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Touron J, Maisonnave L, Rigaudière JP, Montaurier C, De Antonio M, Perrault H, Richard R, Capel F. Eccentric and concentric exercises induce different adaptions in adipose tissue biology. J Physiol Biochem 2023:10.1007/s13105-023-00956-2. [PMID: 36961725 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-023-00956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in adipose tissue (AT) metabolism related to inflammation and adipokine's production lead to perturbations in its capacity to store lipids and release fatty acids (FA) during feeding/fasting transition or during exercise. Exercise has a beneficial effect on AT metabolism, but conventional trainings are not always suitable for patients with functional limitations. Dynamic eccentric (ECC) exercise prevents the accumulation of AT and may then overcome those limitations. Consequently, this study aimed at investigating AT's adaptations after ECC training. Nine-week-old male rats were randomly assigned to a control sedentary or three-trained groups for which treadmill slopes modulated exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) and mechanical work (n = 15 per group): (1) + 15% uphill-concentric group (CONC), (2) - 15% downhill group (ECC15, same mechanical work as CONC) and (3) - 30% downhill group (ECC30, same VO2, or oxygen cost as CONC). Body composition and energy expenditure (EE) were measured before and after 8 weeks of training. Subcutaneous AT was collected to study total FA profile and gene expression. Higher total EE was driven by lean mass gain in trained animals. In AT, there was a decrease in arachidonic acid with CONC or ECC15 training. Increased adiponectin, leptin, lipases, Glut4 and Igf1 mRNA levels in ECC15 group suggested major metabolic adaption in AT. In conclusion, ECC could induce beneficial modifications in AT fatty acid profile and the expression of key genes related to metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laura Maisonnave
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Paul Rigaudière
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Montaurier
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie De Antonio
- Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Helene Perrault
- Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruddy Richard
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service de Médecine du Sport Et Des Explorations Fonctionnelles, CHU Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frederic Capel
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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2
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Willis SA, Malaikah S, Parry S, Bawden S, Ennequin G, Sargeant JA, Yates T, Webb DR, Davies MJ, Stensel DJ, Aithal GP, King JA. The effect of acute and chronic exercise on hepatic lipid composition. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:550-568. [PMID: 36610000 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended for those with, or at risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), owing to beneficial effects on hepatic steatosis and cardiometabolic risk. Whilst exercise training reduces total intrahepatic lipid in people with NAFLD, accumulating evidence indicates that exercise may also modulate hepatic lipid composition. This metabolic influence is important as the profile of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dramatically affect the metabolic consequences of hepatic lipid accumulation; with SFA being especially lipotoxic. Relatedly, obesity and NAFLD are associated with hepatic PUFA depletion and elevated SFA. This review summarizes the acute (single bout) and chronic (exercise training) effects of exercise on hepatic lipid composition in rodents (acute studies: n = 3, chronic studies: n = 13) and humans (acute studies: n = 1, chronic studies: n = 3). An increased proportion of hepatic PUFA after acute and chronic exercise is the most consistent finding of this review. Mechanistically, this may relate to an enhanced uptake of adipose-derived PUFA (reflecting habitual diet), particularly in rodents. A relative decrease in the proportion of hepatic MUFA after chronic exercise is also documented repeatedly, particularly in rodent models with elevated hepatic MUFA. This outcome is related to decreased hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 activity in some studies. Findings regarding hepatic SFA are less consistent and limited by the absence of metabolic challenge in rodent models. These findings require confirmation in well-controlled interventions in people with NAFLD. These studies will be facilitated by recently validated magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques, able to precisely quantify hepatic lipid composition in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Willis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sundus Malaikah
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Siôn Parry
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Stephen Bawden
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jack A Sargeant
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David R Webb
