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Tian W, Zhao R, Luo S, Xu X, Zhao G, Yao Z. Effect of postoperative utilization of somatostatin on clinical outcome after definitive surgery for duodenal fistula. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:63. [PMID: 36732816 PMCID: PMC9896769 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-00988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of postoperative utilization of somatostatin after definitive surgery for duodenal fistula (DF) in preventing a recurrence. METHODS Patients with definitive surgery for DF between January 2010 and December 2021 were categorized based on the utilization of somatostatin or not after the surgery. Patients in the Somatostatin group were matched to those in the Non-somatostatin group using propensity scores matching (PSM), so as to evaluate the effect of postoperative use of somatostatin by comparing the two groups. RESULTS A total of 154 patients were divided into the in the Somatostatin group (84) and the Non-somatostatin group (70). Forty-three patients (27.9%) exhibited a recurrent fistula, with which the postoperative use of somatostatin was not associated (19 [22.6%] in the Somatostatin group and 24 (34.3%) in the Non-somatostatin group; unadjusted OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.28-1.14; P = 0.11). However, the postoperative usage of somatostatin served as a protective factor for developing into high-output recurrent fistula (eight (13.3%) in the Somatostatin group and 15 (25%) in the Non-somatostatin group; adjusted OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.15-0.93; P = 0.04). After PSM, the recurrent fistula occurred in 29.2% subjects (35/120). The postoperative usage of somatostatin was not associated with recurrent fistula (13 in PSM Somatostatin group vs. 22 in PSM Non-somatostatin group; unadjusted OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-1.07; P = 0.07), while its postoperative usage decreased the incidence of recurrent high-output fistula (5/60 in the PSM Somatostatin group, compared with 13/60 in the PSM Non-somatostatin group; adjusted OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.09-0.95). CONCLUSION Postoperative use of somatostatin could effectively reduce the incidence of recurrent high-output fistula, without association with overall incidence of postoperative recurrent fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Tian
- grid.440259.e0000 0001 0115 7868Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Risheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Shikun Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Xi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangning Hospital, Hushan Road No.169, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
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Kumbhare U, Yelne P, Tekale S. Therapeutic Use of an Inhaled Drug Delivery in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e30134. [PMID: 36381737 PMCID: PMC9645391 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious condition in which there is increased blood pressure in arteries of the lungs (pulmonary arteries). The therapies or drugs for PAH have expanded with the revelation of three key pathological processes - encompassing prostacyclin, nitric oxide (NO), and endothelin pathways. An outlook for patients suffering from PAH is still mediocre amidst recent advancements. The evolution of pre-clinical and clinical research on PAH has facilitated the identification of several new targeted therapies for the disease. In this article, we examine recent data on new pulmonary hypertension physiological pathways, primarily concentrating on administering drugs through the inhalation route and their effects. Although they have been given clinical use approval, medications based on these routes are presently being studied in clinical or pre-clinical settings. To confirm these innovative medicines' therapeutic efficacy and safety, extensive clinical trials are needed.
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Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction is a challenging clinical problem encountered in patients with advanced abdominal and pelvic malignancies. Although medical therapies form the foundation of management, some patients may be suitable candidates for surgical and procedural interventions. The literature is composed primarily of retrospective single-institution experiences and the results of prospective trials are pending. Given the high symptom burden and limited life expectancy of these patients, management may be best informed by multidisciplinary teams with relevant expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin T Yeo
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 St NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N2, Canada
| | - Shaila J Merchant
- Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Queen's University, Burr 2, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada.
