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Itabe H, Obama T. The Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Its Diversity and Behavior in the Human Circulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065747. [PMID: 36982815 PMCID: PMC10053446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in circulation has been well-known as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presence of oxidized LDLs (oxLDLs) in atherosclerotic lesions and circulation was demonstrated using anti-oxLDL monoclonal antibodies. The so-called “oxLDL hypothesis”, as a mechanism for atherosclerosis development, has been attracting attention for decades. However, the oxLDL has been considered a hypothetical particle since the oxLDL present in vivo has not been fully characterized. Several chemically modified LDLs have been proposed to mimic oxLDLs. Some of the subfractions of LDL, especially Lp(a) and electronegative LDL, have been characterized as oxLDL candidates as oxidized phospholipids that stimulate vascular cells. Oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) and oxLDL were discovered immunologically in vivo. Recently, an oxLDL-oxHDL complex was found in human plasma, suggesting the involvement of HDLs in the oxidative modification of lipoproteins in vivo. In this review, we summarize our understanding of oxidized lipoproteins and propose a novel standpoint to understand the oxidized lipoproteins present in vivo.
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Ke LY, Law SH, Mishra VK, Parveen F, Chan HC, Lu YH, Chu CS. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Electronegative Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120550. [PMID: 33260304 PMCID: PMC7760527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism increases plasma levels of lipoproteins and triglycerides, resulting in vascular endothelial damage. Remarkably, the oxidation of lipid and lipoprotein particles generates electronegative lipoproteins that mediate cellular deterioration of atherosclerosis. In this review, we examined the core of atherosclerotic plaque, which is enriched by byproducts of lipid metabolism and lipoproteins, such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and electronegative subfraction of LDL (LDL(−)). We also summarized the chemical properties, receptors, and molecular mechanisms of LDL(−). In combination with other well-known markers of inflammation, namely metabolic diseases, we concluded that LDL(−) can be used as a novel prognostic tool for these lipid disorders. In addition, through understanding the underlying pathophysiological molecular routes for endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, we may reassess current therapeutics and might gain a new direction to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, mainly targeting LDL(−) clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine and Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Shi Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Vineet Kumar Mishra
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (S.H.L.); (V.K.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Ye-Hsu Lu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (H.-C.C.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of International Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-73121101 (ext. 2297); Fax: +886-73111996
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Bertone-Johnson ER, Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Niskanen L, Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Ronkainen K, Kauhanen J, Tuomainen TP. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Levels and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Older Postmenopausal Women. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:16-26. [PMID: 29309514 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies of perimenopausal women suggest that follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels may be associated with atherosclerosis, independent of estradiol. Whether FSH is related to atherosclerosis in older postmenopausal women, who have completed the menopausal transition, remains unknown. We assessed the relationship of serum FSH and estradiol levels with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) among 587 postmenopausal participants in the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (Kuopio, Finland). Participants were aged 53-73 years and not using hormone therapy at baseline (1998-2001). Mean IMT was measured via high-resolution ultrasonography. We observed a significant inverse association between FSH levels and IMT. Mean IMTs among women in quartiles 1-4 of FSH were 0.94 mm, 0.91 mm, 0.87 mm, and 0.85 mm, respectively (P-trend < 0.001). After adjustment for age, estradiol, testosterone, body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), lipids, and other factors, FSH levels remained significantly associated with IMT (regression coefficients for quartiles 2-4 vs. quartile 1 were -0.038, -0.045, and -0.062, respectively; P-trend = 0.01). Findings were strongest in women aged 64-73 years (P-trend = 0.006) and did not vary by body mass index. In contrast, estradiol levels were not related to IMT. In summary, high postmenopausal FSH levels were associated with a lower atherosclerotic burden, independent of estradiol, adiposity, and other factors. Our findings warrant replication and the further exploration of potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jyrki K Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Nurmi
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leo Niskanen
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Mursu