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and the University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Lee Y, Hyon JY, Jeon HS. Characteristics of dry eye patients with thick tear film lipid layers evaluated by a LipiView II interferometer. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:1235-1241. [PMID: 33409678 PMCID: PMC8102443 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-05044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the characteristics of eyes with dry eye disease (DED) whose lipid layer thickness (LLT) measured 100 nm on a LipiView II interferometer and compare the DED parameters of them to those with LLT below 100 nm. METHODS A total of 201 eyes of 102 enrolled DED patients (mean age 56.4 ± 11.8 years) were classified into 3 groups according to their average LLT; < 60 nm as thin-LLT (n = 49), 60-99 nm as normal-LLT (n = 77), and 100 nm as thick-LLT (n = 75). LLT, meiboscore, Schirmer I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) were assessed. RESULTS The OSS and TBUT were significantly worse in the thick-LLT group than in the normal-LLT group (p = 0.020, and p = 0.028, respectively). The OSDI was significantly higher in the thick-LLT group than in the thin-LLT group (p = 0.006). However, the meiboscore was not different among the three groups (p = 0.33). Age, OSS, and OSDI showed a positive correlation with LLT (r = 0.16, p = 0.023; r = 0.213, p = 0.003; and r = 0.338, p = 0.001, respectively). In sensitivity analyses, eyes with corneal erosions had a significantly higher average LLT (p = 0.015), higher OSDI (p = 0.009), shorter TBUT (p < 0.001), and shorter Schirmer I value (p = 0.024) than those with clear corneas. CONCLUSION The average LLT of eyes with corneal erosions was thicker than those without erosions, suggesting that the LLT of 100 nm in the eyes with corneal erosions should not be regarded as a stable physiologic condition. Cautious interpretation of LLT along with other dry eye parameters is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joon Young Hyon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Jeon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Townsend LK, Gandhi S, Shamshoum H, Trottier SK, Mutch DM, Reimer RA, Shearer J, LeBlanc PJ, Wright DC. Exercise and Dairy Protein have Distinct Effects on Indices of Liver and Systemic Lipid Metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:97-105. [PMID: 31729829 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the individual and combined effects of skim milk powder (SMP) and exercise on indices of systemic and liver lipid metabolism in male obese rats. METHODS Rats were fed a high-fat (~ 40% kcal from fat), high-sugar diet for 8 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, rats were assigned to one of four weight-matched, isocaloric, high-fat, high-sugar groups for 6 weeks: (1) casein-sedentary, (2) casein-exercise, (3) SMP-sedentary, and (4) SMP-exercise. Nonfat SMP or casein was the sole protein source in the dairy and control casein diets, respectively. Exercise training occurred 5 d/wk for 60 minutes on a motorized treadmill. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. Lipidomics, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction were used to assess markers of hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Exercise, but not SMP, altered the fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides, reduced indices of lipogenesis, and increased expression of genes linked to oxidative metabolism, in conjunction with increases in whole-body fat oxidation. SMP and exercise reduced plasma triglycerides in an additive manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that SMP and exercise exert distinct effects on whole-body and hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and that they could work in a synergistic manner to reduce serum triglyceride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Rocha-Rodrigues S, Rodríguez A, Gonçalves IO, Moreira A, Maciel E, Santos S, Domingues MR, Frühbeck G, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Impact of physical exercise on visceral adipose tissue fatty acid profile and inflammation in response to a high-fat diet regimen. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 87:114-124. [PMID: 28438715 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies associate specific fatty-acids (FA) with the pathophysiology of inflammation. We aimed to analyze the impact of exercise on adipose tissue FA profile in response to a high-fat diet (HFD) and to ascertain whether these exercise-induced changes in specific FA have repercussions on obesity-related inflammation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into sedentary, voluntary physical-activity (VPA) and endurance training (ET) groups fed a standard (S, 35kcal% fat) or high-fat (71kcal% fat) diets. VPA-animals had unrestricted access to wheel-running. After 9-wks, ET-animals engaged a running protocol for 8-wks, while maintained dietary treatments. The FA content in epididymal white-adipose tissue (eWAT) triglycerides was analyzed by gas-chromatography and the expression of inflammatory markers was determined using RT-qPCR, Western and slot blotting. RESULTS Eight-wks of ET reversed obesity-related anatomical features. HFD increased plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α content and eWAT monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 protein expression. HFD decreased eWAT content of saturated FA and monounsaturated FA, while increased linoleic acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in eWAT. VPA decreased visceral adiposity, adipocyte size and MCP-1 in HFD-fed animals. The VPA and ET interventions diminished palmitoleic acid and increased linoleic acid in HFD-fed groups. Moreover, both interventions increased PGE2 levels in standard diet-fed groups and decreased in HFD. ET increased eWAT fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and elongase 5 (ELOVL5) protein content in both diet types. ET reduced eWAT inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), macrophage recruitment (MCP-1 and F4/80) and increased IL-10/TNF-α ratio in plasma and in eWAT in both diet types. CONCLUSIONS Exercise induced FA-specific changes independently of dietary FA composition, but only ET attenuated the inflammatory response in VAT of HFD-fed rats. Moreover, the exercise-induced FA changes did not correlate with the inflammatory response in VAT of rats submitted to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Rocha-Rodrigues
