1
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Myburgh PJ, Sai KKS. Development and Optimization of 11C-Labeled Radiotracers: A Review of the Modern Quality Control Design Process. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1616-1631. [PMID: 37974626 PMCID: PMC10644505 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction - Several 11C-tracers have demonstrated high potential in early diagnostic PET imaging applications of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These radiotracers often track critical biomarkers in disease pathogenesis such as tau fibrils ([11C]PBB3) or β-amyloid plaques ([11C]PiB) associated with such diseases. Purpose - The short review aims to serve as a guideline in the future development of radiotracers for students, postdocs and/or new radiochemists who will be synthesizing clinical grade or novel research 11C-tracers, including knowledge of regulatory requirements. We aim to bridge the gap between novel and established 11C-tracer quality control (QC) processes through exploring the design process and regulatory requirements for 11C-pharmaceuticals. Methods - A literature survey was undertaken to identify articles with a detailed description of the QC methodology and characterization for each of the sections of the review. Overview - First a general summary of 11C-tracer production was presented; this was used to establish possible places for contamination or assurances for a sterile final product. The key mandated QC analyses for clinical use were then discussed. Further, we assessed the QC methods used for established 11C-tracers and then reviewed the routine QC tests for preclinical translational and validation studies. Therefore, both mandated QC methods for clinical and preclinical animal studies were reviewed. Last, some examples of optimization and automation were reviewed, and implications of the QC practices associated with such procedures were considered. Conclusion - All of the common QC parameters associated with 11C-tracers under clinical and preclinical settings (along with a few exceptions) were discussed in detail. While it is important to establish standard, peer-reviewed QC testing protocols for a novel 11C-tracer entering the clinical umbrella, equal importance is needed on preclinical applications to address credibility and repeatability for the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational
Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational
Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest
Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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2
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Kaur T, Shao X, Horikawa M, Sharninghausen LS, Preshlock S, Brooks AF, Henderson BD, Koeppe RA, DaSilva AF, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Strategies for the Production of [ 11C]LY2795050 for Clinical Use. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:373-381. [PMID: 36874204 PMCID: PMC9983641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a comparison of four different routes for the clinical-scale radiosynthesis of the κ-opioid receptor antagonist [11C]LY2795050. Palladium-mediated radiocyanation and radiocarbonylation of an aryl iodide precursor as well as copper-mediated radiocyanation of an aryl iodide and an aryl boronate ester have been investigated. Full automation of all four methods is reported, each of which provides [11C]LY2795050 in sufficient radiochemical yield, molar activity, and radiochemical purity for clinical use. The advantages and disadvantages of each radiosynthesis method are compared and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bradford D. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache Orofacial Pain Effort (H.O.P.E.), Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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3
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Johnson BN, Kumar A, Su Y, Singh S, Sai KKS, Nader SH, Li S, Reboussin BA, Huang Y, Deep G, Nader MA. PET imaging of kappa opioid receptors and receptor expression quantified in neuron-derived extracellular vesicles in socially housed female and male cynomolgus macaques. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:410-417. [PMID: 36100655 PMCID: PMC9751296 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent positron emission tomography (PET) studies of kappa opioid receptors (KOR) in humans reported significant relationships between KOR availability and social status, as well as cocaine choice. In monkey models, social status influences physiology, receptor pharmacology and behavior; these variables have been associated vulnerability to cocaine abuse. The present study utilized PET imaging to examine KOR availability in socially housed, cocaine-naïve female and male monkeys, and peripheral measures of KORs with neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDE). KOR availability was assessed in dominant and subordinate female and male cynomolgus macaques (N = 4/rank/sex), using PET imaging with the KOR selective agonist [11C]EKAP. In addition, NDE from the plasma of socially housed monkeys (N = 13/sex; N = 6-7/rank) were isolated by immunocapture method and analyzed for OPRK1 protein expression by ELISA. We found significant interactions between sex and social rank in KOR availability across 12 of 15 brain regions. This was driven by female data, in which KOR availability was significantly higher in subordinate monkeys compared with dominant monkeys; the opposite relationship was observed among males, but not statistically significant. No sex or rank differences were observed for NDE OPRK1 concentrations. In summary, the relationship between brain KOR availability and social rank was different in female and male monkeys. This was particularly true in female monkeys. We hypothesize that lower [11C]EKAP binding potentials were due to higher concentrations of circulating dynorphin, which is consistent with greater vulnerability in dominant compared with subordinate females. These findings suggest that the KOR is an important target for understanding the neurobiology associated with vulnerability to abused drugs and sex differences, and detectable in peripheral circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard N Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Center for Addiction Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Susan H Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Songye Li