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Ronkainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Kaikkonen JE, Vilppo T, Asikainen J, Voutilainen S, Kurl S, Salonen JT. Fatty acids as determinants of in-vivo lipid peroxidation: the EFFGE study in Eastern Finnish hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects. Ann Med 2013; 45:455-64. [PMID: 23952918 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.809915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree of fatty acid (FA) unsaturation as a determinant of lipid peroxidation has been inadequately studied. METHODS We examined associations of plasma free F2α-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), an indicator of in-vivo lipid peroxidation, with the levels/intake of FAs, adjusted for the risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in 1211 Finnish men and women, of whom 50% were hypertensive, aged 59.3 ± 8.3 years, mean ± SD. RESULTS Elevated age- and sex-adjusted plasma free levels of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated Fas (PUFAs), saturated FAs (SFAs), and the PUFA/SFA and the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios were all associated with decreased F2-IsoPs. High dietary SFA intake was associated with elevated F2-IsoP concentrations. In a multivariable regression (with clinical, nutritional, and behavioral CVD risk factors), female gender, body mass index (BMI), serum apolipoprotein A1, and NT-proBNP (natriuretic peptide) were positively associated with the F2-IsoPs, whereas the dietary PUFA/SFA ratio, plasma β-carotene, the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio, and protein intake showed inverse associations. CONCLUSIONS We propose that elevated lipid peroxidation is associated with several risk factors of CVD, such as a low PUFA/SFA ratio, whereas the FA precursors of lipid peroxidation, i.e. omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs are associated with attenuated F2-IsoP levels. These findings provide mechanistic support for earlier observations linking PUFA to improved cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Kaikkonen
- The Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Finland.
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Hurskainen AR, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with type 2 diabetes and markers of insulin resistance in a general older population in Finland. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:418-23. [PMID: 22318870 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency and type 2 diabetes are both common in Finland, and low vitamin D status has been suggested as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to study the associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a marker of vitamin D status, and glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes in a general population sample in Eastern Finland. METHODS Cross-sectional analysis in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. A total of 850 men and 906 women, aged 53-73 years, were analysed. Relative risk (RR) of prevalent diabetes was estimated as odds ratios by logistic regression. Associations between serum 25(OH)D and markers of impaired glucose metabolism in tertiles of serum 25(OH)D concentration were assessed by linear regression. RESULTS The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 43.4 nmol/L (SD 17.6, range 8.5-122.8 nmol/L) in the study population. Serum 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L were observed in 65.5% of the participants. Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with fasting serum insulin, fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h glucose levels after adjustment for age, gender and examination year. Association with the OGTT 2-h glucose remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustments. The RR (95% confidence interval) for type 2 diabetes in tertiles of serum 25(OH)D were 1, 1.26 (0.86, 1.85) and 1.44 (0.96, 2.15) after multivariate adjustments (p for trend = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that low serum 25(OH)D is associated with impaired glucose and insulin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Riina Hurskainen
- The Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Effects of similar intakes of marine n-3 fatty acids from enriched food products and fish oil on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:1339-49. [PMID: 21917191 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511004508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that consumption of fish and fish oil rich in long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA), EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) reduce the risk of CHD. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 LCPUFA-enriched food products provide similar beneficial effects as fish oil with regard to incorporation into plasma lipids and effects on cardiovascular risk markers. A parallel 7-week intervention trial was performed where 159 healthy men and women were randomised to consume either 34 g fish pâté (n 44), 500 ml fruit juice (n 38) or three capsules of concentrated fish oil (n 40), all contributing to a daily intake of approximately 1 g EPA and DHA. A fourth group did not receive any supplementation or food product and served as controls (n 37). Plasma fatty acid composition, serum lipids, and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured. Compared with the control group, plasma n-3 LCPUFA and EPA:arachidonic acid ratio increased equally in all intervention groups. However, no significant changes in blood lipids and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were observed. In conclusion, enriched fish pâté and fruit juice represent suitable delivery systems for n-3 LCPUFA. However, although the dose given is known to reduce the risk of CVD, no significant changes were observed on cardiovascular risk markers in this healthy population.