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inês O Gonçalves
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Moreira
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Santos
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria R Domingues
- Mass spectrometry Centre, UI-QOPNA Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Obesity & Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitario de Navarra (IdiSNA), CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - António Ascensão
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Magalhães
- CIAFEL - Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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The effect of granulated barley as single major ingredient in the growing or finishing diet on productive performance, carcass, meat and fat quality of heavy pigs. Animal 2012; 6:1543-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Tepsic J, Vucic V, Arsic A, Mazic S, Djelic M, Glibetic M. Unfavourable plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid profile in elite amateur boxers. Eur J Sport Sci 2011; 13:414-21. [PMID: 23834548 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.630105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Research on possible physiological changes as a consequence of a specific lifestyle and long-term strenuous exercise in boxing has been sparse. We determined plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FA) profile of 16 elite amateur male boxers (22.4±3.3 years of age), and compared them with a control group composed of 19 sedentary (24.4±3.4) year-old men. The percentages of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monosaturated FA in plasma phospholipids were significantly higher (P <0.001) in boxers compared to the control group. On the other hand, all studied polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma PL with the exception of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA, 22:4, n-6) were significantly lower in boxers than in sedentary men. Total PUFA, n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA were also significantly lower in boxers (P <0.001), whereas the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in boxers than in control group (P <0.01). Boxers had significantly higher proportion of all SFA in erythrocyte PL compared to the control group (P <0.05). In addition, the percentage of linoleic acid was lower in boxers' erythrocyte PL than in the control group (P <0.05). The results show two potentially unfavourable main features of the FA profile of boxers, that is, a higher n-6/n-3 ratio in plasma PL and a higher percentage of SFA in both plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids compared to controls. As SFA correlates directly with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and high n-6/n-3 ratio has been shown to stimulate carcinogenesis and modulate inflammation and autoimmunity, this profile could be detrimental to the health of boxers. The mechanism underlying these differences requires further investigation; however the results suggest benefits of nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Tepsic
- Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade, Serbia.
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8
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Plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid profile in professional basketball and football players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:359-65. [PMID: 19633987 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intensive long-term physical activity on phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition has not been studied thoroughly. We determined plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid FA status of professional basketball and football players. Our results showed differences in plasma FA profile not only between sportsmen and sedentary subjects, but also between two groups of sportsmen. Plasma FA profile in basketball players showed significantly higher proportion of n-6 FA (20:3, 20:4, and 22:4) and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) than controls, while football players had higher palmitoleic acid (16:1) than basketball players and controls. Total PUFA and 22:4 were also higher in basketball than in football players. Erythrocyte FA profile showed no differences between football players and controls. However, basketball players had higher proportion of 18:0 than controls, higher saturated FA and lower 18:2 than two other groups, and higher 22:4 than football players. These findings suggest that long-term intensive exercise and type of sport influence FA profile.