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Center for Addiction Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Michael A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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4
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Zhou YP, Makaravage KJ, Brugarolas P. Radiolabeling with [ 11C]HCN for Positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 102-103:56-86. [PMID: 34624831 PMCID: PMC8978408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a versatile synthon for generating carbon‑carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Unlike other one-carbon synthons (i.e., CO, CO2), HCN can function as a nucleophile (as in potassium cyanide, KCN) and an electrophile (as in cyanogen bromide, (CN)Br). The incorporation of the CN motif into organic molecules generates nitriles, hydantoins and (thio)cyanates, which can be converted to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides and amines. Such versatile chemistry is particularly attractive in PET radiochemistry where diverse bioactive small molecules incorporating carbon-11 in different positions need to be produced. The first examples of making [11C]HCN for radiolabeling date back to the 1960s. During the ensuing decades, [11C]cyanide labeling was popular for producing biologically important molecules including 11C-labeled α-amino acids, sugars and neurotransmitters. [11C]cyanation is now reemerging in many PET centers due to its versatility for making novel tracers. Here, we summarize the chemistry of [11C]HCN, review the methods to make [11C]HCN past and present, describe methods for labeling different types of molecules with [11C]HCN, and provide an overview of the reactions available to convert nitriles into other functional groups. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges and opportunities in [11C]HCN labeling such as developing more robust methods to produce [11C]HCN and developing rapid and selective methods to convert nitriles into other functional groups in complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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5
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Placzek MS. Imaging Kappa Opioid Receptors in the Living Brain with Positron Emission Tomography. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 271:547-577. [PMID: 34363128 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) neuroimaging using positron emission tomography (PET) has been immensely successful in all phases of discovery and validation in relation to radiotracer development from preclinical imaging to human imaging. There are now several KOR-specific PET radiotracers that can be utilized for neuroimaging, including agonist and antagonist ligands, as well as C-11 and F-18 variants. These technologies will increase KOR PET utilization by imaging centers around the world and have provided a foundation for future studies. In this chapter, I review the advances in KOR radiotracer discovery, focusing on ligands that have been translated into human imaging, and highlight key attributes unique to each KOR PET radiotracer. The utilization of these radiotracers in KOR PET neuroimaging can be subdivided into three major investigational classes: the first, measurement of KOR density; the second, measurement of KOR drug occupancy; the third, detecting changes in endogenous dynorphin following activation or deactivation. Given the involvement of the KOR/dynorphin system in a number of brain disorders including, but not limited to, pain, itch, mood disorders and addiction, measuring KOR density in the living brain will offer insight into the chronic effects of these disorders on KOR tone in humans. Notably, KOR PET has been successful at measuring drug occupancy in the human brain to guide dose selection for maximal therapeutic efficacy while avoiding harmful side effects. Lastly, we discuss the potential of KOR PET to detect changes in endogenous dynorphin in the human brain, to elucidate neural mechanisms and offer critical insight into disease-modifying therapeutics. We conclude with comments on other translational neuroimaging modalities such as MRI that could be used to study KOR-dynorphin tone in the living human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Ferrat M, Dahl K, Schou M. One-Pot Synthesis of 11 C-Labelled Primary Benzamides via Intermediate [ 11 C]Aroyl Dimethylaminopyridinium Salts. Chemistry 2021; 27:8689-8693. [PMID: 33885193 PMCID: PMC8251633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic 11C‐labelled aroyl dimethylaminopyridinium salts, obtained by carbonylative cross‐coupling of aryl halides with [11C]carbon monoxide, were prepared for the first time and shown to be valuable intermediates in the synthesis of primary [11C]benzamides. The methodology furnished a set of benzamide model compounds, including the two poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors niraparib and veliparib, in moderate to excellent radiochemical yields. In addition to providing a convenient and practical route to primary [11C]benzamides, the current method paves the way for future application of [11C]aroyl dimethylaminopyridinium halide salts in positron emission tomography (PET) tracer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ferrat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska, Institutet and Stockholm County Council, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska, Institutet and Stockholm County Council, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca PET Science Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Takamura Y, Kakuta H. In Vivo Receptor Visualization and Evaluation of Receptor Occupancy with Positron Emission Tomography. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5226-5251. [PMID: 33905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is useful for noninvasive in vivo visualization of disease-related receptors, for evaluation of receptor occupancy to determine an appropriate drug dosage, and for proof-of-concept of drug candidates in translational research. For these purposes, the specificity of the PET tracer for the target receptor is critical. Here, we review work in this area, focusing on the chemical structures of reported PET tracers, their Ki/Kd values, and the physical properties relevant to target receptor selectivity. Among these physical properties, such as cLogP, cLogD, molecular weight, topological polar surface area, number of hydrogen bond donors, and pKa, we focus especially on LogD and LogP as important physical properties that can be easily compared across a range of studies. We discuss the success of PET tracers in evaluating receptor occupancy and consider likely future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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8
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A Survey of Molecular Imaging of Opioid Receptors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224190. [PMID: 31752279 PMCID: PMC6891617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of endogenous peptide ligands for morphine binding sites occurred in parallel with the identification of three subclasses of opioid receptor (OR), traditionally designated as μ, δ, and κ, along with the more recently defined opioid-receptor-like (ORL1) receptor. Early efforts in opioid receptor radiochemistry focused on the structure of the prototype agonist ligand, morphine, although N-[methyl-11C]morphine, -codeine and -heroin did not show significant binding in vivo. [11C]Diprenorphine ([11C]DPN), an orvinol type, non-selective OR antagonist ligand, was among the first successful PET tracers for molecular brain imaging, but has been largely supplanted in research studies by the μ-preferring agonist [11C]carfentanil ([11C]Caf). These two tracers have the property of being displaceable by endogenous opioid peptides in living brain, thus potentially serving in a competition-binding model. Indeed, many clinical PET studies with [11C]DPN or [11C]Caf affirm the release of endogenous opioids in response to painful stimuli. Numerous other PET studies implicate μ-OR signaling in aspects of human personality and vulnerability to drug dependence, but there have been very few clinical PET studies of μORs in neurological disorders. Tracers based on naltrindole, a non-peptide antagonist of the δ-preferring endogenous opioid enkephalin, have been used in PET studies of δORs, and [11C]GR103545 is validated for studies of κORs. Structures such as [11C]NOP-1A show selective binding at ORL-1 receptors in living brain. However, there is scant documentation of δ-, κ-, or ORL1 receptors in healthy human brain or in neurological and psychiatric disorders; here, clinical PET research must catch up with recent progress in radiopharmaceutical chemistry.
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Browne CA, Lucki I. Targeting opioid dysregulation in depression for the development of novel therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:51-76. [PMID: 31051197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the serendipitous discovery of the first class of modern antidepressants in the 1950's, all pharmacotherapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration for major depressive disorder (MDD) have shared a common mechanism of action, increased monoaminergic neurotransmission. Despite the widespread availability of antidepressants, as many as 50% of depressed patients are resistant to these conventional therapies. The significant length of time required to produce meaningful symptom relief with these medications, 4-6 weeks, indicates that other mechanisms are likely involved in the pathophysiology of depression which may yield more viable targets for drug development. For decades, no viable candidate target with a different mechanism of action to that of conventional therapies proved successful in clinical studies. Now several exciting avenues for drug development are under intense investigation. One of these emerging targets is modulation of endogenous opioid tone. This review will evaluate preclinical and clinical evidence pertaining to opioid dysregulation in depression, focusing on the role of the endogenous ligands endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) and their respective receptors, mu (MOR), delta (DOR), kappa (KOR), and the N/OFQ receptor (NOP) in mediating behaviors relevant to depression and anxiety. Finally, putative opioid based antidepressants that are under investigation in clinical trials, ALKS5461, JNJ-67953964 (formerly LY2456302 and CERC-501) and BTRX-246040 (formerly LY-2940094) will be discussed. This review will illustrate the potential therapeutic value of targeting opioid dysregulation in developing novel therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States of America
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States of America.