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Keshavarz A, Kadry H, Alobaida A, Ahsan F. Newer approaches and novel drugs for inhalational therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:439-461. [PMID: 32070157 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1729119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by remodeling of small pulmonary arteries leading to increased pulmonary arterial pressure. Existing treatments acts to normalize vascular tone via three signaling pathways: the prostacyclin, the endothelin-1, and the nitric oxide. Although over the past 20 years, there has been considerable progress in terms of treatments for PAH, the disease still remains incurable with a disappointing prognosis.Areas covered: This review summarizes the pathophysiology of PAH, the advantages and disadvantages of the inhalation route, and assess the relative advantages various inhaled therapies for PAH. The recent studies concerning the development of controlled-release drug delivery systems loaded with available anti-PAH drugs have also been summarized.Expert opinion: The main obstacles of current pharmacotherapies of PAH are their short half-life, stability, and formulations, resulting in reducing the efficacy and increasing systemic side effects and unknown pathogenesis of PAH. The pulmonary route has been proposed for delivering anti-PAH drugs to overcome the shortcomings. However, the application of approved inhaled anti-PAH drugs is limited. Inhalational delivery of controlled-release nanoformulations can overcome these restrictions. Extensive studies are required to develop safe and effective drug delivery systems for PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hossam Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Abstract
Bowel obstruction is a common and distressing outcome in patients with abdominal or pelvic cancer. Although surgery should be the primary treatment for malignant obstruction, it is now recognized that some patients with advanced disease or in generally poor condition are unfit for surgery and require alternative management to relieve distressing symptoms. A number of treatment options are now available for the patient with advanced and terminal cancer who develops intestinal obstruction. Medical measures such as analgesics, anti-secretory drugs and antiemetics may be used alone or in combination to relieve symptoms.
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Ripamonti C, Panzeri C, Groff L, Galeazzi G, Boffi R. The Role of Somatostatin and Octreotide in Bowel Obstruction: Pre-Clinic Al and Clinical Results. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 87:1-9. [PMID: 11669548 DOI: 10.1177/030089160108700101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction is a common complication in patients with advanced abdominal or pelvic cancer. Whereas surgery should be considered in all cases of malignant bowel obstruction, many advanced and terminal cancer patients are considered unfit for surgery. In such patients with a short life expectancy, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, continuous and/or colicky pain, can be controlled by using a pharmacologic approach made up of analgesics, antiemetics and antisecretory drugs, without the use of a venting nasogastric tube. Among the antisecretory drugs, octreotide has been shown to reduce nausea and vomiting in bowel-obstructed patients owing to a reduction of gastrointestinal secretions, thus allowing in most patients removal of the nasogastric tube and the associated distress. Preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrated the role of somatostatin and octreotide in bowel obstruction are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ripamonti
- Rehabilitation and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Management of intestinal obstruction in advanced malignancy. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2015; 4:264-70. [PMID: 26288731 PMCID: PMC4539185 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with incurable, advanced abdominal or pelvic malignancy often present to acute surgical departments with symptoms and signs of intestinal obstruction. It is rare for bowel strangulation to occur in these presentations, and spontaneous resolution often occurs, so the luxury of time should be afforded while decisions are made regarding surgery. Cross-sectional imaging is valuable in determining the underlying mechanism and pathology. The majority of these patients will not be suitable for an operation, and will be best managed in conjunction with a palliative medicine team. Surgeons require a good working knowledge of the mechanisms of action of anti-emetics, anti-secretories and analgesics to tailor early management to individual patients, while decisions regarding potential surgery are made. Deciding if and when to perform operative intervention in this group is complex, and fraught with both technical and emotional challenges. Surgery in this group is highly morbid, with no current evidence available concerning quality of life following surgery. The limited evidence concerning operative strategy suggests that resection and primary anastomosis results in improved survival, over bypass or stoma formation. Realistic prognostication and involvement of the patient, care-givers and the multidisciplinary team in treatment decisions is mandatory if optimum outcomes are to be achieved.
