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Kim DW, Lee TK, Ahn JH, Yang SR, Shin MC, Cho JH, Won MH, Kang IJ, Park JH. Porphyran Attenuates Neuronal Loss in the Hippocampal CA1 Subregion Induced by Ischemia and Reperfusion in Gerbils by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:170. [PMID: 38667787 PMCID: PMC11050983 DOI: 10.3390/md22040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyran, a sulfated polysaccharide found in various species of marine red algae, has been demonstrated to exhibit diverse bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory effects. However, the protective effects of porphyran against cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of porphyran against brain IR injury and its underlying mechanisms using a gerbil model of transient forebrain ischemia (IR in the forebrain), which results in pyramidal cell (principal neuron) loss in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subregion of the hippocampus on day 4 after IR. Porphyran (25 and 50 mg/kg) was orally administered daily for one week prior to IR. Pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of porphyran, but not 25 mg/kg, significantly attenuated locomotor hyperactivity and protected pyramidal cells located in the CA1 area from IR injury. The pretreatment with 50 mg/kg of porphyran significantly suppressed the IR-induced activation and proliferation of microglia in the CA1 subregion. Additionally, the pretreatment significantly inhibited the overexpressions of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 18) induced by IR in the CA1 subregion. Overall, our findings suggest that porphyran exerts neuroprotective effects against brain IR injury, potentially by reducing the reaction (activation) and proliferation of microglia and reducing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea; (M.C.S.); (J.H.C.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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Wolf MS, Manole MD, New LA, Chen Y, Soysal E, Kochanek PM, Bayır H, Clark RSB. Ascorbate deficiency confers resistance to hippocampal neurodegeneration after asphyxial cardiac arrest in juvenile rats. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:820-827. [PMID: 33846553 PMCID: PMC8505544 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asphyxial cardiac arrest (CA) is a significant cause of death and disability in children. Using juvenile Osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats that, like humans, do not synthesize ascorbate, we tested the effect of ascorbate deficiency on functional and histological outcome after CA. METHODS Postnatal day 16-18 milk-fed ODS and wild-type Wistar rats underwent 9-min asphyxial CA (n = 8/group) or sham surgery (n = 4/group). ODS mothers received ascorbate in drinking water to prevent scurvy. Levels of ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) were measured in plasma and hippocampus at baseline and after CA. Neurologic deficit score (NDS) was measured at 3, 24, and 48 h and hippocampal neuronal counts, neurodegeneration, and microglial activation were assessed at day 7. RESULTS ODS rats showed depletion of plasma and hippocampal ascorbate, attenuated hippocampal neurodegeneration and microglial activation, and increased CA1 hippocampal neuron survival vs. Wistar rats while NDS were similar. Hippocampal GSH levels were higher in ODS vs. Wistar rats at baseline and 10 min, whereas hypoxia-inducible factor-1α levels were higher in Wistar vs. ODS rats at 24 , after CA. CONCLUSION Ascorbate-deficient juvenile ODS rats appear resistant to neurodegeneration produced by asphyxia CA, possibly related to upregulation of the endogenous antioxidant GSH in brain. IMPACT Like humans and unlike other rodents, osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats do not synthesize ascorbate, and thus may serve as a useful model for studying the role of ascorbate in human disease. Conflicting evidence exists regarding ascorbate's protective versus detrimental effects in animal models and clinical studies. Ascorbate-deficient ODS rats are resistant to neurodegeneration after experimental cardiac arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Wolf
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mioara D. Manole
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lee Ann New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yaming Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elif Soysal
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S. B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Children’s Neuroscience Institute, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence: Robert S. B. Clark, MD, Faculty Pavilion, Suite 2000, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, , T: 412-692-7260, F: 412-692-6076
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Liaquat Z, Xu X, Zilundu PLM, Fu R, Zhou L. The Current Role of Dexmedetomidine as Neuroprotective Agent: An Updated Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070846. [PMID: 34202110 PMCID: PMC8301952 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, selective α2-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine, has been widely used clinically for sedation and anesthesia. The role of dexmedetomidine has been an interesting topic of neonatological and anesthetic research since a series of advantages of dexmedetomidine, such as enhancing recovery from surgery, reducing opioid prescription, decreasing sympathetic tone, inhibiting inflammatory reactions, and protecting organs, were reported. Particularly, an increasing number of animal studies have demonstrated that dexmedetomidine ameliorates the neurological outcomes associated with various brain and spinal cord injuries. In addition, a growing number of clinical trials have reported the efficacy of dexmedetomidine for decreasing the rates of postoperative neurological dysfunction, such as delirium and stroke, which strongly highlights the possibility of dexmedetomidine functioning as a neuroprotective agent for future clinical use. Mechanism studies have linked dexmedetomidine’s neuroprotective properties with its modulation of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and synaptic plasticity via the α2-adrenergic receptor, dependently or independently. By reviewing recent advances and preclinical and clinical evidence on the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine, we hope to provide a complete understanding of the above mechanism and provide insights into the potential efficacy of this agent in clinical use for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaara Liaquat
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518100, China; (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (X.X.); (P.L.M.Z.)