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Li S, Zheng MQ, Naganawa M, Gao H, Pracitto R, Shirali A, Lin SF, Teng JK, Ropchan J, Huang Y. Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist as Improved PET Radiotracer: Development and in Vivo Evaluation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1523-1531. [PMID: 30726092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is involved in depression, alcoholism, and drug abuse. The current agonist radiotracer 11C-GR103545 is not ideal for imaging KOR due to its slow tissue kinetics in human. The aim of our project was to develop novel KOR agonist radiotracers with improved imaging properties. A novel compound FEKAP ((( R))-4-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl)-3-((ethyl(2-fluoroethyl)amino)methyl) piperazine-1-carboxylate) was designed, synthesized, and assayed for in vitro binding affinities. It was then radiolabeled and evaluated in rhesus monkeys. Baseline and blocking scans were conducted on a Focus-220 scanner to assess binding specificity and selectivity. Metabolite-corrected arterial activities over time were measured and used as input functions to analyze the brain regional time-activity curves and derive kinetic and binding parameters with kinetic modeling. FEKAP displayed high KOR binding affinity ( Ki = 0.43 nM) and selectivity (17-fold over mu opioid receptor and 323-fold over delta opioid receptor) in vitro. 11C-FEKAP was prepared in high molar activity (mean of 718 GBq/μmol, n = 19) and >99% radiochemical purity. In monkeys, 11C-FEKAP metabolized fairly fast, with ∼31% of intact parent fraction at 30 min post-injection. In the brain, it exhibited fast and reversible kinetics with good uptake. Pretreatment with the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) decreased uptake in high binding regions to the level in the cerebellum, and the selective KOR antagonist LY2456302 (0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg) reduced 11C-FEKAP specific binding in a dose-dependent manner. As a measure of specific binding signals, the mean binding potential ( BPND) values of 11C-FEKAP derived from the multilinear analysis-1 (MA1) method were greater than 0.5 for all regions, except for the thalamus. The novel KOR agonist tracer 11C-FEKAP demonstrated binding specificity and selectivity in vivo and exhibited attractive properties of fast tissue kinetics and high specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Hong Gao
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Anupama Shirali
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jo-Ku Teng
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
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Placzek MS, Schroeder FA, Che T, Wey HY, Neelamegam R, Wang C, Roth BL, Hooker JM. Discrepancies in Kappa Opioid Agonist Binding Revealed through PET Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:384-395. [PMID: 30212182 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) modulation has been pursued in many conceptual frameworks for the treatment of human pain, depression, and anxiety. As such, several imaging tools have been developed to characterize the density of KORs in the human brain and its occupancy by exogenous drug-like compounds. While exploring the pharmacology of KOR tool compounds using positron emission tomography (PET), we observed discrepancies in the apparent competition binding as measured by changes in binding potential (BPND, binding potential with respect to non-displaceable uptake). This prompted us to systematically look at the relationships between baseline BPND maps for three common KOR PET radioligands, the antagonists [11C]LY2795050 and [11C]LY2459989, and the agonist [11C]GR103545. We then measured changes in BPND using kappa antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone, LY2795050, JDTic, nor-BNI), and found BPND was affected similarly between [11C]GR103545 and [11C]LY2459989. Longitudinal PET studies with nor-BNI and JDTic were also examined, and we observed a persistent decrease in [11C]GR103545 BPND up to 25 days after drug administration for both nor-BNI and JDTic. Kappa agonists were also administered, and butorphan and GR89696 (racemic GR103545) impacted binding to comparable levels between the two radiotracers. Of greatest significance, kappa agonists salvinorin A and U-50488 caused dramatic reductions in [11C]GR103545 BPND but did not change [11C]LY2459989 binding. This discrepancy was further examined in dose-response studies with each radiotracer as well as in vitro binding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Frederick A. Schroeder
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Tao Che
