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Ramogida C, Price E. Transition and Post-Transition Radiometals for PET Imaging and Radiotherapy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2729:65-101. [PMID: 38006492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3499-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiometals are an exciting class of radionuclides because of the large number of metallic elements available that have medically useful isotopes. To properly harness radiometals, they must be securely bound by chelators, which must be carefully matched to the radiometal ion to maximize radiolabeling performance and the stability of the resulting complex. This chapter focuses on practical aspects of radiometallation chemistry including chelator selection, radiolabeling procedures and conditions, radiolysis prevention, purification, quality control, requisite equipment and reagents, and useful tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ramogida
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Eric Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Alati S, Singh R, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, Banerjee SR. Preclinical Development in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:663-686. [PMID: 37468417 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Among the various treatment options, radiopharmaceutical therapy has shown notable success in metastatic, castration-resistant disease. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is a systemic approach that delivers cytotoxic radiation doses precisely to the malignant tumors and/or tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a therapeutic radionuclide and a high-affinity, tumor-targeting carrier molecule. Therapeutic radionuclides used in preclinical prostate cancer studies are primarily α-, β--, or Auger-electron-emitting radiometals or radiohalogens. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody-derived fragments, peptides, and small molecules are frequently used as tumor-targeting molecules. Over the years, several important membrane-associated proteases and receptors have been identified, validated, and subsequently used for preclinical radiotherapeutic development for prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is the most well-studied prostate cancer-associated protease in preclinical literature. PSMA-targeting radiotherapeutic agents are being investigated using high-affinity antibody- and small-molecule-based agents for safety and efficacy. Early generations of such agents were developed simply by replacing radionuclides of the imaging agents with therapeutic ones. Later, extensive structure-activity relationship studies were conducted to address the safety and efficacy issues obtained from initial patient data. Recent regulatory approval of the 177Lu-labeled low-molecular-weight agent, 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a significant accomplishment. Current preclinical experiments are focused on the structural modification of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and relevant investigational agents to increase tumor targeting and reduce off-target binding and toxicity in healthy organs. While lutetium-177 (177Lu) remains the most widely used radionuclide, radiolabeled analogs with iodine-131 (128I), yttrium-90 (89Y), copper-67 (67Cu), and terbium-161 (161Tb) have been evaluated as potential alternatives in recent years. In addition, agents carrying the α-particle-emitting radiohalogen, astatine-211 (211At), or radiometals, actinium-225 (225Ac), lead-212 (212Pb), radium-223 (223Ra), and thorium-227 (227Th), have been increasingly investigated in preclinical research. Besides PSMA-based radiotherapeutics, other prominent prostate cancer-related proteases, for example, human kallikrein peptidases (HK2 and HK3), have been explored using monoclonal-antibody-(mAb)-based targeting platforms. Several promising mAbs targeting receptors overexpressed on the different stages of prostate cancer have also been developed for radiopharmaceutical therapy, for example, Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL-3), CD46, and CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1). Progress is also being made using peptide-based targeting platforms for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a well-established membrane-associated receptor expressed in localized and metastatic prostate cancers. Furthermore, mechanism-driven combination therapies appear to be a burgeoning area in the context of preclinical prostate cancer radiotherapeutics. Here, we review the current developments related to the preclinical radiopharmaceutical therapy of prostate cancer. These are summarized in two major topics: (1) therapeutic radionuclides and (2) tumor-targeting approaches using monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Alati
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajan Singh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.
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3
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Chen J, Wang J, Xu M, Jia X, Song G, Liu Z. Production of positron-emitting radionuclide yttrium-86 with a computer-aided design target for positron emission tomography. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 108-109:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Miller C, Rousseau J, Ramogida CF, Celler A, Rahmim A, Uribe CF. Implications of physics, chemistry and biology for dosimetry calculations using theranostic pairs. Theranostics 2022; 12:232-259. [PMID: 34987643 PMCID: PMC8690938 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theranostics is an emerging paradigm that combines imaging and therapy in order to personalize patient treatment. In nuclear medicine, this is achieved by using radiopharmaceuticals that target identical molecular targets for both imaging (using emitted gamma rays) and radiopharmaceutical therapy (using emitted beta, alpha or Auger-electron particles) for the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer. If the therapeutic radiopharmaceutical cannot be imaged quantitatively, a “theranostic pair” imaging surrogate can be used to predict the absorbed radiation doses from the therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. However, theranostic dosimetry assumes that the pharmacokinetics and biodistributions of both radiopharmaceuticals in the pair are identical or very similar, an assumption that still requires further validation for many theranostic pairs. In this review, we consider both same-element and different-element theranostic pairs and attempt to determine if factors exist which may cause inaccurate dose extrapolations in theranostic dosimetry, either intrinsic (e.g. chemical differences) or extrinsic (e.g. injecting different amounts of each radiopharmaceutical) to the radiopharmaceuticals. We discuss the basis behind theranostic dosimetry and present common theranostic pairs and their therapeutic applications in oncology. We investigate general factors that could create alterations in the behavior of the radiopharmaceuticals or the quantitative accuracy of imaging them. Finally, we attempt to determine if there is evidence showing some specific pairs as suitable for theranostic dosimetry. We show that there are a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which can significantly alter the behavior among pairs of radiopharmaceuticals, even if they belong to the same chemical element. More research is needed to determine the impact of these factors on theranostic dosimetry estimates and on patient outcomes, and how to correctly account for them.