| | - Prince Last Mudenda Zilundu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (X.X.); (P.L.M.Z.)
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518100, China; (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-87332338
| | - Lihua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518100, China; (Z.L.); (L.Z.)
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Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning ameliorates long-term neurological outcomes after neonatal hypoxic ischemia: The role of autophagy. Life Sci 2021; 270:118980. [PMID: 33428879 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is a major cause of mortality in neonates and can cause long-term neurological sequelae. Excessive autophagy caused by HI may cause neuronal death. Dexmedetomidine was reported neuroprotective against HIBI. Therefore, in the present study, the autophagy-related mechanisms underlying the protective effects of dexmedetomidine against cerebral HI in neonatal rats were investigated. METHODS In the present study, the expression of autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) B-II and Beclin1, neuronal and microglia autophagy levels, the myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, long-term neuronal density ratio, and long-term behavioral prognosis in HIBI model were investigated by ligating the left common carotid artery in neonatal rats, followed by 2-h hypoxia. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine inhibited the overactivated autophagy of hippocampal neurons and microglia after HI. In addition, dexmedetomidine inhibited neuronal density decrease and axon demyelination after HI-induced overactivated autophagy. Lastly, dexmedetomidine improved the long-term neurological prognosis and was reversed by the autophagy agonist rapamycin. CONCLUSION The protective effects of dexmedetomidine on HI neonatal rats were evidenced by inhibition of excessive autophagy of neurons and microglia, thereby reducing the decline of long-term neuronal density and axon demyelination as well as improving long-term learning cognitive function.
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Hao Y, Xin M, Feng L, Wang X, Wang X, Ma D, Feng J. Review Cerebral Ischemic Tolerance and Preconditioning: Methods, Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Challenges. Front Neurol 2020; 11:812. [PMID: 33071923 PMCID: PMC7530891 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and it is increasing in prevalence. The limited therapeutic window and potential severe side effects prevent the widespread clinical application of the venous injection of thrombolytic tissue plasminogen activator and thrombectomy, which are regarded as the only approved treatments for acute ischemic stroke. Triggered by various types of mild stressors or stimuli, ischemic preconditioning (IPreC) induces adaptive endogenous tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by activating a multitude cascade of biomolecules, for example, proteins, enzymes, receptors, transcription factors, and others, which eventually lead to transcriptional regulation and epigenetic and genomic reprogramming. During the past 30 years, IPreC has been widely studied to confirm its neuroprotection against subsequent I/R injury, mainly including local ischemic preconditioning (LIPreC), remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPreC), and cross preconditioning. Although LIPreC has a strong neuroprotective effect, the clinical application of IPreC for subsequent cerebral ischemia is difficult. There are two main reasons for the above result: Cerebral ischemia is unpredictable, and LIPreC is also capable of inducing unexpected injury with only minor differences to durations or intensity. RIPreC and pharmacological preconditioning, an easy-to-use and non-invasive therapy, can be performed in a variety of clinical settings and appear to be more suitable for the clinical management of ischemic stroke. Hoping to advance our understanding of IPreC, this review mainly focuses on recent advances in IPreC in stroke management, its challenges, and the potential study directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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The Effects of Dexmedetomidine Post-Conditioning on Cardiac and Neurological Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in Swine. Shock 2020; 55:388-395. [PMID: 32925602 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the main contents of post-resuscitation care is to alleviate cardiac and neurological damage in cardiac arrest (CA) victims. Recently, dexmedetomidine pre- and post-conditioning have been shown to both effectively protect the heart and brain against regional ischemia reperfusion injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine post-conditioning on cardiac and neurological outcomes after CA and resuscitation in swine. METHODS A total of 28 male domestic swine were randomized into four groups: sham, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), low-dose dexmedetomidine post-conditioning (LDP), and high-dose dexmedetomidine post-conditioning (HDP). Sham animals underwent the surgical preparation only. The animal model was established by 8 min of CA and then 5 min of CPR. After the animal was successfully resuscitated, a loading dose of 0.25 μg/kg of dexmedetomidine was intravenously injected followed by continuous infusion of 0.25 μg/kg/h for 6 h in the LDP group, and meanwhile a double dose of dexmedetomidine was similarly administered in the HDP group. The same amount of saline was given in the other two groups. All the resuscitated animals were monitored for 6 h and then returned to their cages for an additional 18 h of observation. RESULTS After resuscitation, significantly greater cardiac, neurological dysfunction, and injuries were observed in all animals experiencing CA and resuscitation when compared with the sham group. However, the severity of cardiac and neurological damage was significantly milder in the two dexmedetomidine-treated groups than in the CPR group. Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning also significantly decreased post-resuscitation tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis and necroptosis in the heart and brain when compared with the CPR group. In addition, these protective effects produced by dexmedetomidine post-conditioning were significantly greater in the HDP group than in the LDP group. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine post-conditioning dose-dependently improved post-resuscitation cardiac and neurological outcomes through the inhibition of tissue inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis and necroptosis.
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Wang Z, Zhou W, Dong H, Ma X, He Z. Dexmedetomidine pretreatment inhibits cerebral ischemia/reperfusion‑induced neuroinflammation via activation of AMPK. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3957-3964. [PMID: 30106098 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced cerebral inflammation, aggravates brain damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective mechanisms of dexmedetomidine (DEX) on I/R brain injury in rats. Sprague‑Dawley rats were divided to seven experimental groups (18 rats/group): Sham surgery; middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery (90 min); DEX10 [10 µg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 30 min prior to MCAO]; DEX50 (50 µg/kg i.p. 30 min prior to MCAO); DEX100 (100 µg/kg i.p. 30 min prior to MCAO); DEX50+Yohimbine [YOH; 5 mg/kg 10 min prior to DEX (50 µg/kg i.p.) administration and MCAO] and YOH (5 mg/kg 40 min prior to MCAO). At 24 h post‑MCAO surgery, neurological deficit was examined by staining damaged brain tissues with 2,3,5‑triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex was histologically assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl‑transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, and the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK; Thr172) was detected by western blotting. In addition, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑1β were assessed by ELISA. At days 1, 2 and 5 following I/R, motor functions were assessed by an observer blinded to the study. The brain infarct size, neurological deficit scores, number of apoptotic neurons, expression levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines TNF‑α and IL‑1β were increased following MCAO, whereas the motor function scores were reduced. Pretreatment with DEX prior to MCAO can reverse the effects induced by I/R. Compared with rats in the Sham group, the expression levels of p‑AMPK were mildly increased in the MCAO group and highly increased in the three DEX‑treatment groups. Pretreatment with YOH reversed the above effects of DEX and produced a similar level of cerebral I/R injury. The results demonstrated that precondition with DEX exhibited anti‑inflammatory effects on brain ischemic injury mediated by AMPK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Haiping Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhou He
- Department of Anesthesiology, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201112, P.R. China
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Association between dexmedetomidine use and neurological outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: A retrospective observational study. J Crit Care 2018; 44:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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A Promising Approach to Integrally Evaluate the Disease Outcome of Cerebral Ischemic Rats Based on Multiple-Biomarker Crosstalk. DISEASE MARKERS 2017. [PMID: 28630527 PMCID: PMC5463200 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9506527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The study was designed to evaluate the disease outcome based on multiple biomarkers related to cerebral ischemia. Methods Rats were randomly divided into sham, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and edaravone-treated groups. Cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery in rats. To form a simplified crosstalk network, the related multiple biomarkers were chosen as S100β, HIF-1α, IL-1β, PGI2, TXA2, and GSH-Px. The levels or activities of these biomarkers in plasma were detected before and after ischemia. Concurrently, neurological deficit scores and cerebral infarct volumes were assessed. Based on a mathematic model, network balance maps and three integral disruption parameters (k, φ, and u) of the simplified crosstalk network were achieved. Results The levels or activities of the related biomarkers and neurological deficit scores were significantly impacted by cerebral ischemia. The balance maps intuitively displayed the network disruption, and the integral disruption parameters quantitatively depicted the disruption state of the simplified network after cerebral ischemia. The integral disruption parameter u values correlated significantly with neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes. Conclusion Our results indicate that the approach based on crosstalk network may provide a new promising way to integrally evaluate the outcome of cerebral ischemia.