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Peng X, Wang P, Li S, Zhang G, Hu S. Randomized clinical trial comparing octreotide and scopolamine butylbromide in symptom control of patients with inoperable bowel obstruction due to advanced ovarian cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:50. [PMID: 25889313 PMCID: PMC4372044 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this randomized controlled study was to determine whether octreotide (OCT) or scopolamine butylbromide (SB) was the more effective antisecretive drug controlling gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms due to malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) caused by advanced ovarian cancer. METHODS Ninety-seven advanced ovarian cancer patients with inoperable MBO were randomized to OCT 0.3 mg/day (OCT group, n = 48) or SB 60 mg/day (SB group, n = 49) for 3 days through a continuous subcutaneous infusion. The following parameters were measured: episodes of vomiting, nausea, dry mouth, drowsiness, and continuous and colicky pain, using a Likert scale corresponding to a numerical value (none 0, slight 1, moderate 2, severe 3) recorded before starting the treatment (T0) and 24 h (T1), 48 h (T2), and 72 h after (T3) and the daily quantity of GI secretions through the Nasogastric tube (NGT) during the period of study. One patient in the SB group is not included in any assessments since she withdrew consent prior to receiving any treatment because of rapidly progressing cancer. RESULTS OCT significantly reduced the amount of GI secretions at T1, T2, and T3 (P < 0.05) compared with SB. NGT secretions significantly reduced at T1, T2, and T3 compared with T0 (P < 0.05) in the OCT group, while in the SB group, only at T3, NGT secretions significantly reduced compared with T0. OCT treatment induced a significantly rapid reduction in the number of daily episodes of vomiting and intensity of nausea compared with SB treatment. No significant changes were observed in dry mouth, drowsiness, and colicky pain after either drug. Continuous pain values were significantly lower in the OCT group than in the SB group at T2 and T3 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS At the doses used in this study, OCT was more effective than SB in controlling gastrointestinal symptoms of bowel obstruction. Further studies are necessary to understand the role of hydration more clearly in such a clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Peng
- Department of general surgery, QiLu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
| | - Peige Wang
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Shikuan Li
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, The affiliated hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Guangyong Zhang
- Department of general surgery, QiLu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
| | - Sanyuan Hu
- Department of general surgery, QiLu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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Tuca A, Guell E, Martinez-Losada E, Codorniu N. Malignant bowel obstruction in advanced cancer patients: epidemiology, management, and factors influencing spontaneous resolution. Cancer Manag Res 2012; 4:159-69. [PMID: 22904637 PMCID: PMC3421464 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s29297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a frequent complication in advanced cancer patients, especially in those with abdominal tumors. Clinical management of MBO requires a specific and individualized approach that is based on disease prognosis and the objectives of care. The global prevalence of MBO is estimated to be 3% to 15% of cancer patients. Surgery should always be considered for patients in the initial stages of the disease with a preserved general status and a single level of occlusion. Less invasive approaches such as duodenal or colonic stenting should be considered when surgery is contraindicated in obstructions at the single level. The priority of care for inoperable and consolidated MBO is to control symptoms and promote the maximum level of comfort possible. The spontaneous resolution of an inoperable obstructive process is observed in more than one third of patients. The mean survival is of no longer than 4-5 weeks in patients with consolidated MBO. Polymodal medical treatment based on a combination of glucocorticoids, strong opioids, antiemetics, and antisecretory drugs achieves very high symptomatic control. This review focuses on the epidemiological aspects, diagnosis, surgical criteria, medical management, and factors influencing the spontaneous resolution of MBO in advanced cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Tuca
- Cancer and Hematological Diseases Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: Albert Tuca, Cancer and Hematological Diseases Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, C/Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain, Tel +34 932 275 400, Fax +34 93 227 98 11, Email
| | - Ernest Guell
- Palliative Care Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Codorniu
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català Oncologia L’Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
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O'Connor B, Creedon B. Pharmacological treatment of bowel obstruction in cancer patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:2205-14. [PMID: 21714777 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.597382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a common complication of advanced cancer, occurring most frequently in gynaecological and colorectal cancer. Its management remains complex and variable. This is in part due to the lack of evidence-based guidelines for the clinicians involved. Although surgery should be considered the primary treatment, this may not be feasible in patients with a poor performance status or advanced disease. Advances have been made in the medical management of MBO which can lead to a considerable improvement in symptom management and overall quality of life. AREAS COVERED This review emphasizes the importance of a prompt diagnosis of MBO with early introduction of pharmacological agents to optimize symptom control. The authors summarize the treatment options available for bowel obstruction in those patients for whom surgical intervention is not a feasible option. The authors also explore the complexities involved in the introduction of parenteral hydration and total parenteral nutrition in this group of patients. EXPERT OPINION It is not always easy to distinguish reversible from irreversible bowel obstruction. Early and aggressive management with the introduction of pharmacological agents including corticosteroids, octreotide and anti-cholinergic agents have the potential to maintain bowel patency, and allow for more rapid recovery of bowel transit. A combination of analgesics, anti-emetics and anti-cholinergics with or without anti-secretory agents can successfully improve symptom control in patients with irreversible bowel obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda O'Connor
- Waterford Regional Hospital, Department of Palliative Medicine, Waterford, Ireland.