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Pandey MK, DeGrado TR. Cyclotron Production of PET Radiometals in Liquid Targets: Aspects and Prospects. Curr Radiopharm 2021; 14:325-339. [PMID: 32867656 PMCID: PMC9909776 DOI: 10.2174/1874471013999200820165734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes the methodological aspects and prospects of the production of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radiometals in a liquid target using low-medium energy medical cyclotrons. The main objective of this review is to delineate and discuss the critical factors involved in the liquid target production of radiometals, including type of salt solution, solution composition, beam energy, beam current, the effect of irradiation duration (length of irradiation) and challenges posed by in-target chemistry in relation with irradiation parameters. We also summarize the optimal parameters for the production of various radiometals in liquid targets. Additionally, we discuss the future prospects of PET radiometals production in the liquid targets for academic research and clinical applications. Significant emphasis has been given to the production of 68Ga using liquid targets due to the growing demand for 68Ga labeled PSMA vectors, [68Ga]- Ga-DOTATATE, [68Ga]Ga-DOTANOC and some upcoming 68Ga labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Other PET radiometals included in the discussion are 86Y, 63Zn and 89Zr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K. Pandey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA; E-mail:
| | - Timothy R. DeGrado
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minneapolis, 55905, USA
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Brechbiel MW. Agent Optimization: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Dose, and Decay. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:455-456. [PMID: 33277392 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.258095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Brechbiel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH (NCI Scientist Emeritus), Bethesda, Maryland
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Li L, de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez M, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Wang X, Barnhart TE, Cai W, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Engle JW, Orvig C. Coordination chemistry of [Y(pypa)] - and comparison immuno-PET imaging of [ 44Sc]Sc- and [ 86Y]Y-pypa-phenyl-TRC105. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5547-5562. [PMID: 32270167 PMCID: PMC7222037 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both scandium-44 and yttrium-86 are popular PET isotopes with appropriate half-lives for immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging. Herein, a new bifunctional H4pypa ligand, H4pypa-phenyl-NCS, is synthesized, conjugated to a monoclonal antibody, TRC105, and labeled with both radionuclides to investigate the long-term in vivo stability of each complex. While the 44Sc-labeled radiotracer exhibited promising pharmacokinetics and stability in 4T1-xenograft mice (n = 3) even upon prolonged interactions with blood serum proteins, the progressive bone uptake of the 86Y-counterpart indicated in vivo demetallation, obviating H4pypa as a suitable chelator for Y3+ ion in vivo. The solution chemistry of [natY(pypa)]- was studied in detail and the complex found to be thermodynamically stable in solution with a pM value 22.0, ≥3 units higher than those of the analogous DOTA- and CHX-A''-DTPA-complexes; the 86Y-result in vivo was therefore most unexpected. To explore further this in vivo lability, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation was performed to predict the geometry of [Y(pypa)]- and the results were compared with those for the analogous Sc- and Lu-complexes; all three adopted the same coordination geometry (i.e. distorted capped square antiprism), but the metal-ligand bonds were much longer in [Y(pypa)]- than in [Lu(pypa)]- and [Sc(pypa)]-, which could indicate that the size of the binding cavity is too small for the Y3+ ion, but suitable for both the Lu3+ and Sc3+ ions. Considered along with results from [86Y][Y(pypa-phenyl-TRC105)], it is noted that when matching chelators with radionuclides, chemical data such as the thermodynamic stability and in vitro inertness, albeit useful and necessary, do not always translate to in vivo inertness, especially with the prolonged blood circulation of the radiotracer bound to a monoclonal antibody. Although H4pypa is a nonadentate chelator, which theoretically matches the coordination number of the Y3+ ion, we show herein that its binding cavity, in fact, favors smaller metal ions such as Sc3+ and Lu3+ and further exploitation of the Sc-pypa combination is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Li L, Rousseau J, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Wang X, Robertson A, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Lin KS, Bénard F, Orvig C. 225Ac-H 4py4pa for Targeted Alpha Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 32:1348-1363. [PMID: 32216377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the syntheses and characterization of a new undecadendate chelator, H4py4pa, and its bifunctional analog H4py4pa-phenyl-NCS, conjugated to the monoclonal antibody, Trastuzumab, which targets the HER2+ cancer. H4py4pa possesses excellent affinity for 225Ac (α, t1/2 = 9.92 d) for targeted alpha therapy (TAT), where quantitative radiolabeling yield was achieved at ambient temperature, pH = 7, in 30 min at 10-6 M chelator concentration, leading to a complex highly stable in mouse serum for at least 9 d. To investigate the chelation of H4py4pa with large metal ions, lanthanum (La3+), which is the largest nonradioactive metal of the lanthanide series, was adopted as a surrogate for 225Ac to enable a series of nonradioactive chemical studies. In line with the 1H NMR spectrum, the DFT (density functional theory)-calculated structure of the [La(py4pa)]- anion possessed a high degree of symmetry, and the La3+ ion was secured by two distinct pairs of picolinate arms. Furthermore, the [La(py4pa)]- complex also demonstrated a superb thermodynamic stability (log K[La(py4pa)]- ∼ 20.33, pLa = 21.0) compared to those of DOTA (log K[La(DOTA)]- ∼ 24.25, pLa = 19.2) or H2macropa (log K[La(macropa)]- = 14.99, pLa ∼ 8.5). Moreover, the functional versatility offered by the bifunctional py4pa precursor permits facile incorporation of various linkers for bioconjugation through direct nucleophilic substitution. In this work, a short phenyl-NCS linker was incorporated to tether H4py4pa to Trastuzumab. Radiolabeling studies, in vitro serum stability, and animal studies were performed in parallel with the DOTA-benzyl-Trastuzumab. Both displayed excellent in vivo stability and tumor specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Julie Rousseau