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Xing J, Lu J. Effects of mTOR on Neurological Deficits after Transient Global Ischemia. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:21-26. [PMID: 28729914 PMCID: PMC5443888 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase and activation of its signal pathway plays an important role in regulating protein growth and synthesis as well as cell proliferation and survival. In the present study, we examined the contribution of mTOR and its downstream products to brain injuries and neurological deficiencies after cardiac arrest (CA) induced-transient global ischemia. CA was induced by asphyxia followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. Our results showed that expression of p-mTOR, mTOR-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-binding protein 4 (4E-BP1) and p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 (S6K1) pathways were amplified in CA rats compared to their controls. Blocking mTOR using rapamycin attenuated upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (namely IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and Caspase-3, indicating cell apoptosis and also promoting the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its subtype receptor VEGFR-2 in the hippocampus. Moreover, the effects of rapamycin were linked to improvement of neurological deficits and increased brain water content observed in CA rats. In conclusion, activation of mTOR signal is engaged in pathophysiological process during CA-induced transient global ischemia and blocking mTOR pathway plays a beneficial role in regulating injured neuronal tissues and neurological deficits via PIC, apoptotic Caspase-3 and VEGF mechanisms. Targeting one or more of these specific mTOR pathways and its downstream signaling molecules may present new opportunities for neural dysfunction and vulnerability related to transient global ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Jilin Province Carcinoma Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Jiang XM, Hu JH, Wang LL, Ma C, Wang X, Liu XL. Effects of ulinastatin on global ischemia via brain pro-inflammation signal. Transl Neurosci 2016; 7:158-163. [PMID: 28123836 PMCID: PMC5234523 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2016-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulinastatin [urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI)] plays an important role in the
protection of organs against ischemic injury during severe inflammation. The purposes
of this study were to examine the effects of UTI on the levels of pro-inflammatory
cytokines (PICs) and protein expression of PIC receptors in the neocortex and
hippocampus CA1 region of rats after transient global ischemia induced via cardiac
arrest (CA). Specifcally, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6)
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed. CA was induced by
asphyxia followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rats. ELISA and western blot
analysis were employed to determine PICs and their receptors in the neocortex and
hippocampus. Our results show that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were
significantly elevated in the neocortex and hippocampal CA1 field after CA. This was
accompanied with an increase in PIC receptors, namely IL-1R, IL-6R and TNFR1.
Systemic injection of UTI attenuated the amplification of PIC signal pathways in
these brain regions. UTI also improved the modified Neurological Severity Score and
brain tissue edema in CA rats. Notably, UTI resulted in an increase in survival of CA
rats as compared to CA rats without treatment. In conclusion, UTI plays a beneficial
role in modulating transient global ischemia induced by CA by altering PIC signal
mechanisms, but further studies are needed to draw more firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Jiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hai Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Cardiovascular Center for Diagnostics and Treatment, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Brain Tumor Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Liang Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Hoffmann U, Sheng H, Ayata C, Warner DS. Anesthesia in Experimental Stroke Research. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:358-67. [PMID: 27534542 PMCID: PMC5016251 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anesthetics have enabled major advances in development of experimental models of human stroke. Yet, their profound pharmacologic effects on neural function can confound the interpretation of experimental stroke research. Anesthetics have species-, drug-, and dose-specific effects on cerebral blood flow and metabolism, neurovascular coupling, autoregulation, ischemic depolarizations, excitotoxicity, inflammation, neural networks, and numerous molecular pathways relevant for stroke outcome. Both preconditioning and postconditioning properties have been described. Anesthetics also modulate systemic arterial blood pressure, lung ventilation, and thermoregulation, all of which may interact with the ischemic insult as well as the therapeutic interventions. These confounds present a dilemma. Here, we provide an overview of the anesthetic mechanisms of action and molecular and physiologic effects on factors relevant to stroke outcomes that can guide the choice and optimization of the anesthetic regimen in experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Hoffmann
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - David S Warner