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Li S, Zheng MQ, Naganawa M, Kim S, Gao H, Kapinos M, Labaree D, Huang Y. Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist as a PET Radiotracer with Superior Imaging Characteristics. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1023-1030. [PMID: 30630942 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown κ-opioid receptor (KOR) abnormalities in addictive disorders, other central nervous system diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. We have developed the first set of agonist 11C-GR103545 and antagonist 11C-LY2795050 radiotracers for PET imaging of KOR in humans. Nonetheless, 11C-GR103545 displays protracted uptake kinetics and is not an optimal radiotracer. Here, we report the development and evaluation of 11C-methyl-(R)-4-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl)-3-((diethylamino)methyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (11C-EKAP) and its comparison with 11C-GR103545. Methods: EKAP was synthesized and assayed for in vitro binding affinities and then radiolabeled. PET studies were performed on rhesus monkeys. Blocking studies were performed with naloxone and the selective KOR antagonists LY2795050 and LY2456302. Arterial input functions were generated for use in kinetic modeling. Brain TACs were analyzed with multilinear analysis 1 to derive binding parameters. Results: EKAP has high KOR affinity (inhibition constant, 0.28 nM) and good selectivity in vitro. 11C-EKAP was prepared in good radiochemical purity. 11C-EKAP rapidly metabolized in plasma and displayed fast and reversible kinetics in brain, with peak uptake at less than 20 min after injection. Preblocking with naloxone (1 mg/kg) or LY2795050 (0.2 mg/kg) produced 84%-89% receptor occupancy, whereas LY2456302 (0.05 and 0.3 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced 11C-EKAP-specific binding, thus demonstrating its binding specificity and selectivity in vivo. Mean multilinear analysis 1-derived nondisplaceable binding potential values were 1.74, 1.79, 1.46, 0.80, and 0.77 for cingulate cortex, globus pallidus, insula, striatum, and frontal cortex, respectively, consistent with the known KOR distribution in primate brains. Conclusion: We have successfully developed 11C-EKAP as a KOR agonist tracer with dual attractive imaging properties of fast uptake kinetics and high specific binding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sujin Kim
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hong Gao
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Kapinos
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Thobois S, Brefel-Courbon C, Le Bars D, Sgambato-Faure V. Molecular Imaging of Opioid System in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:275-303. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Li S, Cai Z, Zheng MQ, Holden D, Naganawa M, Lin SF, Ropchan J, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Lara-Jaime T, Navarro A, Huang Y. Novel 18F-Labeled κ-Opioid Receptor Antagonist as PET Radiotracer: Synthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 in Nonhuman Primates. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:140-146. [PMID: 28747521 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.195586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) has been implicated in depression, addictions, and other central nervous system disorders and, thus, is an important target for drug development. We previously developed several 11C-labeled PET radiotracers for KOR imaging in humans. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 as the first 18F-labeled KOR antagonist radiotracer in nonhuman primates and its comparison with 11C-LY2459989. Methods: The novel radioligand 18F-LY2459989 was synthesized by 18F displacement of a nitro group or an iodonium ylide. PET scans in rhesus monkeys were obtained on a small-animal scanner to assess the pharmacokinetic and in vivo binding properties of the ligand. Metabolite-corrected arterial activity curves were measured and used as input functions in the analysis of brain time-activity curves and the calculation of binding parameters. Results: With the iodonium ylide precursor, 18F-LY2459989 was prepared at high radiochemical yield (36% ± 7% [mean ± SD]), radiochemical purity (>99%), and mean molar activity (1,175 GBq/μmol; n = 6). In monkeys, 18F-LY2459989 was metabolized at a moderate rate, with a parent fraction of approximately 35% at 30 min after injection. Fast and reversible kinetics were observed, with a regional peak uptake time of less than 20 min. Pretreatment with the selective KOR antagonist LY2456302 (0.1 mg/kg) decreased the activity level in regions with high levels of binding to that in the cerebellum, thus demonstrating the binding specificity and selectivity of 18F-LY2459989 in vivo. Regional time-activity curves were well fitted by the multilinear analysis 1 kinetic model to derive reliable estimates of regional distribution volumes. With the cerebellum as the reference region, regional binding potentials were calculated and ranked as follows: cingulate cortex > insula > caudate/putamen > frontal cortex > temporal cortex > thalamus, consistent with the reported KOR distribution in the monkey brain. Conclusion: The evaluation of 18F-LY2459989 in nonhuman primates demonstrated many attractive imaging properties: fast tissue kinetics, specific and selective binding to the KOR, and high specific binding signals. A side-by-side comparison of 18F-LY2459989 and 11C-LY2459989 indicated similar kinetic and binding profiles for the 2 radiotracers. Taken together, the results indicated that 18F-LY2459989 appears to be an excellent PET radiotracer for the imaging and quantification of the KOR in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songye Li
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Michael Kapinos
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Teresa Lara-Jaime