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 325-6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Duan X, Liu F, Kwon H, Byun Y, Minn I, Cai X, Zhang J, Pomper MG, Yang Z, Xi Z, Yang X. (S)-3-(Carboxyformamido)-2-(3-(carboxymethyl)ureido)propanoic Acid as a Novel PSMA Targeting Scaffold for Prostate Cancer Imaging. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3563-3576. [PMID: 32207938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Futao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hongmok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Xuekang Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jingming Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100191. China
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Frei A, Fischer E, Childs BC, Holland JP, Alberto R. Two is better than one: difunctional high-affinity PSMA probes based on a [CpM(CO) 3] (M = Re/ 99mTc) scaffold. Dalton Trans 2020; 48:14600-14605. [PMID: 31549121 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02506e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
More than 10% of all men will be given the diagnosis "prostate cancer" during their lifetime. Most of the current radio-diagnostic vehicles involve both expensive and localized production with cyclotrons as well as the use of bulky chelators for the radiometal. We report the use of a new multifunctional cyclopentadiene (Cp) platform to prepare difunctional and monofunctional, PSMA-targeting rhenium and technetium-99m complexes. The Cp-complexes and the free ligands are prepared by straightforward functionalization with either one or two Lys-urea-Glu (LuG) PSMA binding motifs. Cell binding assays revealed that the difunctional rhenium complex displays a dissociation constant (KD = 2.1 nM) that is an order of magnitude lower than the monofunctional compound (KD = 24.2 nM). The 99mTc complexes can be prepared in one step and ≤15 min in high yields. These difunctional Cp-Re(i)/99mTc(i) complexes represent a new class of imaging agents with binding affinities comparable to clinically evaluated compounds. Additionally, this study demonstrates that the Cp-platform can readily be derivatized with amine-containing biomolecules. Extending this work to incorporate both targeting and therapeutic moieties could lead to theranostic systems with Re/99mTc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Banerjee SR, Kumar V, Lisok A, Chen J, Minn I, Brummet M, Boinapally S, Cole M, Ngen E, Wharram B, Brayton C, Hobbs RF, Pomper MG. 177Lu-labeled low-molecular-weight agents for PSMA-targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2545-2557. [PMID: 31399803 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radiotherapeutic for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with optimized efficacy and minimized toxicity employing the β-particle radiation of 177Lu. METHODS We synthesized 14 new PSMA-targeted, 177Lu-labeled radioligands (177Lu-L1-177Lu-L14) using different chelating agents and linkers. We evaluated them in vitro using human prostate cancer PSMA(+) PC3 PIP and PSMA(-) PC3 flu cells and in corresponding flank tumor models. Efficacy and toxicity after 8 weeks were evaluated at a single administration of 111 MBq for 177Lu-L1, 177Lu-L3, 177Lu-L5 and 177Lu-PSMA-617. Efficacy of 177Lu-L1 was further investigated using different doses, and long-term toxicity was determined in healthy immunocompetent mice. RESULTS Radioligands were produced in high radiochemical yield and purity. Cell uptake and internalization indicated specific uptake only in PSMA(+) PC3 cells. 177Lu-L1, 177Lu-L3 and 177Lu-L5 demonstrated comparable uptake to 177Lu-PSMA-617 and 177Lu-PSMA-I&T in PSMA-expressing tumors up to 72 h post-injection. 177Lu-L1, 177Lu-L3 and 177Lu-L5 also demonstrated efficient tumor regression at 8 weeks. 177Lu-L1 enabled the highest survival rate. Necropsy studies of the treated group at 8 weeks revealed subacute damage to lacrimal glands and testes. No radiation nephropathy was observed 1 year post-treatment in healthy mice receiving 111 MBq of 177Lu-L1, most likely related to the fast renal clearance of this agent. CONCLUSIONS 177Lu-L1 is a viable clinical candidate for radionuclide therapy of PSMA-expressing malignancies because of its high tumor-targeting ability and low off-target radiotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ala Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jian Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Brummet
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srikanth Boinapally
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Cole
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethel Ngen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Wharram
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Hobbs
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Banerjee SR, Minn I, Kumar V, Josefsson A, Lisok A, Brummet M, Chen J, Kiess AP, Baidoo K, Brayton C, Mease RC, Brechbiel M, Sgouros G, Hobbs RF, Pomper MG. Preclinical Evaluation of 203/212Pb-Labeled Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds for Targeted Radiopharmaceutical Therapy of Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:80-88. [PMID: 31253744 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy (TRT) using α-particle radiation is a promising approach for treating both large and micrometastatic lesions. We developed prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted low-molecular-weight agents for 212Pb-based TRT of patients with prostate cancer (PC) by evaluating the matching γ-emitting surrogate, 203Pb. Methods: Five rationally designed low-molecular-weight ligands (L1-L5) were synthesized using the lysine-urea-glutamate scaffold, and PSMA inhibition constants were determined. Tissue biodistribution and SPECT/CT imaging of 203Pb-L1-203Pb-L5 were performed on mice bearing PSMA(+) PC3 PIP and PSMA(-) PC3 flu flank xenografts. The absorbed radiation dose of the corresponding 212Pb-labeled analogs was determined using the biodistribution data. Antitumor efficacy of 212Pb-L2 was evaluated in PSMA(+) PC3 PIP and PSMA(-) PC3 flu tumor models and in the PSMA(+) luciferase-expressing micrometastatic model. 212Pb-L2 was also evaluated for dose-escalated, long-term toxicity. Results: All new ligands were obtained in high yield and purity. PSMA inhibitory activities ranged from 0.10 to 17 nM. 203Pb-L1-203Pb-L5 were synthesized in high radiochemical yield and specific activity. Whole-body clearance of 203Pb-L1-203Pb-L5 was fast. The absorbed dose coefficients (mGy/kBq) of the tumor and kidneys were highest for 203Pb-L5 (31.0, 15.2) and lowest for 203Pb-L2 (8.0, 4.2). The tumor-to-kidney absorbed dose ratio was higher for 203Pb-L3 (3.2) and 203Pb-L4 (3.6) than for the other agents, but with lower tumor-to-blood ratios. PSMA(+) tumor lesions were visualized through SPECT/CT as early as 0.5 h after injection. A proof-of-concept therapy study with a single administration of 212Pb-L2 demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in the PSMA(+) flank tumor model. 212Pb-L2 also demonstrated an increased survival benefit in the micrometastatic model compared with 177Lu-PSMA-617. Long-term toxicity studies in healthy, immunocompetent CD-1 mice revealed kidney as the dose-limiting organ. Conclusion: 203Pb-L1-203Pb-L5 demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics for 212Pb-based TRT. The antitumor efficacy of 212Pb-L2 supports the corresponding 203Pb/212Pb theranostic pair for PSMA-based α-particle TRT in advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland .,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anders Josefsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ala Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Brummet