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Sun CQ, Shi H, Xu JM. Efficacy of octreotide in the management of intestinal obstruction: an analysis of 35 cases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:3918-3921. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i36.3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of octreotide in the management of intestinal obstruction.
METHODS: Sixty-seven patients with intestinal obstruction diagnosed based on clinical grounds and confirmed by plain abdominal radiography were included in the study. These patients were randomly assigned to two groups: octreotide group (n= 35) and control group (n = 32). There are no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, sex, time from disease onset to hospitalization, and causes of disease (P > 0.05). Patients of the control group underwent routine therapy, including gastroenterol decompression, injection of vegetable oils through a gastric tube, intravenous replacement of fluid and electrolytes, total parenteral nutrition, and antibiotics. Patients of the octreotide group received routine therapy in combination with subcutaneous administration of octreotide 0.1 mg/8 h for 3-14 d.
RESULTS: After treatment, there is no significant difference in the cure rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). The remission rate of symptoms was significantly higher in the octreotide group than in the control group (85.7% vs 62.5%, P = 0.029). The average amount of nasogastric drainage was significantly lower in the octreotide group than in the control group (355.50 mL/d ± 289.89 mL/d vs 595.63 mL/d ± 287.22 mL/d, P = 0.014). Before treatment, 20 patients in the octreotide group and 16 in the control group had a gastric tube placed. After 72 h of treatment, 16 patients in the octreotide group and 4 in the control group had the gastric tube removed (P < 0.05). The average time required to achieve abdominal pain relief, abdominal distention relief and first postoperative passage of gas was significantly lower in the octreotide group than in the control group (3.27 d ± 1.60 d vs 4.55 d ± 1.76 d, 3.00 d ± 1.55 d vs 4.45 d ± 1.96 d, 2.37 d ± 1.47 d vs 3.20 d ± 1.58 d, all P < 0.05). There is no significant difference in the length of average hospital stay between the two groups.
CONCLUSION: Administration of octreotide in combination with traditional pharmacological treatment is effective and safe in the management of bowel obstruction.
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Tuca A, Martínez E, Güell E, Gómez Batiste X. [Malignant bowel obstruction]. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 135:375-81. [PMID: 20452630 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Tuca
- Servicio de Cuidados Paliativos, Instituto Catalán de Oncología, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Myers J, Tamber A, Farhadian M. Management of treatment-related intermittent partial small bowel obstruction: the use of octreotide. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010; 39:e1-3. [PMID: 20153136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.11.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rhodes CJ, Davidson A, Gibbs JSR, Wharton J, Wilkins MR. Therapeutic targets in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:69-88. [PMID: 19010350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive, fatal disease. Current treatments including prostanoids, endothelin-1 (ET-1) antagonists, and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, have sought to address the pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction associated with the condition. These treatments may slow the progression of the disease but do not afford a cure. Future treatments must target more directly the structural vascular changes that impair blood flow through the pulmonary circulation. Several novel therapeutic targets have been proposed and are under active investigation, including soluble guanylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterases, tetrahydrobiopterin, 5-HT2B receptors, vasoactive intestinal peptide, receptor tyrosine kinases, adrenomedullin, Rho kinase, elastases, endogenous steroids, endothelial progenitor cells, immune cells, bone morphogenetic protein and its receptors, potassium channels, metabolic pathways, and nuclear factor of activated T cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, statins, 5-HT2B receptor antagonists, EPCs and soluble guanylyl cyclase activators are among the most advanced, having produced encouraging results in animal models, and human trials are underway. This review summarises the current research in this area and speculates on their likely success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rhodes
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Toxicology, Imperial College London, and National Pulmonary Hypertension Service, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom
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Ripamonti CI, Easson AM, Gerdes H. Management of malignant bowel obstruction. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:1105-15. [PMID: 18359221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a common and distressing outcome particularly in patients with bowel or gynaecological cancer. Radiological imaging, particularly with CT, is critical in determining the cause of obstruction and possible therapeutic interventions. Although surgery should be the primary treatment for selected patients with MBO, it should not be undertaken routinely in patients known to have poor prognostic criteria for surgical intervention such as intra-abdominal carcinomatosis, poor performance status and massive ascites. A number of treatment options are now available for patients unfit for surgery. Nasogastric drainage should generally only be a temporary measure. Self-expanding metallic stents are an option in malignant obstruction of the gastric outlet, proximal small bowel and colon. Medical measures such as analgesics according to the W.H.O. guidelines provide adequate pain relief. Vomiting may be controlled using anti-secretory drugs or/and anti-emetics. Somatostatin analogues (e.g. octreotide) reduce gastrointestinal secretions very rapidly and have a particularly important role in patients with high obstruction if hyoscine butylbromide fails. A collaborative approach by surgeons and the oncologist and/or palliative care physician as well as an honest discourse between physicians and patients can offer an individualised and appropriate symptom management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ida Ripamonti
- School of Specialization in Oncology, University of Milan, and Palliative Care Unit (Pain Therapy-Rehabilitation) IRCCS Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterised by a progressive pulmonary vasculopathy with ensuing right heart failure if left untreated. In the 1980s, prior to the current treatment era, idiopathic PAH carried a very poor prognosis, with a median survival of 2.8 years from the time of diagnosis. Since then, continuous intravenous epoprostenol has been used for the treatment of severe PAH with tremendous success, improving haemodynamics, quality of life, exercise capacity, functional class and even survival. In addition, in the past 5 years there have been several new advances in the treatment of PAH; however, there is still no cure. A better understanding of how the currently available agents work together is essential to optimise the long-term care of patients with PAH. Ultimately, additional agents that target the underlying pulmonary vasculopathy and endothelial abnormalities are necessary to cure this fatal disease. This comprehensive review of the currently available and emerging novel therapies provides insight into future management of PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika B Rosenzweig
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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17
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Ripamonti C, Grosso MI. Palliative medical management. EJC Suppl 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(05)80277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Lu RH, Chang TM, Yen MH, Tsai LM. Involvement of superoxide anion in the pathogenesis of simple mechanical intestinal obstruction. J Surg Res 2004; 115:184-90. [PMID: 14697282 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of mechanical intestinal obstruction has been suggested to be closely associated with bowel inflammatory response in which reactive oxygen metabolites might play an important role. This study was designed to examine the involvement of superoxide anion in the obstruction-induced intestinal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly aasigned to four groups: sham, obstruction, obstruction with polyethylene glycol (PEG), and obstruction with polyethylene glycol-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD) groups. A ligation at the ileum 20 cm proximal to the cecum was created under anesthesia. The superoxide anion production and the pathological manifestations in the obstructed intestine were measured after 24 h of ligation. RESULTS There were significant intestinal shortening, distension, fluid accumulation and mucosal damage in the segment proximal to the ligation site. Pronounced generation of superoxide anion was found in the obstructed intestinal segment. Supplement of SOD, a superoxide free radicals scavenger, ameliorated obstruction-induced bowel distension, fluid accumulation and mucosal damage. CONCLUSION These data suggest superoxide anion is one of the important mediators in the pathophysiologic changes of simple mechanical intestinal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hwa Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Cappuccini F, Petty W, Cain J. Palliative care: a critical component of care for women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-5847(03)00019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Petkov V, Mosgoeller W, Ziesche R, Raderer M, Stiebellehner L, Vonbank K, Funk GC, Hamilton G, Novotny C, Burian B, Block LH. Vasoactive intestinal peptide as a new drug for treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1339-46. [PMID: 12727925 PMCID: PMC154449 DOI: 10.1172/jci17500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease causing progressive right heart failure within 3 years after diagnosis. We describe a new concept for treatment of the disease using vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuropeptide primarily functioning as a neurotransmitter that acts as a potent systemic and pulmonary vasodilator. Our rationale is based on the finding of a deficiency of the peptide in serum and lung tissue of patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, as evidenced by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry. The relevance of this finding is underlined by an upregulation of corresponding receptor sites as shown by Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, and immunological techniques. Consequently, the substitution with the hormone results in substantial improvement of hemodynamic and prognostic parameters of the disease without side effects. It decreased the mean pulmonary artery pressure in our eight study patients, increased cardiac output, and mixed venous oxygen saturation. Our data provide enough proof for further investigation of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its role in primary pulmonary hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Exercise
- Female
- Hemodynamics
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/blood
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Ventzislav Petkov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vienna, Medical School, Vienna, Austria
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Influencia de la octreótida en la anastomosis tras obstrucción cólica experimental. Cir Esp 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-739x(03)72240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Abstract
This review article discusses the importance of the enteric nervous system for the fluid and electrolyte secretion evoked by luminal secretagogues in the small intestine. The first part of the review summarizes observations on augmented secretion caused by cholera toxin, which has been the subject of extensive studies in the past. The latter part reviews studies of the participation of the enteric nervous system in other secretory states of the gut. The involvement of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of intestinal secretory states opens up potential new sites of actions for drugs in the treatment of diarrhoea. This is discussed in the final part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove Lundgren
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Abstract
Bowel obstruction may be a mode of presentation of intra-abdominal and pelvic malignancy or a feature of recurrent disease following anticancer therapy. Malignant bowel obstruction is well-recognized in gynecologic patients with advanced cancer. Retrospective and autopsy studies found the frequency at approximately 5-51% of patients with gynecological malignancy(1-7). Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is particularly frequent in patients with ovarian cancer where it is the most frequent cause of death(7). Patients with stage III and IV ovarian cancer and those with high-grade lesions are at higher risk for MBO as compared to patients with lower stage or low-grade tumors(1,8). Ovarian carcinoma accounted for 50% of small bowel obstruction and 37% of large bowel obstruction treated in a large gynecological oncology service(8-11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ripamonti
- Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine has been shown to be an important dietary component for the maintenance of gut integrity. Although considered a nonessential amino acid in normal circumstances, glutamine may become conditionally essential for the bowel during episodes of severe illness and malnutrition. In this study, we employed an animal model simulating mechanical intestinal obstruction to explore the beneficial effects of glutamine on the intestine in response to obstruction-induced injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were on three feeding regimens-standard diet and water (control group), diet and water containing 2% glutamine (glutamine group), or diet and water containing 2% arginine (arginine group)-for 3 days prior to surgical preparation of intestinal obstruction. The bowel distension, fluid accumulation, and histological alterations in the intestinal mucosa were measured 40 h after ileal ligation. RESULTS After 3 days of drinking water intervention, the plasma glutamine levels in the glutamine group (677 +/- 12 microM) were higher than those in the control (451 +/- 27 microM) and arginine (379 +/- 25 microM) groups. The distension ratio measured 40 h after ileal ligation was significantly lower in the glutamine group (30.9 +/- 4.2%) than in the control and arginine groups (45.9 +/- 1.7 and 46.1 +/- 3.4%, respectively). Also, glutamine markedly decreased the fluid accumulation in the obstructed bowel segment (control group, 178.41 +/- 18.60 mg/cm; glutamine group, 104.97 +/- 13.17 mg/cm; arginine group, 141.4 +/- 12.85 mg/cm). Furthermore, the obstruction-induced mucosal injury was substantially improved in glutamine-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that glutamine can significantly reduce the degree of those physiological derangements induced by mechanical intestinal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chang
- Department of Surgery, Tzu-Chi Buddhist General Hospital, Hua-Lien, Republic of China.
