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniel Padro
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Boguslaw Szczupak
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sandra Plaza-García
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ander Arrieta
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Torsten Reese
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- Molecular Imaging Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain.,Radiochemistry and Nuclear Imaging, CIC biomaGUNE, P° Miramon 182, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, UPV/EHU, 48170, Zamudio, Spain. .,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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Zhong J, Narsinh K, Morel PA, Xu H, Ahrens ET. In Vivo Quantification of Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rats Using Fluorine-19 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reveals Immune Cell Recruitment outside the Nervous System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140238. [PMID: 26485716 PMCID: PMC4618345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in identifying new therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) can be accelerated by using imaging biomarkers of disease progression or abatement in model systems. In this study, we evaluate the ability to noninvasively image and quantitate disease pathology using emerging “hot-spot” 19F MRI methods in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat, a model of MS. Rats with clinical symptoms of EAE were compared to control rats without EAE, as well as to EAE rats that received daily prophylactic treatments with cyclophosphamide. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoemulsion was injected intravenously, which labels predominately monocytes and macrophages in situ. Analysis of the spin-density weighted 19F MRI data enabled quantification of the apparent macrophage burden in the central nervous system and other tissues. The in vivo MRI results were confirmed by extremely high-resolution 19F/1H magnetic resonance microscopy in excised tissue samples and histopathologic analyses. Additionally, 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of intact tissue samples was used to assay the PFC biodistribution in EAE and control rats. In vivo hot-spot 19F signals were detected predominantly in the EAE spinal cord, consistent with the presence of inflammatory infiltrates. Surprising, prominent 19F hot-spots were observed in bone-marrow cavities adjacent to spinal cord lesions; these were not observed in control animals. Quantitative evaluation of cohorts receiving cyclophosphamide treatment displayed significant reduction in 19F signal within the spinal cord and bone marrow of EAE rats. Overall, 19F MRI can be used to quantitatively monitored EAE disease burden, discover unexpected sites of inflammatory activity, and may serve as a sensitive biomarker for the discovery and preclinical assessment of novel MS therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kazim Narsinh
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Penelope A. Morel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Ahrens
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ling ZM, Tang Y, Li YQ, Luo HX, Liu LL, Tu QQ, Zhou LH. Evaluation of Avulsion-Induced Neuropathology in Rat Spinal Cords with 18F-FDG Micro-PET/CT. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127685. [PMID: 26010770 PMCID: PMC4444271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachial plexus root avulsion (BPRA) leads to dramatic motoneuron death and glial reactions in the corresponding spinal segments at the late stage of injury. To protect spinal motoneurons, assessment of the affected spinal segments should be done at an earlier stage of the injury. In this study, we employed 18F-FDG small-animal PET/CT to assess the severity of BPRA-induced cervical spinal cord injuries. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly treated and divided into three groups: Av+NS (brachial plexus root avulsion (Av) treated with normal saline), Av+GM1 (treated with monosialoganglioside), and control. At time points of 3 day (d), 1 week (w), 2 w, 4 w and 8 w post-injury, 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT scans and neuropathology assessments of the injured spinal roots, as well as the spinal cord, were performed. The outcomes of the different treatments were compared. The results showed that BPRA induced local bleeding and typical Wallerian degeneration of the avulsed roots accompanied by 18F-FDG accumulations at the ipsilateral cervical intervertebral foramen. BPRA-induced astrocyte reactions and overexpression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the motoneurons correlated with higher 18F-FDG uptake in the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord during the first 2 w post-injury. The GM1 treatment reduced BPRA-induced astrocyte reactions and inhibited the de novo nNOS expressions in spinal motoneurons. The GM1 treatment also protected spinal motoneurons from avulsion within the first 4 w post-injury. The data from this study suggest that 18F-FDG PET/CT could be used to assess the severity of BPRA-induced primary and secondary injuries in the spinal cord. Furthermore, GM1 is an effective drug for reducing primary and secondary spinal cord injuries following BPRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Min Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qin Li
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Xuan Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qiang Tu
- Small Animal Molecular Imaging Center, Laboratories of Translational Medicine and Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, Bodini B, Stefano ND, Golay X, Nicolay K, Pelletier D, Pouwels PJW, Smith SA, Wheeler-Kingshott CAM, Stankoff B, Yousry T, Miller DH. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: insights from molecular and metabolic imaging. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:807-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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de Paula Faria D, Vlaming ML, Copray SC, Tielen F, Anthonijsz HJ, Sijbesma JW, Buchpiguel CA, Dierckx RA, van der Hoorn JW, de Vries EF. PET Imaging of Disease Progression and Treatment Effects in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Rat Model. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:1330-5. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.137216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Faria DDP, Copray S, Buchpiguel C, Dierckx R, de Vries E. PET imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:468-82. [PMID: 24809810 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive technique for quantitative imaging of biochemical and physiological processes in animals and humans. PET uses probes labeled with a radioactive isotope, called PET tracers, which can bind to or be converted by a specific biological target and thus can be applied to detect and monitor different aspects of diseases. The number of applications of PET imaging in multiple sclerosis is still limited. Clinical studies using PET are basically focused on monitoring changes in glucose metabolism and the presence of activated microglia/macrophages in sclerotic lesions. In preclinical studies, PET imaging of targets for other processes, like demyelination and remyelination, has been investigated and may soon be translated to clinical applications. Moreover, more PET tracers that could be relevant for MS are available now, but have not been studied in this context yet. In this review, we summarize the PET imaging studies performed in multiple sclerosis up to now. In addition, we will identify potential applications of PET imaging of processes or targets that are of interest to MS research, but have yet remained largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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de Paula Faria D, de Vries EFJ, Sijbesma JWA, Buchpiguel CA, Dierckx RAJO, Copray SCVM. PET imaging of glucose metabolism, neuroinflammation and demyelination in the lysolecithin rat model for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 20:1443-52. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514526941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Injection of lysolecithin in the central nervous system results in demyelination accompanied by local activation of microglia and recruitment of monocytes. Positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging, using specific tracers, may be an adequate technique to monitor these events in vivo and therefore may become a tool for monitoring disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of PET imaging in monitoring local lesions, using [11C]MeDAS, [11C]PK11195 and [18F]FDG as PET tracers for myelin density, microglia activation and glucose metabolism, respectively. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were stereotactically injected with either 1% lysolecithin or saline in the corpus callosum and striatum of the right brain hemisphere. PET imaging was performed three days, one week and four weeks after injection. Animals were terminated after PET imaging and the brains were explanted for (immuno)histochemical analysis. Results: PET imaging was able to detect local demyelination induced by lysolecithin in the corpus callosum and striatum with [11C]MeDAS and concomitant microglia activation and monocyte recruitment with [11C]PK11195. [18F]FDG imaging demonstrated that glucose metabolism was maintained in the demyelinated lesions. Conclusion: PET imaging with multiple tracers allows simultaneous in vivo monitoring of myelin density, neuroinflammation and brain metabolism in small MS-like lesions, indicating its potential to monitor disease progression in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik FJ de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen WA Sijbesma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos A Buchpiguel
- Center of Nuclear Medicine, University of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil
| | - Rudi AJO Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef CVM Copray
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Selwyn R, Hockenbury N, Jaiswal S, Mathur S, Armstrong RC, Byrnes KR. Mild traumatic brain injury results in depressed cerebral glucose uptake: An (18)FDG PET study. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1943-53. [PMID: 23829400 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans and rats induces measurable metabolic changes, including a sustained depression in cerebral glucose uptake. However, the effect of a mild TBI on brain glucose uptake is unclear, particularly in rodent models. This study aimed to determine the glucose uptake pattern in the brain after a mild lateral fluid percussion (LFP) TBI. Briefly, adult male rats were subjected to a mild LFP and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG), which was performed prior to injury and at 3 and 24 h and 5, 9, and 16 days post-injury. Locomotor function was assessed prior to injury and at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after injury using modified beam walk tasks to confirm injury severity. Histology was performed at either 10 or 21 days post-injury. Analysis of function revealed a transient impairment in locomotor ability, which corresponds to a mild TBI. Using reference region normalization, PET imaging revealed that mild LFP-induced TBI depresses glucose uptake in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres in comparison with sham-injured and naïve controls from 3 h to 5 days post-injury. Further, areas of depressed glucose uptake were associated with regions of glial activation and axonal damage, but no measurable change in neuronal loss or gross tissue damage was observed. In conclusion, we show that mild TBI, which is characterized by transient impairments in function, axonal damage, and glial activation, results in an observable depression in overall brain glucose uptake using (18)FDG-PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Selwyn
- 1 Department of Radiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
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Wu C, Zhu J, Baeslack J, Zaremba A, Hecker J, Kraso J, Matthews PM, Miller RH, Wang Y. Longitudinal positron emission tomography imaging for monitoring myelin repair in the spinal cord. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:688-98. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Wu
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Science; Case Center for Imaging Research Department of Radiology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Junqing Zhu
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Science; Case Center for Imaging Research Department of Radiology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Jonathan Baeslack
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Science; Case Center for Imaging Research Department of Radiology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Anita Zaremba
- Department of Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Jordan Hecker
- Department of Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Janet Kraso
- Department of Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Paul M. Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences; Imperial College; London United Kingdom
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development; Brentford United Kingdom
| | - Robert H. Miller
- Department of Neurosciences; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
| | - Yanming Wang
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Science; Case Center for Imaging Research Department of Radiology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland OH
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