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Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids 2010; 46:37-46. [PMID: 21042875 PMCID: PMC3024511 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of krill oil and fish oil on serum lipids and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and to evaluate if different molecular forms, triacylglycerol and phospholipids, of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence the plasma level of EPA and DHA differently. One hundred thirteen subjects with normal or slightly elevated total blood cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels were randomized into three groups and given either six capsules of krill oil (N = 36; 3.0 g/day, EPA + DHA = 543 mg) or three capsules of fish oil (N = 40; 1.8 g/day, EPA + DHA = 864 mg) daily for 7 weeks. A third group did not receive any supplementation and served as controls (N = 37). A significant increase in plasma EPA, DHA, and DPA was observed in the subjects supplemented with n-3 PUFAs as compared with the controls, but there were no significant differences in the changes in any of the n-3 PUFAs between the fish oil and the krill oil groups. No statistically significant differences in changes in any of the serum lipids or the markers of oxidative stress and inflammation between the study groups were observed. Krill oil and fish oil thus represent comparable dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs, even if the EPA + DHA dose in the krill oil was 62.8% of that in the fish oil.
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Virtanen JK, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S, Mursu J, Tuomainen TP. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with the risk of death in a general older population in Finland. Eur J Nutr 2010; 50:305-12. [PMID: 20976461 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-010-0138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, a marker of vitamin D status, and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a general older population with relatively low average serum 25(OH)D concentrations. METHODS The study population included 552 men and 584 women aged 53-73 years who were free of CVD and cancer at baseline in 1998-2001 from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. Deaths were ascertained by a computer linkage to the national cause of death register. All deaths that occurred from the study entry to December 31, 2008, were included. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to analyze the association between serum 25(OH)D and risk of death. RESULTS The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 43.7 nmol/L (SD 17.8), with a strong seasonal variation. During the average follow-up of 9.1 years, 87 participants died, 35 from cardiovascular disease (CVD). After multivariable-adjustments, the hazard ratios (HR) for all cause death in the tertiles of serum 25(OH)D were 1, 1.68 (95% CI: 0.92, 3.07) and 2.06 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.80), p for trend = 0.02. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the accumulating evidence from epidemiological studies that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of death. Large-scale primary prevention trials with vitamin D supplementation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki K Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Finland.
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Krill oil supplementation increases plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in overweight and obese men and women. Nutr Res 2009; 29:609-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rosenson RS, Hislop C, McConnell D, Elliott M, Stasiv Y, Wang N, Waters DD. Effects of 1-H-indole-3-glyoxamide (A-002) on concentration of secretory phospholipase A2 (PLASMA study): a phase II double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373:649-58. [PMID: 19231633 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) enzymes, produced and secreted in human blood vessels and hepatocytes, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis through mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of lipoprotein. We examined the effects of an sPLA(2) inhibitor on enzyme concentration and on plasma lipoproteins and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with coronary heart disease. METHODS Patients aged 18 years and older with stable coronary heart disease from the USA and Ukraine were eligible for enrolment in this phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, dose-response study. 393 patients were randomly assigned by computer-generated sequence to receive either placebo (n=79) or one of four doses of an sPLA(2) inhibitor, A-002 (1-H-indole-3-glyoxamide; 50 mg [n=79], 100 mg [n=80], 250 mg [n=78], or 500 mg [n=77] twice daily), for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in sPLA(2) group IIA (sPLA(2)-IIA) concentration or activity from baseline to week 8. Analysis was by modified intention to treat (ITT). The ITT population consisted of all patients who received one dose of study treatment; data for patients who dropped out before the end of the study were carried forward from last observation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00455546. FINDINGS All randomised patients received at least one dose and were included in the ITT population. Data for 45 patients were carried forward from last observation (36 in the A-002 group and nine in the placebo group); the main reason for dropout before completion was because of adverse events. 