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jian Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ana P Kiess
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - George Sgouros
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert F Hobbs
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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14
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Amor-Coarasa A, Kelly JM, Ponnala S, Nikolopoulou A, Williams C, Babich JW. 66Ga: A Novelty or a Valuable Preclinical Screening Tool for the Design of Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals? Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102575. [PMID: 30304795 PMCID: PMC6222850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging interest in extending the plasma half-life of small molecule radioligands warrants a consideration of the appropriate radionuclide for PET imaging at longer time points (>8 h). Among candidate positron-emitting radionuclides, 66Ga (t1/2 = 9.5 h, β+ = 57%) has suitable nuclear and chemical properties for the labeling and PET imaging of radioligands of this profile. We investigated the value of 66Ga to preclinical screening and the evaluation of albumin-binding PSMA-targeting small molecules. 66Ga was produced by irradiation of a natZn target. 66Ga3+ ions were separated from Zn2+ ions by an optimized UTEVA anion exchange column that retained 99.99987% of Zn2+ ions and allowed 90.2 ± 2.8% recovery of 66Ga3+. Three ligands were radiolabeled in 46.4 ± 20.5%; radiochemical yield and >90% radiochemical purity. Molar activity was 632 ± 380 MBq/µmol. Uptake in the tumor and kidneys at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h p.i. was determined by µPET/CT imaging and more completely predicted the distribution kinetics than uptake of the [68Ga]Ga-labeled ligands did. Although there are multiple challenges to the use of 66Ga for clinical PET imaging, it can be a valuable research tool for ligand screening and preclinical imaging beyond 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Amor-Coarasa
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - James M Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Shashikanth Ponnala
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Clarence Williams
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - John W Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and MI3, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Banerjee SR, Kumar V, Lisok A, Plyku D, Nováková Z, Brummet M, Wharram B, Barinka C, Hobbs R, Pomper MG. Evaluation of 111In-DOTA-5D3, a Surrogate SPECT Imaging Agent for Radioimmunotherapy of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:400-406. [PMID: 30237212 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5D3 is a new high-affinity murine monoclonal antibody specific for prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). PSMA is a target for the imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. 111In-labeled antibodies have been used as surrogates for 177Lu/90Y-labeled therapeutics. We characterized 111In-DOTA-5D3 by SPECT/CT imaging, tissue biodistribution studies, and dosimetry. Methods: Radiolabeling, stability, cell uptake, and internalization of 111In-DOTA-5D3 were performed by established techniques. Biodistribution and SPECT imaging were done on male nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice bearing human PSMA(+) PC3 PIP and PSMA(-) PC3 flu prostate cancer xenografts on the upper right and left flanks, respectively, at 2, 24, 48, 72, and 192 h after injection. Biodistribution was also evaluated in tumor-free, healthy male CD-1 mice. Blocking studies were performed by coinjection of a 10-fold and 50-fold excess of 5D3 followed by biodistribution at 24 h to determine PSMA binding specificity. The absorbed radiation doses were calculated on the basis of murine biodistribution data, which were translated to a human adult man using organ weights as implemented in OLINDA/EXM. Results: 111In-DOTA-5D3 was synthesized with specific activity of approximately 2.24 ± 0.74 MBq/μg (60.54 ± 20 μCi/μg). Distribution of 111In-DOTA-5D3 in PSMA(+) PC3 PIP tumor peaked at 24 h after injection and remained high until 72 h. Uptake in normal tissues, including the blood, spleen, liver, heart, and lungs, was highest at 2 h after injection. Coinjection of 111In-DOTA-5D3 with a 10- and 50-fold excess of nonradiolabeled antibody significantly reduced PSMA(+) PC3 PIP tumor and salivary gland uptake at 24 h but did not reduce uptake in kidneys and lacrimal glands. Significant clearance of 111In-DOTA-5D3 from all organs occurred at 192 h. The highest radiation dose was received by the liver (0.5 mGy/MBq), followed by the spleen and kidneys. Absorbed radiation doses to the salivary and lacrimal glands and bone marrow were low. Conclusion: 111In-DOTA-5D3 is a new radiolabeled antibody for imaging and a surrogate for therapy of malignant tissues expressing PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Ala Lisok
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Donika Plyku
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Zora Nováková
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mary Brummet
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Bryan Wharram
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Cyril Barinka
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hobbs
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; and
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16
