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Liao J, Yu X, Huang Z, He Q, Yang J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Song W, Luo J, Tao Q. Chemokines and lymphocyte homing in Sjögren's syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345381. [PMID: 38736890 PMCID: PMC11082322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that typically presents with lymphocyte, dendritic cell, and macrophage infiltration of exocrine gland ducts and the formation of ectopic germinal centers. The interactions of lymphocyte homing receptors and addressins and chemokines and their receptors, such as α4β7/MAdCAM-1, LFA-1/ICAM-1, CXCL13/CXCR5, CCL25/CCR9, CX3CL1/CX3CR1, play important roles in the migration of inflammatory cells to the focal glands and the promotion of ectopic germinal center formation in SS. A variety of molecules have been shown to be involved in lymphocyte homing, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, and B cell activating factor. This process mainly involves the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, lymphotoxin-β receptor pathway, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. These findings have led to the development of antibodies to cell adhesion molecules, antagonists of chemokines and their receptors, compounds interfering with chemokine receptor signaling, and gene therapies targeting chemokines and their receptors, providing new targets for the treatment of SS in humans. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between lymphocyte homing and the pathogenesis of SS, and to provide a review of recent studies addressing lymphocyte homing in targeted therapy for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Liao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Yang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weijiang Song
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Immune Inflammatory Disease, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Tao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of Rheumatism, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Immune Inflammatory Disease, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cheng W, Yuan Z, Wu S, Yu X, Xia K, Zhao L, Wang Y, Kang C, Yang W, Liu L, Li Y. Simultaneous determination of five compounds of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba extract in beagle dogs plasma by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5803. [PMID: 38098275 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In this present study, we developed a reliable and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) assay for the simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin and isomaltopaeoniflorin in beagle dog plasma. We also analyzed the pharmacokinetics of those components after oral administration of fried Radix Paeoniae Alba (FRPA) in beagle dogs. Plasma samples were processed by protein precipitation with methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed with a Waters HSS-T3 C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm, kept at 40°C) using multiple reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution procedure was used with solvent A (0.02% formic acid-water) and solvent B (0.02% formic acid-acetonitrile) as mobile phases. Method validation was performed as US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and the results met the acceptance criteria. The method we establish in this experiment was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of FRPA extract to beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Cheng
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siyang Wu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xia
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chen Kang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfei Li
- Center for DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li X, Sun C, Zhang J, Hu L, Yu Z, Zhang X, Wang Z, Chen J, Wu M, Liu L. Protective effects of paeoniflorin on cardiovascular diseases: A pharmacological and mechanistic overview. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122969. [PMID: 37324475 PMCID: PMC10267833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and ethnopharmacological relevance: The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the highest of all diseases, necessitating the search for effective drugs and the improvement of prognosis for CVD patients. Paeoniflorin (5beta-[(Benzoyloxy)methyl] tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-2,5-methano-1H-3,4-dioxacyclobuta [cd] pentalen-1alpha (2H)-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, C23H28O11) is mostly derived from the plants of the family Paeoniaceae (a single genus family) and is known to possess multiple pharmacological properties in the treatment of CVDs, making it a promising agent for the protection of the cardiovascular system. Aim of the study: This review evaluates the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of paeoniflorin in the treatment of CVDs, with the aim of advancing its further development and application. Methods: Various relevant literatures were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Web of Science. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review. Results: Paeoniflorin is a natural drug with great potential for development, which can protect the cardiovascular system by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-arteriosclerotic activities, improving cardiac function, and inhibiting cardiac remodeling. However, paeoniflorin was found to have low bioavailability, and its toxicology and safety must be further studied and analyzed, and clinical studies related to it must be carried out. Conclusion: Before paeoniflorin can be used as an effective therapeutic drug for CVDs, further in-depth experimental research, clinical trials, and structural modifications or development of new preparations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanqing Hu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongliang Yu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiye Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang S, Qu-Bie JZ, Feng MK, Qu-Bie AX, Huang Y, Zhang ZF, Yan XJ, Liu Y. Illuminating the biosynthesis pathway genes involved in bioactive specific monoterpene glycosides in Paeonia veitchii Lynch by a combination of sequencing platforms. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:45. [PMID: 36698081 PMCID: PMC9878870 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paeonia veitchii Lynch, a well-known herb from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau south of the Himalayas, can synthesize specific monoterpene glycosides (PMGs) with multiple pharmacological activities, and its rhizome has become an indispensable ingredient in many clinical drugs. However, little is known about the molecular background of P. veitchii, especially the genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of PMGs. RESULTS A corrective full-length transcriptome with 30,827 unigenes was generated by combining next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) of six tissues (leaf, stem, petal, ovary, phloem and xylem). The enzymes terpene synthase (TPS), cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT), and BAHD acyltransferase, which participate in the biosynthesis of PMGs, were systematically characterized, and their functions related to PMG biosynthesis were analysed. With further insight into TPSs, CYPs, UGTs and BAHDs involved in PMG biosynthesis, the weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) method was used to identify the relationships between these genes and PMGs. Finally, 8 TPSs, 22 CYPs, 7 UGTs, and 2 BAHD genes were obtained, and these putative genes were very likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of PMGs. In addition, the expression patterns of the putative genes and the accumulation of PMGs in tissues suggested that all tissues are capable of biosynthesizing PMGs and that aerial plant parts could also be used to extract PMGs. CONCLUSION We generated a large-scale transcriptome database across the major tissues in P. veitchii, providing valuable support for further research investigating P. veitchii and understanding the genetic information of plants from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. TPSs, CYPs, UGTs and BAHDs further contribute to a better understanding of the biology and complexity of PMGs in P. veitchii. Our study will help reveal the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis pathway of these specific monoterpene glycosides and aid in the comprehensive utilization of this multifunctional plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshan Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, 610225 China ,Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu, 610225 China
| | - Jun-zhang Qu-Bie
- grid.412723.10000 0004 0604 889XCollege of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ming-kang Feng
- grid.412723.10000 0004 0604 889XCollege of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - A-xiang Qu-Bie
- grid.412723.10000 0004 0604 889XCollege of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yanfei Huang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, 610225 China ,Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu, 610225 China
| | - Zhi-feng Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, 610225 China ,Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu, 610225 China
| | - Xin-jia Yan
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, 610225 China ,Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu, 610225 China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu, 610225 China
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Langer D, Mlynarczyk DT, Dlugaszewska J, Tykarska E. Potential of glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids against influenza type A and B viruses: A perspective to develop new anti-influenza compounds and drug delivery systems. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114934. [PMID: 36455358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent dynamic development of medicine, influenza is still a significant epidemiological problem for people around the world. The growing resistance of influenza viruses to currently available antiviral drugs makes it necessary to search for new compounds or drug forms with potential high efficacy against human influenza A and B viruses. One of the methods of obtaining new active compounds is to chemically modify privileged structures occurring in the natural environment. The second solution, that is gaining more and more interest, is the use of modern drug carriers, which significantly improve physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of the transported substances. Molecules known from the earliest times for their numerous therapeutic properties are glycyrrhizinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GE). Both compounds constitute the main active agents of the licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leguminosae) root and, according to a number of scientific reports, show antiviral properties against both DNA and RNA viruses. The above information prompted many scientific teams around the world to obtain and test in vitro and/or in vivo new synthetic GA and GE derivatives against influenza A and B viruses. Similarly, in recent years, a significant amount of GA and GE-based drug delivery systems (DDS) such as nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, nanocrystals, and carbon dots has been prepared and tested for antiviral activity, including those against influenza A and B viruses. This work systematizes the attempts undertaken to study the antiviral activity of new GA and GE analogs and modern DDS against clinically significant human influenza viruses, at the same time indicating the directions of their further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Langer
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Dariusz T Mlynarczyk
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Dlugaszewska
- Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Tykarska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland
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Xiao N, Xiao F, Gao J, Xu Z, Wang Q, Kuai J, Wei W, Wang C. Effects of Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate on the pharmacokinetics, excretion, and tissue distribution of leflunomide in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:364-374. [PMID: 34792845 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a novel ester derivative of paeoniflorin, which has been shown to have synergistic pharmacodynamic effects with leflunomide (LEF). To determine the effects of CP-25 on the pharmacokinetics of LEF in rats, we developed an UPLC-MS/MS-based method for the determination of levels of teriflunomide (TER, an active metabolite of LEF). This method was used to determine TER concentrations in the plasma, urine, feces, and bile, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestinal, brain, and synovial tissues, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rats in the control [LEF (10 mg/kg)] and combined [CP-25(50 mg/kg×7d) plus LEF (10 mg/kg)] groups. TER AUC, Tmax , MRT, t1/2α , and t1/2β were significantly lower and CL was significantly higher in the combined group than in the control group. Oral CP-25 administration in combination with LEF was found to promote TER excretion in urine, feces, and bile, and to reduce its contents in most tissues and organs, especially in the liver, which may reduce LEF-induced liver injury. CP-25 also increased TER exposure in the synovium and its absorption by PBMCs, and this could explain the synergistic effects of CP-25 and LEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jinzhang Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengkun Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qianlei Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajie Kuai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anti-inflammatory Immune Drugs Collaborative Innovation Center, Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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Wu H, Chen X, Gu F, Zhang P, Xu S, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Wang X, Wang C, Körner H, Wei W. CP-25 alleviates antigen-induced experimental Sjögren's syndrome in mice by inhibiting JAK1-STAT1/2-CXCL13 signaling and interfering with B-cell migration. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1084-1097. [PMID: 32620868 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) remains unknown, and there is no complete curative drug. In this study, we treated a mouse model of the submandibular gland (SG) protein-immunized experimental Sjögren's syndrome (ESS) with paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (termed CP-25) to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of CP-25. Through in vivo experiments, we found that CP-25 increased saliva flow, alleviated the salivary gland indexes, and improved tissue integrity in the ESS model. The viability of splenocytes and B-lymphocyte migration from spleen were reduced in ESS mice. Furthermore, CP-25 decreased the expression of IgG antibodies, anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies and modulated the levels of cytokines in the serum of SS mice. The numbers of total B lymphocytes, plasma cells (PCs), and memory B cells diminished in the salivary gland. Increased expression of the JAK1-STAT1-CXCL13 axis and IFNα was found in human tissue isolated from pSS patients. In vitro, after stimulation with IFNα, the levels of CXCL13 mRNA and CXCL13 in human salivary gland epithelial cells (HSGEC) increased, while CP-25 counteracted the secretion of CXCL13 and downregulated the expression of CXCL13. IFN-α activated the JAK1-STAT1/2-CXCL13 signaling pathway in HSGEC, which was negatively regulated by additional CP-25. As a consequence, B-cell migration was downregulated in coculture with IFN-α-stimulated HSGEC. Taken together, this study demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of CP-25 were associated with the inhibition of the JAK1-STAT1/2-CXCL13 signaling pathway in HSGEC, which impedes the migration of B cells into the salivary gland. We identified the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of CP-25 and provided an experimental foundation for CP-25 as a potential drug in the treatment of the human autoimmune disorder pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pengying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Heinrich Körner
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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8
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Han C, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cui D, Luo T, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Li H, Wang C, Xu D, Ma Y, Wei W. Targeted inhibition of GRK2 kinase domain by CP-25 to reverse fibroblast-like synoviocytes dysfunction and improve collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1835-1852. [PMID: 34386323 PMCID: PMC8343125 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease and is mainly characterized by abnormal proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The up-regulated cellular membrane expression of G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) of FLS plays a critical role in RA progression, the increase of GRK2 translocation activity promotes dysfunctional prostaglandin E4 receptor (EP4) signaling and FLS abnormal proliferation. Recently, although our group found that paeoniflorin-6ʹ-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25), a novel compound, could reverse FLS dysfunction via GRK2, little is known as to how GRK2 translocation activity is suppressed. Our findings revealed that GRK2 expression up-regulated and EP4 expression down-regulated in synovial tissues of RA patients and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level increased in arthritis. CP-25 could down-regulate GRK2 expression, up-regulate EP4 expression, and improve synovitis of CIA rats. CP-25 and GRK2 inhibitors (paroxetine or GSK180736A) inhibited the abnormal proliferation of FLS in RA patients and CIA rats by down-regulating GRK2 translocation to EP4 receptor. The results of microscale thermophoresis (MST), cellular thermal shift assay, and inhibition of kinase activity assay indicated that CP-25 could directly target GRK2, increase the protein stability of GRK2 in cells, and inhibit GRK2 kinase activity. The docking of CP-25 and GRK2 suggested that the kinase domain of GRK2 might be an important active pocket for CP-25. G201, K220, K230, A321, and D335 in kinase domain of GRK2 might form hydrogen bonds with CP-25. Site-directed mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation assay further revealed that CP-25 down-regulated the interaction of GRK2 and EP4 via controlling the key amino acid residue of Ala321 of GRK2. Our data demonstrate that FLS proliferation is regulated by GRK2 translocation to EP4. Targeted inhibition of GRK2 kinase domain by CP-25 improves FLS function and represents an innovative drug for the treatment of RA by targeting GRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Han
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dongqian Cui
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dexiang Xu
- Public Health and Preventive Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
| | - Yang Ma
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 551 65161209.