348 patients reached the primary endpoint (A-002 n=278, placebo n=70). Mean sPLA(2)-IIA concentration fell by 86.7%, from 157 pmol/L to 21 [corrected] pmol/L, in the overall active treatment group, and by 4.8%, from 157 pmol/L to 143 [corrected] pmol/L, in the placebo group (p<0.0001 treatment vs placebo). The reductions in sPLA(2)-IIA concentration in the A-002 groups were dose dependent (ranging from 69.2% in the 50 mg group to 95.8% in the 500 mg group) and differed significantly from placebo (p<0.0001 for all doses). In the 500 mg A-002 treatment group, there was one serious adverse event (exacerbation of underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but the proportion of patients reporting treatment-emergent adverse events did not differ from placebo. The main side-effects of the drug included headache (n=20), nausea (n=17), and diarrhoea (n=12). INTERPRETATION The reductions in sPLA(2)-IIA concentration suggest that A-002 might be an effective anti-atherosclerotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Benítez S, Camacho M, Bancells C, Vila L, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Wide proinflammatory effect of electronegative low-density lipoprotein on human endothelial cells assayed by a protein array. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:1014-21. [PMID: 16753331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a modified subfraction of LDL present in plasma able to induce the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). To ascertain whether further inflammation mediator release could be induced by LDL(-), a protein array system was used to measure 42 cytokines and related compounds. Native LDL and LDL(-) isolated from normolipemic subjects were incubated for 24 h with HUVEC and culture supernatants were used to measure inflammation mediator release. The protein array revealed that IL-6, granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and growth-related oncogene (GRO) release were increased by cultured HUVEC in response to LDL(-). LDL(-) enhanced production of IL-6 (4-fold vs. LDL(+)), GM-CSF (4-fold), GRObeta (2-fold) and GROgamma (7-fold) was confirmed by ELISA. Time-course experiments revealed that IL-6 was released earlier than the other inflammation mediators, suggesting a first-wave cytokine action. However, the addition of IL-6 alone did not stimulate the production of IL-8, MCP-1 or GM-CSF. Moreover, IL-8, MCP-1 or GM-CSF alone did not promote the release of the other inflammatory molecules. Modification of LDL(+) by phospholipase A(2)-mediated lipolysis or by loading with non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) reproduced the action of LDL(-), thereby suggesting the involvement of NEFA and/or lysophosphatidylcholine in the release of these molecules. Our results indicate that LDL(-) promotes a proinflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells through the production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Benítez
- Department of Biochemistry and Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Benítez S, Camacho M, Arcelus R, Vila L, Bancells C, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Increased lysophosphatidylcholine and non-esterified fatty acid content in LDL induces chemokine release in endothelial cells. Relationship with electronegative LDL. Atherosclerosis 2005; 177:299-305. [PMID: 15530903 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a plasma-circulating LDL subfraction with proinflammatory properties that induces the production of chemokines in cultured endothelial cells. However, the specific mechanism of LDL(-)-mediated chemokine release is presently unknown. A characteristic feature of LDL(-) is an increased content of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The effect of increasing amounts of LPC and NEFA associated with LDL on the release of chemokines by endothelial cells was studied. Total LDL was subfractionated by anion-exchange chromatography in electropositive (LDL(+)) and LDL(-). LDL(-) contained two-fold more LPC and NEFA than LDL(+) and induced two- to four-fold more (p < 0.05) interleukin-8 (IL-8, 11.5 +/- 8.2 ng/10(5) cells) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, 10.8 +/- 3.8 ng/10(5) cells) release by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) than LDL(+) (IL-8: 3.4 +/- 1.5 ng/10(5) cells, MCP-1: 5.8 +/- 2.9 ng/10(5) cells). The content of LPC and NEFA in LDL(+) was increased by enzymatic treatment with secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) at 5 ng/mL or 20 ng/mL or by incubation with NEFA at 2 mmol/L. Modification of LDL(+) by both methods did not result in oxidative modification as demonstrated by the lack of change in antioxidants, conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde content. sPLA(2) treatment resulted in an increase in LPC and NEFA in LDL(+) which enhanced its ability to release IL-8 and MCP-1 by HUVEC in a concentration-dependent manner (sPLA(2)(5)-LDL; IL-8: 7.1 +/- 3.8ng/10(5) cells, MCP-1: 8.0 +/- 5.1 ng/10(5) cells; sPLA(2)(20)-LDL; IL-8: 20.8 +/- 11.2 ng/10(5) cells, MCP-1: 15.0 +/- 7.5 ng/10(5) cells). NEFA loading of LDL(+) also favored the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 (IL-8: 7.8 +/- 6.1 ng/10(5) cells, MCP-1: 8.4 +/- 2.7 ng/10(5) cells, p < 0.05 versus LDL(+)). These effects were observed when modified LDL(+) reached a content of LPC and/or NEFA similar that of LDL(-). These data indicate that non-oxidized polar lipids associated with LDL promote an inflammatory response in endothelial cells and suggest that increased NEFA and LPC could be involved in the inflammatory activity of LDL(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Benítez