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Gourni E, Del Pozzo L, Bartholomä M, Kiefer Y, T Meyer P, Maecke HR, Holland JP. Radiochemistry and Preclinical PET Imaging of 68Ga-Desferrioxamine Radiotracers Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. Mol Imaging 2018; 16:1536012117737010. [PMID: 29098927 PMCID: PMC5672994 DOI: 10.1177/1536012117737010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotracers incorporating the urea-based Glu-NH-C(O)-NH-Lys group have gained prominence due to their role in targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-a clinical biomarker of prostate cancer. Here, the synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo characterization of two 68Ga-radiolabeled Glu-NH-C(O)-NH-Lys radiotracers conjugated to the desferrioxamine B (DFO) chelate were evaluated. Two linker groups based on amide bond and thiourea coupling chemistries were employed to develop 68Ga-DFO-Nsucc-PSMA (68Ga-4) and 68Ga-DFO- pNCS-Bn-PSMA (68Ga-7), respectively. Radiosynthesis proceeded quantitatively at room temperature with high radiochemical yields, chemical/radiochemical purities, and specific activities. Pharmacokinetic profiles of 68Ga-4 and 68Ga-7 were assessed using positron-emission tomography (PET) in mice bearing subcutaneous LNCaP tumors. Data were compared to the current clinical benchmark radiotracer 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA (68Ga-1) (HBED = N,N'-Bis(2-hydroxy-5-(ethylene-beta-carboxy)benzyl)ethylenediamine N,N'-diacetic acid). Results indicated that the target binding affinity, protein association, blood pool and background organ clearance properties, and uptake in PSMA-positive lesions are strongly dependent on the nature of the chelate, the linker, and the spacer groups. Protein dissociation constants ( Kd values) were found to be predictive of pharmacokinetics in vivo. Compared to 68Ga-1, 68Ga-4 and 68Ga-7 resulted in decreased tumor uptake but enhanced blood pool clearance and reduced residence time in the kidney. The study highlights the importance of maximizing protein binding affinity during radiotracer optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gourni
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Del Pozzo
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Bartholomä
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kiefer
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp T Meyer
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helmut R Maecke
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jason P Holland
- 1 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,2 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,3 German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,4 Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Wüstemann T, Haberkorn U, Babich J, Mier W. Targeting prostate cancer: Prostate-specific membrane antigen based diagnosis and therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:40-69. [PMID: 29771460 DOI: 10.1002/med.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high incidence rates of prostate cancer (PCa) raise demand for improved therapeutic strategies. Prostate tumors specifically express the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a membrane-bound protease. As PSMA is highly overexpressed on malignant prostate tumor cells and as its expression rate correlates with the aggressiveness of the disease, this tumor-associated biomarker provides the possibility to develop new strategies for diagnostics and therapy of PCa. Major advances have been made in PSMA targeting, ranging from immunotherapeutic approaches to therapeutic small molecules. This review elaborates the diversity of PSMA targeting agents while focusing on the radioactively labeled tracers for diagnosis and endoradiotherapy. A variety of radionuclides have been shown to either enable precise diagnosis or efficiently treat the tumor with minimal effects to nontargeted organs. Most small molecules with affinity for PSMA are based on either a phosphonate or a urea-based binding motif. Based on these pharmacophores, major effort has been made to identify modifications to achieve ideal pharmacokinetics while retaining the specific targeting of the PSMA binding pocket. Several tracers have now shown excellent clinical usability in particular for molecular imaging and therapy as proven by the efficiency of theranostic approaches in current studies. The archetypal expression profile of PSMA may be exploited for the treatment with alpha emitters to break radioresistance and thus to bring the power of systemic therapy to higher levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Wüstemann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Babich
- Department for Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Walter Mier
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Khawar A, Eppard E, Sinnes JP, Roesch F, Ahmadzadehfar H, Kürpig S, Meisenheimer M, Gaertner FC, Essler M, Bundschuh RA. [44Sc]Sc-PSMA-617 Biodistribution and Dosimetry in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2018; 43:323-330. [DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Li H, Deng L, Bai HX, Sun J, Cao Y, Tao Y, States LJ, Farwell MD, Zhang P, Xiao B, Yang L. Diagnostic Accuracy of Amino Acid and FDG-PET in Differentiating Brain Metastasis Recurrence from Radionecrosis after Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018; 39:280-288. [PMID: 29242363 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current studies that analyze the usefulness of amino acid and FDG-PET in distinguishing brain metastasis recurrence and radionecrosis after radiation therapy are limited by small cohort size. PURPOSE Our aim was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of amino acid and FDG-PET in differentiating brain metastasis recurrence from radionecrosis after radiation therapy. DATA SOURCES Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. STUDY SELECTION Fifteen studies were included from the literature. Each study used PET to differentiate radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence in contrast-enhancing lesions on follow-up brain MR imaging after treating brain metastasis with radiation therapy. DATA ANALYSIS Data were analyzed with a bivariate random-effects model. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio were pooled, and a summary receiver operating characteristic curve was fit to the data. DATA SYNTHESIS The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio of PET were 0.85, 0.88, 7.0, 0.17, and 40, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.93. On subgroup analysis of different tracers, amino acid and FDG-PET had similar diagnostic accuracy. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that the method of quantification based on patient, lesion, or PET scan (based on lesion versus not, P = .07) contributed to the heterogeneity. LIMITATIONS Our study was limited by small sample size, and 60% of the included studies were of retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid and FDG-PET had good diagnostic accuracy in differentiating brain metastasis recurrence from radionecrosis after radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- From the Department of Neurology (H.L., L.D., L.Y.), Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L Deng
- From the Department of Neurology (H.L., L.D., L.Y.), Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - H X Bai
- Departments of Radiology (H.X.B., J.S., M.D.F.)
| | - J Sun
- Departments of Radiology (H.X.B., J.S., M.D.F.)
| | - Y Cao
- Cancer Research Institute (Y.C., Y.T.), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Tao
- Cancer Research Institute (Y.C., Y.T.), Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - L J States
- Department of Radiology (L.J.S.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - M D Farwell
- Departments of Radiology (H.X.B., J.S., M.D.F.)