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Ripamonti C, Mercadante S, Groff L, Zecca E, De Conno F, Casuccio A. Role of octreotide, scopolamine butylbromide, and hydration in symptom control of patients with inoperable bowel obstruction and nasogastric tubes: a prospective randomized trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 19:23-34. [PMID: 10687323 DOI: 10.1016/s0885-3924(99)00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bowel obstruction may be an inoperable complication in patients with end-stage cancer. Scopolamine butylbromide (SB) and octreotide (OCT) have been successfully used with the aim of reducing gastrointestinal (GI) secretions to avoid placement of a nasogastric tube (NGT); however, there have been no comparative studies concerning the efficacy of these drugs. Furthermore, there is little information about the role played by parenteral hydration in symptom control of these patients. In a prospective trial that involved all 17 inoperable bowel-obstructed patients presenting to our services with a decompressive NGT, patients were randomized to OCT 0.3 mg/day or SB 60 mg/day for 3 days through a continuous subcutaneous infusion. Clinical data, survival time, and the time interval from the first diagnosis of cancer to the onset of inoperable bowel obstruction were noted. The intensity of pain, nausea, dry mouth, thirst, dyspnea, feeling of abdominal distension, and drowsiness were assessed by means of a verbal scale before starting treatment with the drugs under study (T0) and then daily for 3 days (T1, T2, T3). Moreover, daily information was collected regarding the quantity of GI secretions through the NGT, the oral intake of fluids, the quantity of parenteral hydration, and the analgesic therapy used. The NGT could be removed in all 10 home care and in 3 hospitalized patients without changing the dosage of the drugs. OCT significantly reduced the amount of GI secretions at T2 (P = 0.016) and T3 (P = 0.020). Compared to the home care patients, the hospitalized patients received significantly more parenteral hydration (P = 0.0005) and drank more fluids (P = 0.025). There was no difference in the daily thirst and dry mouth intensity in relation to the amount of parenteral hydration or the treatment provided (OCT or SB). Independent of antisecretory treatment, the patients receiving less parenteral hydration presented significantly more nausea (T0 P = 0.002; T1 P = 0.001; T2 P = 0.003; T3 P = 0.001) and drowsiness at T3 (P < 0.5). Pain relief was obtained in all 17 patients and only two patients required an increase in morphine dose at T1. All patients with inoperable malignant bowel obstruction should undergo treatment with antisecretory drugs so as to evaluate the possibility of removing the NGT. When a more rapid reduction in GI secretions is desired, OCT should be considered as the first choice drug. Parenteral hydration over 500 ml/day may reduce nausea and drowsiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ripamonti
- Pain Therapy and Palliative Care Division, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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Paran H, Wider T, Mayo A, Neufeld D, Susmalian S, Shwartz I, Freund U. THE EFFECT OF THE SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE OCTREOTIDE ON EXPERIMENTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN RATS. Acta Cir Bras 1998. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86501998000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Somatostatin has an inhibitory effect on the endocrine and exocrine secretions of the gut. It may have a beneficial effect in the conservative treatment of intestinal obstruction. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of octreotide in mechanical intestinal obstruction in rats. Method: Intestinal obstruction was induced in rats by ligation of a segment of the distal ileum. Animals were treated with the somatostatin analogue octreotide (n=16), or saline (n=16). Eight rats were operated but their intestine was not ligated (n=8) serving as sham controls. Forty eight hours after the operation, the animals were operated upon again and blood samples from the femoral vein were tested for electrolytes, urea, glucose, lactic acid, amylase, ph and bicarbonate. Portal vein blood samples were also obtained and tested for lactic acid and amylase. Results: Intestinal obstruction resulted, after 48 hours, in severe dilatation of bowel loops. A significant increase in plasma levels of urea, amylase and lactic acid was observed. Plasma pH decreased. In blood samples from the portal vein, a significant increase in lactic acid was observed, indicating metabolic acidosis, probably secondary to bowel ischemia. Octreotide treatment, resulted in less acidosis, with concomitant lower urea and lactic acid levels in the plasma and especially in the portal vein. Conclusion: Octreotide treatment may have a beneficial effect in the conservative treatment of selected cases of intestinal obstruction.
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