- Department of Biochemistry and Inflammation Mediators Laboratory, Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Antoni Maria Claret 167, Barcelona 08025, Spain
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Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Rissanen TH, Virtanen JK, Kaikkonen J, Nyyssönen K, Salonen JT. Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1351-9. [PMID: 15454274 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa powder is rich in polyphenols and, thus, may contribute to the reduction of lipid peroxidation. Our aim was to study the effects of long-term ingestion of chocolate, with differing amounts of polyphenols, on serum lipids and lipid peroxidation ex vivo and in vivo. We conducted a 3 week clinical supplementation trial of 45 nonsmoking, healthy volunteers. Participants consumed 75 g daily of either white chocolate (white chocolate, WC group), dark chocolate (dark chocolate, DC group), or dark chocolate enriched with cocoa polyphenols (high-polyphenol chocolate, HPC group). In the DC and HPC groups, an increase in serum HDL cholesterol was observed (11.4% and 13.7%, respectively), whereas in the WC group there was a small decrease (-2.9%, p < 0.001). The concentration of serum LDL diene conjugates, a marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo, decreased 11.9% in all three study groups. No changes were seen in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma, in the oxidation susceptibility of serum lipids or VLDL + LDL, or in the concentration of plasma F2-isoprostanes or hydroxy fatty acids. Cocoa polyphenols may increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol, whereas chocolate fatty acids may modify the fatty acid composition of LDL and make it more resistant to oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Mursu
- Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The occurrence in blood of an electronegatively charged LDL was described in 1988. During the 1990s reports studying electronegative LDL (LDL(-)) were scant and its atherogenic role controversial. Nevertheless, recent reports have provided new evidence on a putative atherogenic role of LDL(-). This review focuses on and discusses these new findings. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, LDL(-) has been found to be involved in several atherogenic features through its action on cultured endothelial cells. LDL(-) induces the production of chemokines, such as IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and increases tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced production of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, with these molecules being involved in early phases of leukocyte recruitment. LDL(-) from familial hypercholesterolemic patients also decreases DNA synthesis and intracellular fibroblast growth factor 2 production, which may contribute to impaired angiogenesis and increased apoptosis. In addition, the preferential association of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase with LDL(-) has been reported, suggesting a proinflammatory role of this enzyme in LDL(-). SUMMARY Recent findings suggest that LDL(-) could contribute to atherogenesis via several mechanisms, including proinflammatory, proapoptotic and anti-angiogenesis properties. Further studies are required to define the role of LDL(-) in atherogenesis more precisely and to clarify mechanisms involved in endothelial cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Biochemistry Department and Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Tuomainen TP, Diczfalusy U, Kaikkonen J, Nyyssönen K, Salonen JT. Serum ferritin concentration is associated with plasma levels of cholesterol oxidation products in man. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:922-8. [PMID: 14556856 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products, oxysterols, are thought to play a part in the initiation and development of human atherosclerotic lesions. Excessive body iron has been suggested to promote atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease through its pro-oxidative properties. In the present study, the associations between serum ferritin and plasma oxysterol concentrations were examined in 669 eastern Finnish men. Serum ferritin concentration had statistically significant (p <.05) direct correlations with most of the measured oxysterols. In multivariate adjusted regression models, serum ferritin concentration predicted significantly the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.13, p <.001), 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.11, p =.005), 25-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.007), 7-ketocholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.009), and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.02). In conclusion, excess body iron, as assessed by serum ferritin, is associated with increased levels of circulating oxysterols, both of enzymatic and nonenzymatic origin, in man.