| | - P Zhang
- Pathology (P.Z.), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - B Xiao
- Department of Neurology (B.X.), Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - L Yang
- From the Department of Neurology (H.L., L.D., L.Y.), Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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20
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Notni J, Wester HJ. Re-thinking the role of radiometal isotopes: Towards a future concept for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 61:141-153. [PMID: 29143368 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential and future role of certain metal radionuclides, for example, 44 Sc, 89 Zr, 86 Y, 64 Cu, 68 Ga, 177 Lu, 225 Ac, and 213 Bi, and several terbium isotopes has been controversially discussed in the past decades. Furthermore, the possible benefits of "matched pairs" of isotopes for tandem applications of diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics) have been emphasized, while such approaches still have not made their way into routine clinical practice. Analysis of bibliographical data illustrates how popularity of certain nuclides has been promoted by cycles of availability and applications. We furthermore discuss the different practical requirements for diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and the resulting consequences for efficient development of clinically useful pairs of radionuclide theranostics, with particular emphasis on the underlying economical factors. Based on an exemplary assessment of overall production costs for 68 Ga and 18 F radiopharmaceuticals, we venture a look into the future of theranostics and predict that high-throughput PET applications, that is, diagnosis of frequent conditions, will ultimately rely on 18 F tracers. PET radiometals will occupy a niche in the clinical low-throughput sector (diagnosis of rare diseases), but above all, dominate preclinical research and clinical translation. Matched isotope pairs will be of lesser relevance for theranostics but may become important for future PET-based therapeutic dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Notni
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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21
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Zha Z, Ploessl K, Choi SR, Wu Z, Zhu L, Kung HF. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel urea-based 68Ga-complex for imaging PSMA binding in tumor. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 59:36-47. [PMID: 29459281 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a well-established target for diagnostic and therapeutic applications for prostate cancer. It is know that [68Ga]PSMA 11 ([68Ga]Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC) is the most well studied PET imaging agent for detecting over expressed PSMA binding sites of tumors in humans. In an effort to provide new agents with improved characteristics for PET imaging, we report a novel [68Ga]-Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-linker-HBED-CC conjugate with a novel O-(carboxymethyl)-L-tyrosine, as the linker group. METHODS Radiosynthesis was performed by a direct method. In vitro binding and cell internalization of [68Ga]10 was investigated in PSMA positive LNCaP cell lines. Biodistribution and MicroPET imaging studies were performed in LNCaP tumor bearing mice. RESULTS In vitro binding to LNCaP cells showed that natGa labeled O-(carboxymethyl)-L-tyrosine conjugate, [natGa]10, displayed excellent affinity and specificity (IC50 = 16.5 nM) a value comparable to that of PSMA 11. In vitro cell binding and internalization showed excellent uptake and retention; [68Ga]10 displayed significantly higher cellular internalization than [68Ga]PSMA 11 (12.5 vs 7.4% ID/106 cells at 1 h). Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice exhibited a high specific uptake in PSMA expressing tumors and fast clearance in normal organs (19.7 tumor/blood; 20.7 tumor/muscle at 1 h after iv injection). MicroPET imaging studies in mice confirmed that [68Ga]10 displayed excellent uptake and distinctive tumor localization, which was blocked by iv injection of a competing drug, 2-PMPA. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results strongly suggest that [68Ga]10 may be promising candidates as a PET imaging radiotracer for detecting PSMA expression in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zha
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zehui Wu
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hank F Kung
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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22
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Drude N, Tienken L, Mottaghy FM. Theranostic and nanotheranostic probes in nuclear medicine. Methods 2017; 130:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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23
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Rösch F, Herzog H, Qaim SM. The Beginning and Development of the Theranostic Approach in Nuclear Medicine, as Exemplified by the Radionuclide Pair 86Y and 90Y. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E56. [PMID: 28632200 PMCID: PMC5490413 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of radiopharmacy and molecular imaging, the concept of theranostics entails a therapy-accompanying diagnosis with the aim of a patient-specific treatment. Using the adequate diagnostic radiopharmaceutical, the disease and the state of the disease are verified for an individual patient. The other way around, it verifies that the radiopharmaceutical in hand represents a target-specific and selective molecule: the "best one" for that individual patient. Transforming diagnostic imaging into quantitative dosimetric information, the optimum radioactivity (expressed in maximum radiation dose to the target tissue and tolerable dose to healthy organs) of the adequate radiotherapeutical is applied to that individual patient. This theranostic approach in nuclear medicine is traced back to the first use of the radionuclide pair 86Y/90Y, which allowed a combination of PET and internal radiotherapy. Whereas the β-emitting therapeutic radionuclide 90Y (t½ = 2.7 d) had been available for a long time via the 90Sr/90Y generator system, the β⁺ emitter 86Y (t½ = 14.7 h) had to be developed for medical application. A brief outline of the various aspects of radiochemical and nuclear development work (nuclear data, cyclotron irradiation, chemical processing, quality control, etc.) is given. In parallel, the paper discusses the methodology introduced to quantify molecular imaging of 86Y-labelled compounds in terms of multiple and long-term PET recordings. It highlights the ultimate goal of radiotheranostics, namely to extract the radiation dose of the analogue 90Y-labelled compound in terms of mGy or mSv per MBq 90Y injected. Finally, the current and possible future development of theranostic approaches based on different PET and therapy nuclides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rösch
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz D-55126, Germany.
| | - Hans Herzog
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), INM-4 (Physics of Medical Imaging), Research Center Jülich, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
| | - Syed M Qaim
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM), INM-5 (nuclear Chemistry), Research Center Jülich, Jülich D-52425, Germany.