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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15
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Pirisedigh A, Blais V, Ait-Mohand S, Abdallah K, Holleran BJ, Leduc R, Dory YL, Gendron L, Guérin B. Synthesis and Evaluation of a 64Cu-Conjugate, a Selective δ-Opioid Receptor Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agent. Org Lett 2017; 19:2018-2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Pirisedigh
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Samia Ait-Mohand
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Khaled Abdallah
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brian J. Holleran
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yves L. Dory
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Brigitte Guérin
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, ‡Department of Pharmacology and
Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
and §Laboratoire de Synthèse
Supramoléculaire, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre
de recherche du CHUS, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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16
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Approaches for the discovery of novel positron emission tomography radiotracers for brain imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Cai Z, Li S, Pracitto R, Navarro A, Shirali A, Ropchan J, Huang Y. Fluorine-18-Labeled Antagonist for PET Imaging of Kappa Opioid Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:12-16. [PMID: 27741398 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists are potential drug candidates for diseases such as treatment-refractory depression, anxiety, and addictive disorders. PET imaging radiotracers for KOR can be used in occupancy study to facilitate drug development, and to investigate the roles of KOR in health and diseases. We have previously developed two 11C-labeled antagonist radiotracers with high affinity and selectivity toward KOR. What is limiting their wide applications is the short half-life of 11C. Herein, we report the synthesis of a first 18F-labeled KOR antagonist radiotracer and the initial PET imaging study in a nonhuman primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxin Cai
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Songye Li
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard Pracitto
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Antonio Navarro
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Anupama Shirali
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET
Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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18
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Schmitt S, Delamare J, Tirel O, Fillesoye F, Dhilly M, Perrio C. N-[ 18F]-FluoropropylJDTic for κ-opioid receptor PET imaging: Radiosynthesis, pre-clinical evaluation, and metabolic investigation in comparison with parent JDTic. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 44:50-61. [PMID: 27821345 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To image kappa opioid receptor (KOR) for preclinical studies, N-fluoropropylJDTic 9 derived from the best-established KOR antagonist JDTic, was labeled with fluorine-18. METHODS Radiosynthesis of [18F]9 was achieved according to an automated two-step procedure from [18F]-fluoride. Peripheral and cerebral distributions were determined by ex vivo experiments and by PET imaging in mouse. Radiometabolism studies were performed both in vivo in mice and in vitro in mouse and human liver microsomes. Identification of the major metabolic fragmentations was carried out by UPLC-MS analysis of enzymatic cleavage of non-radioactive ligand 9. Microsomal metabolic degradation of parent JDTic was also achieved for comparison. RESULTS The radiotracer [18F]9 was produced after 140±5min total synthesis time (2.2±0.4% not decay corrected radiochemical yield) with a specific activity of 41-89GBq/μmol (1.1-2.4Ci/μmol). Peripheral and regional brain distributions of [18F]9 were consistent with known KOR locations but no significant specific binding in brain was shown. [18F]9 presented a typical hepatobiliary and renal elimination, and was rapidly metabolized. The in vivo and in vitro radiometabolic profiles of [18F]9 were similar. Piperidine 12 was identified as the major metabolic fragment of the non-radioactive ligand 9. JDTic 7 was found to be much more stable than 9. CONCLUSION Although the newly proposed radioligand [18F]9 was concluded to be not suitable for KOR PET imaging due to the formation of brain penetrating radiometabolites, our findings highlight the metabolic stability of JDTic and may help in the design of novel JDTic derivatives for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Schmitt
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Delamare
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Olivier Tirel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Fabien Fillesoye
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Martine Dhilly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Cécile Perrio
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, UMR6301-ISTCT, LDM-TEP, Cyceron, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, 14000, Caen, France.