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16
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Benítez S, Otal C, Franco M, Blanco-Vaca F, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Density distribution of electronegative LDL in normolipemic and hyperlipemic subjects. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30111-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Abstract
Consumption of a meal containing oxidized and oxidizable lipids gives rise to an increased plasma concentration of lipid hydroperoxides, detectable by a sensitive chemiluminescence procedure. This is associated with increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, apparently due a structural perturbation at the particle surface brought about by lipid oxidation products. The postprandial modification of LDL is at least partially accounted for by an increase of LDL-, a subfraction containing lipid oxidation products where apoprotein-B-100 (apoB-100) is denatured. Consuming the meal with a suitable source of antioxidants, such as those found in red wine, minimizes this postprandial oxidative stress. The inhibition of peroxidation of lipids present in the meal during digestion is a possible mechanism for the observed protection of LDL. The in vivo oxidatively modified LDL- has numerous features that correspond to the atherogenic minimally modified LDL produced in vitro. These modified particles could account for a relevant link between nutrition and early biological processes that foster the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Italy
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18
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Turley E, McKeown A, Bonham MP, O'Connor JM, Chopra M, Harvey LJ, Majsak-Newman G, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Bügel S, Sandström B, Rock E, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y, Strain JJ. Copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (FOODCUE project). Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29:1129-34. [PMID: 11121720 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Copper (Cu) is essential for antioxidant enzymes in vivo and animal studies show that Cu deficiency is accompanied by increased atherogenesis and LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Nevertheless, Cu has been proposed as a pro-oxidant in vivo and is routinely used to induce lipid peroxidation in vitro. Given the dual role of Cu as an in vivo antioxidant and an in vitro pro-oxidant, a multicenter European study (FOODCUE) was instigated to provide data on the biological effects of increased dietary Cu. Four centers, Northern Ireland (coordinator), England, Denmark, and France, using different experimental protocols, examined the effect of Cu supplementation (3 or 6 mg/d) on top of normal Cu dietary intakes or Cu-controlled diets (0.7/1.6/6.0 mg/d), on Cu-mediated and peroxynitrite-initiated LDL oxidation in apparently healthy volunteers. Each center coordinated its own supplementation regimen and all samples were subsequently transported to Northern Ireland where lipid peroxidation analysis was completed. The results from all centers showed that dietary Cu supplementation had no effect on Cu- or peroxynitrite-induced LDL susceptibility to oxidation. These data show that high intakes (up to 6 mg Cu) for extended periods do not promote LDL susceptibility to in vitro-induced oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Turley
- NICHE, University of Ulster, Northern, Coleraine, Ireland
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19
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De Castellarnau C, Sánchez-Quesada JL, Benítez S, Rosa R, Caveda L, Vila L, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL from normolipemic subjects induces IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein secretion by human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2281-7. [PMID: 11031216 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.10.2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence in plasma of an electronegative LDL subfraction [LDL(-)] cytotoxic for endothelial cells (ECs) has been reported. We studied the effect of LDL(-) on the release by ECs of molecules implicated in leukocyte recruitment [interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)] and in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). LDL(-), isolated by anion-exchange chromatography, differed from nonelectronegative LDL [LDL(+)] in its higher triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acid, apoprotein E and apoprotein C-III, and sialic acid contents. No evidence of extensive oxidation was found in LDL(-); its antioxidant and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances contents were similar to those of LDL(+). However, conjugated dienes were increased in LDL(-), which suggests that mild oxidation might affect these particles. LDL(-) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 by ECs and was a stronger inductor of both chemokines than oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or LDL(+). PAI-1 release increased slightly in ECs incubated with both LDL(-) and oxLDL but not with LDL(+). However, no cytotoxic effects of LDL(-) were observed on ECs. Actinomycin D inhibited the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 induced by LDL(-) and oxLDL by up to 80%, indicating that their production is mediated by protein synthesis. Incubation of ECs with N:-acetyl cysteine inhibited production of IL-8 and MCP-1 induced by LDL(-) and oxLDL by >50%. The free radical scavenger butylated hydroxytoluene slightly inhibited the effect of oxLDL but did not modify the effect of LDL(-). An antagonist (BN-50730) of the platelet-activating factor receptor inhibited production of both chemokines by LDL(-) and oxLDL in a concentration-dependent manner. Our results indicate that LDL(-) shows proinflammatory activity on ECs and may contribute to early atherosclerotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Castellarnau