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24
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Evans JC, Malhotra M, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of the prostate specific membrane antigen/glutamate carboxypeptidase II (PSMA/GCPII) in cancer and neurological disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3041-3079. [PMID: 27526115 PMCID: PMC5056232 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) otherwise known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a membrane bound protein that is highly expressed in prostate cancer and in the neovasculature of a wide variety of tumours including glioblastomas, breast and bladder cancers. This protein is also involved in a variety of neurological diseases including schizophrenia and ALS. In recent years, there has been a surge in the development of both diagnostics and therapeutics that take advantage of the expression and activity of PSMA/GCPII. These include gene therapy, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the biological roles that PSMA/GCPII plays, both in normal and diseased tissues, and the current therapies exploiting its activity that are at the preclinical stage. We conclude by giving an expert opinion on the future direction of PSMA/GCPII based therapies and diagnostics and hurdles that need to be overcome to make them effective and viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Evans
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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A comparative evaluation of the chelators H4octapa and CHX-A″-DTPA with the therapeutic radiometal (90)Y. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:566-576. [PMID: 27419360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the radiolabeling performance, stability, and practical efficacy of the chelators CHX-A″-DTPA and H4octapa with the therapeutic radiometal (90)Y. METHODS The bifunctional chelators p-SCN-Bn-H4octapa and p-SCN-Bn-CHX-A″-DTPA were conjugated to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab. The resulting immunoconjugates were radiolabeled with (90)Y to compare radiolabeling efficiency, in vitro and in vivo stability, and in vivo performance in a murine model of ovarian cancer. RESULTS High radiochemical yields (>95%) were obtained with (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab after 15min at room temperature. Both (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab exhibited excellent in vitro and in vivo stability. Furthermore, the radioimmunoconjugates displayed high tumoral uptake values (42.3±4.0%ID/g for (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and 30.1±7.4%ID/g for (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab at 72h post-injection) in mice bearing HER2-expressing SKOV3 ovarian cancer xenografts. Finally, (90)Y radioimmunotherapy studies performed in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that (90)Y-CHX-A″-DTPA-trastuzumab and (90)Y-octapa-trastuzumab are equally effective therapeutic agents, as treatment with both radioimmunoconjugates yielded substantially decreased tumor growth compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, this work demonstrates that the acyclic chelators CHX-A″-DTPA and H4octapa have comparable radiolabeling, stability, and in vivo performance, making them both suitable choices for applications requiring (90)Y.
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Banerjee SR, Chen Z, Pullambhatla M, Lisok A, Chen J, Mease RC, Pomper MG. Preclinical Comparative Study of (68)Ga-Labeled DOTA, NOTA, and HBED-CC Chelated Radiotracers for Targeting PSMA. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1447-55. [PMID: 27076393 PMCID: PMC5290997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(68)Ga-labeled, low-molecular-weight imaging agents that target the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are increasingly used clinically to detect prostate and other cancers with positron emission tomography (PET). The goal of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of three PSMA-targeted radiotracers: (68)Ga-1, using DOTA-monoamide as the chelating agent; (68)Ga-2, containing the macrocyclic chelating agent p-SCN-Bn-NOTA; and (68)Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11, currently in clinical trials, which uses the acyclic chelating agent, HBED-CC. The PSMA-targeting scaffold for all three agents utilized a similar Glu-urea-Lys-linker construct. Each radiotracer enabled visualization of PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumor, kidney, and urinary bladder as early as 15 min post-injection using small animal PET/computed tomography (PET/CT). (68)Ga-2 demonstrated the fastest rate of clearance from all tissues in this series and displayed higher uptake in PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumor compared to (68)Ga-1 at 1 h post-injection. There was no significant difference in PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumor uptake for the three agents at 2 and 3 h post-injection. (68)Ga-DKFZ-PSMA-11 demonstrated the highest uptake and retention in normal tissues, including kidney, blood, spleen, and salivary glands and PSMA-negative PC3 flu tumors up to 3 h post-injection. In this preclinical evaluation (68)Ga-2 had the most advantageous characteristics for PSMA-targeted PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Zhengping Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ala Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Jian Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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(R)-NODAGA-PSMA: A Versatile Precursor for Radiometal Labeling and Nuclear Imaging of PSMA-Positive Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145755. [PMID: 26700033 PMCID: PMC4689406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims at developing and evaluating an urea-based prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor suitable for labeling with 111In for SPECT and intraoperative applications as well as 68Ga and 64Cu for PET imaging. METHODS The PSMA-based inhibitor-lysine-urea-glutamate-coupled to the spacer Phe-Phe-D-Lys(suberoyl) and functionalized with the enantiomerically pure prochelator (R)-1-(1-carboxy-3-carbotertbutoxypropyl)-4,7-carbotartbutoxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane ((R)-NODAGA(tBu)3), to obtain (R)-NODAGA-Phe-Phe-D-Lys(suberoyl)-Lys-urea-Glu (CC34). CC34 was labeled with 111In, 68Ga and 64Cu. The radioconjugates were further evaluated in vitro and in vivo in LNCaP xenografts by biodistribution and PET studies. Biodistribution studies were also performed with 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA (HBED-CC: N,N'-bis[2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl]ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid) and 111In-PSMA-617 for comparison. RESULTS 68Ga-CC34, 64Cu-CC34, and 111In-CC34 were prepared in radiochemical purity > 95%. 68/natGa-CC34, 64/natCu-CC34, 111/natIn-CC34, 68/natGa-HBED-CC-PSMA, and 111/natIn-PSMA-617 exhibited high affinity for the LNCaP cells, with Kd values of 19.3 ± 2.5 nM, 27.5 ± 2.7 nM, 5.5 ± 0.9 nM, 2.9 ± 0.6 nM and 5.4 ± 0.8 nM, respectively. They revealed comparable internalization profiles with approximately 75% of the total cell associated activity internalized after 3 h of incubation. 68Ga-CC34 showed very high stability after its administration in mice. Tumor uptake of 68Ga-CC34 (14.5 ± 2.9% IA/g) in LNCaP xenografts at 1 h p.i. was comparable to 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA (15.8 ± 1.4% IA/g) (P = 0.67). The tumor-to-normal tissue ratios at 1 and 2 h p.i of 68Ga-CC34 were also comparable to 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA (P > 0.05). Tumor uptake of 111In-CC34 (28.5 ± 2.6% IA/g) at 1 h p.i. was lower than 111In-PSMA-617 (52.1 ± 6.5% IA/g) (P = 0.02). The acquisition of PET-images with 64Cu-CC34 at later time points showed wash-out from the kidneys, while tumor uptake still remained relatively high. This resulted in an increased tumor-to-kidney ratio over time. CONCLUSIONS 68Ga-CC34 is comparable to 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA in terms of tumor uptake and tumor to normal tissue ratios. 64Cu-CC34 could enable high contrast imaging of PSMA positive tissues characterized by elevated expression of PSMA or when delayed imaging is required. 64Cu-CC34 is currently being prepared for clinical translation.