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Interventional therapy of diabetes mellitus type 2 complicated with acute cerebral hemorrhage by using dexmedetomidine. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Chen Q, Yi B, Ma J, Ning J, Wu L, Ma D, Lu K, Gu J. α2-adrenoreceptor modulated FAK pathway induced by dexmedetomidine attenuates pulmonary microvascular hyper-permeability following kidney injury. Oncotarget 2016; 7:55990-56001. [PMID: 27463003 PMCID: PMC5302891 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion (rI/R) could cause remote acute lung injury (ALI) and combination of these two organ injuries can remarkably increase the mortality. This study aims to determine whether dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist sedative, can ameliorate pulmonary microvascular hyper-permeability following rI/R injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, C57BL/6J mice received dexmedetomidine (25µg/kg, i.p.) in the absence or presence of α2-adrenergic antagonist atipamezole (250µg/kg, i.p.) or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor (30mg/kg, i.p.) before bilateral renal pedicle clamping for 45 minutes followed by 24 hours reperfusion. The lung histopathological changes and the permeability of pulmonary microvascular were assessed respectively. In vitro, the cultured C57BL/6J mice pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were treated with serum from mice with rI/R with or without dexmedetomidine and atipamezole. Trans-endothelial permeability and phospho-tyrosine397FAK, F-actin, VE-cadherin and ZO-1 in monolayer PMVECs were measured respectively in the presence or absence of rI/R serum, dexmedetomidine and FAK inhibitor. In vivo, dexmedetomidine remarkably attenuated lung injury and pulmonary microvascular hyper-permeability caused by rI/R injury, which was abolished by atipamezole or FAK inhibitor co-administration. In vitro, the permeability of PMVECs monolayer following exposure to serum from rI/R mice was increased significantly, and decreased by dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine increased phospho-tyrosine397FAK in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which was correlated with the changes in trans-endothelial permeability. Our data indicated that dexmedetomidine is able to ameliorate remote pulmonary microvascular hyper-permeability induced by rI/R, at least in part, via FAK modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianbo Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaoling Ning
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingzhi Wu
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daqing Ma
- Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaizhi Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianteng Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Effectiveness of sugammadex for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2016; 32:292-301. [PMID: 27377841 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia may cause permanent brain damage and behavioral dysfunction. The efficacy and mechanisms of pharmacological treatments administered immediately after cerebral damage are not fully known. Sugammadex is a licensed medication. As other cyclodextrins have not passed the necessary phase tests, trade preparations are not available, whereas sugammadex is frequently used in clinical anesthetic practice. Previous studies have not clearly described the effects of the cyclodextrin family on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether sugammadex had a neuroprotective effect against transient global cerebral ischemia. Animals were assigned to control, sham-operated, S 16 and S 100 groups. Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by 10-minute occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery, followed by 24-hour reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, neurological behavior scoring was performed on the rats, followed by evaluation of histomorphological and biochemical measurements. Sugammadex 16 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg improved neurological outcome, which was associated with reductions in both histological and neurological scores. The hippocampus TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and caspase results in the S 16 and S 100 treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the I/R group. Neurological scores in the treated groups were significantly higher than those of the I/R group. The study showed that treatment with 16 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg sugammadex had a neuroprotective effect in a transient global cerebral I/R rat model. However, 100 mg/kg sugammadex was more neuroprotective in rats.
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Shen PP, Hou S, Ma D, Zhao MM, Zhu MQ, Zhang JD, Feng LS, Cui L, Feng JC. Cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning in the brain. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1857-1864. [PMID: 28123433 PMCID: PMC5204245 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression is a technique used to depolarize neurons. During focal or global ischemia, cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning can enhance tolerance of further injury. However, the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon remains relatively unclear. To date, numerous issues exist regarding the experimental model used to precondition the brain with cortical spreading depression, such as the administration route, concentration of potassium chloride, induction time, duration of the protection provided by the treatment, the regional distribution of the protective effect, and the types of neurons responsible for the greater tolerance. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underlying cortical spreading depression-induced tolerance in the brain, considering excitatory neurotransmission and metabolism, nitric oxide, genomic reprogramming, inflammation, neurotropic factors, and cellular stress response. Specifically, we clarify the procedures and detailed information regarding cortical spreading depression-induced preconditioning and build a foundation for more comprehensive investigations in the field of neural regeneration and clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Shen
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Di Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Qin Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing-Dian Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Liang-Shu Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jia-Chun Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience Center and Neurology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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