- Institut de Recerca, Servei de Bioquímica, Hospital de la Santa Creui Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Otal-Entraigas C, Franco M, Jorba O, González-Sastre F, Blanco-Vaca F, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Effect of simvastatin treatment on the electronegative low-density lipoprotein present in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84:655-9. [PMID: 10498134 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Most described modifications of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol share an increase in its negative electric charge; in fact, an electronegative form of LDL can be identified and isolated from plasma. Although the exact nature of the chemical modification of electronegative LDL is still controversial, its toxicity on endothelial cells has been demonstrated. Statins have protective effects against cardiovascular disease that are independent of their lipid-lowering action and which could be due, at least in part, to the prevention of LDL modification. We evaluated the effect of 6 months of simvastatin therapy (40 mg/day) on electronegative LDL proportion and LDL susceptibility to in vitro induced oxidation in 21 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Eleven normolipemic subjects were analyzed as a control group. Total cholesterol as well as LDL and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoprotein B decreased 30% after the first month of therapy, with no further decreases thereafter. LDL susceptibility to oxidation was similar in FH patients and controls and did not change throughout the treatment. Electronegative LDL proportion was 35.1 +/- 9.9% in FH patients and 9.1 +/- 2.4% in control subjects (p <0.0001) but, in contrast to total LDL cholesterol and the rest of lipid parameters, it decreased to 28.6 +/- 9.1% in the third month and to 21.2 +/- 7.7% in the sixth month of therapy. The decrease in these cytotoxic particles may be a relevant mechanism by which simvastatin protects against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Sánchez-Quesada
- Servei de Bioquímica, Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Kaikkonen J, Kosonen L, Nyyssönen K, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Salonen R, Korpela H, Salonen JT. Effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced lipid peroxidation and muscular damage: a placebo-controlled double-blind study in marathon runners. Free Radic Res 1998; 29:85-92. [PMID: 9733025 DOI: 10.1080/10715769800300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To test the effects of combined coenzyme Q10 (Q10) and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscular damage we conducted a double-blind study in 37 moderately trained male marathon runners. These were randomly allocated to receive either an antioxidant cocktail: 90 mg of Q10 and 13.5 mg of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate daily (18 men) or placebo (19 men) for three weeks before a marathon (42km) run. Just before the run, plasma Q10 was 282% (p < 0.0001) and plasma vitamin E 16% (p < 0.007) higher in the supplemented group, than in the placebo group. Also the proportion of plasma ubiquinol of total Q10, an indication of plasma redox status in vivo, was significantly higher in the supplemented group. Furthermore, the susceptibility of the VLDL + LDL fraction, to copper-induced oxidation, was significantly reduced in the supplemented group, compared to the placebo group. The exercise increased lipid peroxidation significantly in both study groups, as assessed by the elevated proportion LDL of LDL and the increased susceptibility of lipoproteins to copper induced oxidation. However, the supplementation had no effect on lipid peroxidation or on the muscular damage (increase in serum creatine kinase activity or in plasma lactate levels) induced by exhaustive exercise. Plasma ascorbate, Q10, whole blood glutathione and serum uric acid concentrations increased during the exercise, elevating significantly the TRAP value of plasma by 10.3% and the proportion of plasma ubiquinol of total Q10 by 4.9%. These results suggest that even though exercise increases plasma lipid peroxidation, it also elevates the antioxidative capacity of plasma, as assessed by the increased plasma TRAP and the proportion of Q10H2 of total Q10. However, prior supplementation with small doses of Q10 and d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate neither attenuates the oxidation of lipoproteins nor muscular damage induced by exhaustive exercise such as encountered in a marathon run.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kaikkonen
- Research Institute of Public Health and the Department of Community Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Finland
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