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Abstract
This article reviews the effects of acute and chronic exercise on the fatty-acid composition of animal and human tissues (plasma, skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, liver, artery and erythrocytes), as reported in 68 studies spanning four decades. The most consistently observed effect has been an increase in the relative amount of unsaturated, especially monounsaturated, non-esterified fatty acids in plasma of both animals and humans after acute exercise. Chronic exercise seems to increase the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega6 fatty acids, while decreasing the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids in animal and human adipose tissue. Additionally, chronic exercise seems to decrease the relative amount of unsaturated fatty acids in liver lipids of animals and humans. There is no consensus regarding the effect of exercise on the fatty-acid composition of lipids in any other tissue. In general, the effects of exercise are independent of nutrition and, regarding skeletal muscle, muscle fibre type. The available literature shows that, in addition to modifying the concentrations of animal and human tissue lipids, exercise also changes their fatty-acid profile. Unfortunately, the available studies are so much divided among exercise models, species and biological samples that a cohesive picture of the plasticity of the fatty-acid pattern of most tissues toward exercise has not emerged. Future studies should focus on determining the fatty-acid profile of separate lipid classes (rather than total lipids) in separate subcellular fractions (rather than whole tissues), examining tissues and organs on which no data are available and exploring the mechanisms of the exercise-induced changes in fatty-acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Petridou A, Nikolaidis MG, Matsakas A, Schulz T, Michna H, Mougios V. Effect of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of lipid classes in rat liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 94:84-92. [PMID: 15682327 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-004-1294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of exercise training on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TG) in rat liver, skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius medialis), and adipose tissue (epididymal and subcutaneous fat). For this purpose, the relevant tissues of 11 trained rats were compared to those of 14 untrained ones. Training caused several significant differences of large effect size in the concentrations and percentages of individual fatty acids in the aforementioned lipid classes. The fatty acid composition of liver PL, in terms of both concentrations and percentages, changed with training. The TG content of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue decreased significantly with training. In contrast to the liver, where no significant differences in the fatty acid profile of TG were found, muscle underwent more significant differences in TG than PL, and adipose tissue only in TG. Most differences were in the same direction in muscle and adipose tissue TG, suggesting a common underlying mechanism. Estimated fatty acid elongase activity was significantly higher, whereas Delta(9)-desaturase activity was significantly lower in muscle and adipose tissue of the trained rats. In conclusion, exercise training modified the fatty acid composition of liver PL, muscle PL and TG, as well as adipose tissue TG. These findings may aid in delineating the effects of exercise on biological functions such as membrane properties, cell signaling, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Petridou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Nikolaidis MG, Petridou A, Matsakas A, Schulz T, Michna H, Mougios V. Effect of chronic wheel running on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in rat serum, skeletal muscle and heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 181:199-208. [PMID: 15180792 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term wheel running on the fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TG) in rat serum, skeletal muscle (soleus and extensor digitorum longus) and heart. METHODS To this end, the relevant tissues of 11 trained male Wistar rats were compared with those of 14 untrained ones. RESULTS There were several significant differences between the two groups regarding the concentrations and percentages of individual fatty acids in serum PL and TG, with most differences appearing in the fatty acid distribution of PL. Monounsaturated fatty acids of muscle PL were significantly lower in the trained rats. Estimated elongase activity was significantly higher, whereas Delta(9)-desaturase activity was significantly lower in the trained muscles. Monounsaturated fatty acids of PL were also significantly lower in the trained hearts. The fatty acid composition of PL in the skeletal muscles and the heart adapted to training in a comparable manner, whereas most of the changes in the fatty acid profile of TG were tissue-dependent. Judging from the magnitude of the effect sizes and the percentage differences between trained and untrained animals, there were many large effects of chronic exercise on the fatty acid composition of the tissues examined. CONCLUSION Long-term wheel running modified the fatty acid profile of PL and TG in rat serum, skeletal muscle and heart, and could thus be considered as a modulator of tissue fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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12
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Danner SA, Wieling W, Havekes L, Leuven JG, Smit EM, Dunning AJ. Effect of physical exercise on blood lipids and adipose tissue composition in young healthy men. Atherosclerosis 1984; 53:83-90. [PMID: 6437418 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(84)90108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In a prospective, controlled study, the influence of strenuous physical exercise on plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I, total triglycerides and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue was studied during 7 months of training in 15 senior oarsmen and 21 controls matched for age, smoking and drinking habits. Dietary intake was monitored. At the start of the study there were no differences in lipid parameters and adipose tissue composition between oarsmen and controls. A significant decrease in total cholesterol and total triglycerides and an increase in HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I was noted in the oarsmen after only 2 weeks of training. Body weight remained stable but skin-fold thickness decreased. Food consumption increased considerably but diet composition remained unchanged. Nevertheless the fatty acid pattern of adipose tissue changed significantly, as a result of altered preferential endogenous fatty acid synthesis and/or fatty acid oxidation. Since lipid parameters and adipose tissue composition were equal in oarsmen and controls before the start of the training, it is concluded that the changes induced by exercise only last for the duration of the training period.
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