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Yang X, Mease RC, Pullambhatla M, Lisok A, Chen Y, Foss CA, Wang Y, Shallal H, Edelman H, Hoye AT, Attardo G, Nimmagadda S, Pomper MG. [(18)F]Fluorobenzoyllysinepentanedioic Acid Carbamates: New Scaffolds for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). J Med Chem 2015; 59:206-18. [PMID: 26629713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled urea-based low-molecular weight inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are under intense investigation as imaging and therapeutic agents for prostate and other cancers. In an effort to provide agents with less nontarget organ uptake than the ureas, we synthesized four (18)F-labeled inhibitors of PSMA based on carbamate scaffolds. 4-Bromo-2-[(18)F]fluorobenzoyllysineoxypentanedioic acid (OPA) carbamate [(18)F]23 and 4-iodo-2-[(18)F]fluorobenzoyllysine OPA carbamate [(18)F]24 in particular exhibited high target-selective uptake in PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumor xenografts, with tumor-to-kidney ratios of >1 by 4 h postinjection, an important benchmark. Because of its high tumor uptake (90% injected dose per gram of tissue at 2 h postinjection) and high tumor-to-organ ratios, [(18)F]23 is promising for clinical translation. Prolonged tumor-specific uptake demonstrated by [(18)F]24, which did not reach equilibrium during the 4 h study period, suggests carbamates as alternative scaffolds for mitigating dose to nontarget tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ronnie C Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ala Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Catherine A Foss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Hassan Shallal
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Hannah Edelman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Adam T Hoye
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc. , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Giorgio Attardo
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc. , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sridhar Nimmagadda
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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Kiess AP, Banerjee SR, Mease RC, Rowe SP, Rao A, Foss CA, Chen Y, Yang X, Cho SY, Nimmagadda S, Pomper MG. Prostate-specific membrane antigen as a target for cancer imaging and therapy. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF... 2015; 59:241-68. [PMID: 26213140 PMCID: PMC4859214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a molecular target whose use has resulted in some of the most productive work toward imaging and treating prostate cancer over the past two decades. A wide variety of imaging agents extending from intact antibodies to low-molecular-weight compounds permeate the literature. In parallel there is a rapidly expanding pool of antibody-drug conjugates, radiopharmaceutical therapeutics, small-molecule drug conjugates, theranostics and nanomedicines targeting PSMA. Such productivity is motivated by the abundant expression of PSMA on the surface of prostate cancer cells and within the neovasculature of other solid tumors, with limited expression in most normal tissues. Animating the field is a variety of small-molecule scaffolds upon which the radionuclides, drugs, MR-detectable species and nanoparticles can be placed with relative ease. Among those, the urea-based agents have been most extensively leveraged, with expanding clinical use for detection and more recently for radiopharmaceutical therapy of prostate cancer, with surprisingly little toxicity. PSMA imaging of other cancers is also appearing in the clinical literature, and may overtake FDG for certain indications. Targeting PSMA may provide a viable alternative or first-line approach to managing prostate and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA -
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Banerjee SR, Ngen EJ, Rotz MW, Kakkad S, Lisok A, Pracitto R, Pullambhatla M, Chen Z, Shah T, Artemov D, Meade TJ, Bhujwalla ZM, Pomper MG. Synthesis and Evaluation of GdIII-Based Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Banerjee SR, Ngen EJ, Rotz MW, Kakkad S, Lisok A, Pracitto R, Pullambhatla M, Chen Z, Shah T, Artemov D, Meade TJ, Bhujwalla ZM, Pomper MG. Synthesis and Evaluation of Gd(III) -Based Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for Molecular Imaging of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [PMID: 26212031 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is advantageous because it concurrently provides anatomic, functional, and molecular information. MR molecular imaging can combine the high spatial resolution of this established clinical modality with molecular profiling in vivo. However, as a result of the intrinsically low sensitivity of MR imaging, high local concentrations of biological targets are required to generate discernable MR contrast. We hypothesize that the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), an attractive target for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer, could serve as a suitable biomarker for MR-based molecular imaging. We have synthesized three new high-affinity, low-molecular-weight Gd(III) -based PSMA-targeted contrast agents containing one to three Gd(III) chelates per molecule. We evaluated the relaxometric properties of these agents in solution, in prostate cancer cells, and in an in vivo experimental model to demonstrate the feasibility of PSMA-based MR molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA).
| | - Ethel J Ngen
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Matthew W Rotz
- Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Samata Kakkad
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Ala Lisok
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Richard Pracitto
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Mrudula Pullambhatla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Zhengping Chen
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Tariq Shah
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231 (USA)
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