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Rotstein BH, Liang SH, Placzek MS, Hooker JM, Gee AD, Dollé F, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. (11)C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds made easily for positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4708-26. [PMID: 27276357 PMCID: PMC5000859 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The positron-emitting radionuclide carbon-11 ((11)C, t1/2 = 20.3 min) possesses the unique potential for radiolabeling of any biological, naturally occurring, or synthetic organic molecule for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Carbon-11 is most often incorporated into small molecules by methylation of alcohol, thiol, amine or carboxylic acid precursors using [(11)C]methyl iodide or [(11)C]methyl triflate (generated from [(11)C]carbon dioxide or [(11)C]methane). Consequently, small molecules that lack an easily substituted (11)C-methyl group are often considered to have non-obvious strategies for radiolabeling and require a more customized approach. [(11)C]Carbon dioxide itself, [(11)C]carbon monoxide, [(11)C]cyanide, and [(11)C]phosgene represent alternative reactants to enable (11)C-carbonylation. Methodologies developed for preparation of (11)C-carbonyl groups have had a tremendous impact on the development of novel PET tracers and provided key tools for clinical research. (11)C-Carbonyl radiopharmaceuticals based on labeled carboxylic acids, amides, carbamates and ureas now account for a substantial number of important imaging agents that have seen translation to higher species and clinical research of previously inaccessible targets, which is a testament to the creativity, utility and practicality of the underlying radiochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven H Liang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Michael S Placzek
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA and McLean Hospital, Belmont, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, HMS, Charlestown, USA
| | | | - Frédéric Dollé
- CEA - Institut d'imagerie biomédicale, Service hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alan A Wilson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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20
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Agudelo C, Aizenstein HJ, Karp JF, Reynolds CF. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging for treatment-resistant late-life depression. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 26246790 PMCID: PMC4518699 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2015.17.2/cagudelo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) is a growing public and global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations and etiology. This literature review summarizes neuroimaging findings associated with depression in older adults and treatment-response variability. LLD has been associated with cerebral atrophy, diminished myelin integrity, and cerebral lesions in frontostriatal-limbic regions. These associations help explain the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome observed in LLD, and support cerebrovascular burden as a pathogenic mechanism. Furthermore, this review suggests that neuroimaging determinants of treatment resistance also reflect cerebrovascular burden. Of the theoretical etiologies of LLD, cerebrovascular burden may mediate treatment resistance. This review proposes that neuroimaging has the potential for clinical translation. Controlled trials may identify neuroimaging biomarkers that may inform treatment by identifying depressed adults likely to remit with pharmacotherapy, identifying individualized therapeutic dose, and facilitating earlier treatment response measures. Neuroimaging also has the potential to similarly inform treatment response variability from treatment with aripiprazole (dopamine modulator) and buprenorphine (opiate modulator).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agudelo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Howard J Aizenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan F Karp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles F Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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22
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Immediate and Persistent Effects of Salvinorin A on the Kappa Opioid Receptor in Rodents, Monitored In Vivo with PET. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2865-72. [PMID: 26058662 PMCID: PMC4864638 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in opioid receptor binding with positron emission tomography (PET) could lead to a better understanding of tolerance and addiction because altered opioid receptor dynamics following agonist exposure has been linked to tolerance mechanisms. We have studied changes in kappa opioid receptor (KOR) binding availability in vivo with PET following kappa opioid agonist administration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=31) were anesthetized and treated with the (KOR) agonist salvinorin A (0.01-1.8 mg/kg, i.v.) before administration of the KOR selective radiotracer [(11)C]GR103545. When salvinorin A was administered 1 min prior to injection of the radiotracer, [(11)C]GR103545 binding potential (BPND) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating receptor binding competition. In addition, the unique pharmacokinetics of salvinorin A (half-life ~8 min in non-human primates) allowed us to study the residual impact on KOR after the drug had eliminated from the brain. Salvinorin A was administered up to 5 h prior to [(11)C]GR103545, and the changes in BPND were compared with baseline, 2.5 h, 1 h, and 1 min pretreatment times. At lower doses (0.18 mg/kg and 0.32 mg/kg) we observed no prolonged effect on KOR binding but at 0.60 mg/kg salvinorin A induced a sustained decrease in KOR binding (BPND decreased by 40-49%) which persisted up to 2.5 h post administration, long after salvinorin A had been eliminated from the brain. These data point towards an agonist-induced adaptive response by KOR, the dynamics of which have not been previously studied in vivo with PET.
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