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Jiao F, Varghese K, Wang S, Liu Y, Yu H, Booz GW, Roman RJ, Liu R, Fan F. Recent Insights Into the Protective Mechanisms of Paeoniflorin in Neurological, Cardiovascular, and Renal Diseases. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:728-734. [PMID: 34001724 PMCID: PMC8169546 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The monoterpene glycoside paeoniflorin (PF) is the principal active constituent of the traditional Chinese herbal medicines, Radix Paeoniae Alba and Radix Paeoniae Rubra, which have been used for millennia to treat cardiovascular diseases (eg, hypertension, bleeding, and atherosclerosis) and neurological ailments (eg, headaches, vertigo, dementia, and pain). Recent evidence has revealed that PF exerts inhibitory effects on inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis by targeting several intracellular signaling cascades. In this review, we address the current knowledge about the pharmacokinetic properties of PF and its molecular mechanisms of action. We also present results from recent preclinical studies supporting the utility of PF for the treatment of pain, cerebral ischemic injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Moreover, new evidence suggests a general protective role of PF in heart attack, diabetic kidney, and atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, PF exerts multiple anti-inflammatory actions by targeting toll-like receptor-mediated signaling in both parenchymal and immune cells (in particular, macrophages and dendritic cells). A better understanding of the molecular actions of PF may lead to the expansion of its therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kevin Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Ruen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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10
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Wei X, Wu Y, Tang H, Wang B, Wang Y, Sun W, Asenso J, Xiao F, Wang C. CP-25 ameliorates methotrexate induced nephrotoxicity via improving renal apoptosis and methotrexate excretion. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:21-28. [PMID: 33858651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a derivative of Paeoniflorin. We investigate beneficial effect of CP-25 on methotrexate (MTX) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Plasma blood urea nitrogen (Bun), plasma creatinine (CREA), urine CREA and protein in the rats were quantitatively measured. Renal tissues were pathologically observed, and apoptosis was detected. Apoptosis related proteins and organic anion transporter-3 (OAT3) expression were determined by western blotting analysis. MTX induced nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity in rats with abnormal levels of serum Bun, serum CERA, 24 h urine protein excretion, white blood cells, platelets, plateletcrit and abnormal renal pathological appearance. Either pre-treatment or treatment of CP-25 restored normal levels of hematological and renal function parameters, and improved histopathology in rats treated with MTX. CP-25 prevented MTX induced apoptosis of renal tubular cells, and the effect was further confirmed by its regulatory effects on abnormal expression of Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-8, Cyt-c, Bcl-2. The other important finding is co-administration of CP-25 with MTX significantly increased MTX renal excretion in the damaged rats, and the effect is supposed to be linked with its regulation on abnormal renal OAT3 expression. Taken together, CP-25 shows well protective activity against MTX induced nephrotoxicity, and this effect is via its anti-apoptosis and detoxification properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wei
- Blood Purification Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yijin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - James Asenso
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
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11
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Jeong SH, Jang JH, Jung DH, Lee GY, Lee YB. Pharmacokinetic Changes According to Single or Multiple Oral Administrations of Socheongryong-Tang to Rats: Presented as a Typical Example of Changes in the Pharmacokinetics Following Multiple Exposures to Herbal Medicines. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:478. [PMID: 33916059 PMCID: PMC8103508 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of ephedrine, paeoniflorin, and cinnamic acid after single or multiple doses of Socheongryong-tang (SCRT) were administered to rats, and to present an example of the pharmacokinetic changes following multiple doses of an herbal medicine. SCRT is a traditional herbal medicine that has been used clinically for a long time, and its main ingredients include ephedrine, paeoniflorin, and cinnamic acid. However, studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of SCRT are insufficient, and particularly, no pharmacokinetic information has been reported for multiple doses. In this study, SCRT was administered orally to rats once or multiple times, and plasma sampled at different times was quantitatively analyzed for ephedrine, paeoniflorin, and cinnamic acid using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. There was a difference between the pharmacokinetic parameter values of each component (especially in paeoniflorin and cinnamic acid) obtained after single or multiple doses of SCRT. The actual observed values of each component obtained after multiple doses of SCRT were clearly different from the predicted results of multiple-dose simulations based on the pharmacokinetic profiles obtained after a single dose. The results confirmed that the plasma concentrations and, thus, exposures to paeoniflorin and cinnamic acid were significantly increased when SCRT was administered multiple times, whereas that of ephedrine was not. The results of this study are expected to provide useful pharmacokinetic data for the safety and efficacy evaluation of SCRT in the future and demonstrate the necessity of pharmacokinetic comparison studies according to single or multiple oral administrations of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Ji-Hun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Da-Hwa Jung
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource Development, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea; (D.-H.J.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Guk-Yeo Lee
- Department of Korean Medicinal Resource Development, National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Udae land gil 288, Jangheung, Jeollanamdo 59338, Korea; (D.-H.J.); (G.-Y.L.)
| | - Yong-Bok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (J.-H.J.)
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12
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Shen C, Shen B, Zhu J, Wang J, Yuan H, Li X. Glycyrrhizic acid-based self-assembled micelles for improving oral bioavailability of paeoniflorin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 47:207-214. [PMID: 33305640 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1862178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paeoniflorin (Pae), a water-soluble monoterpene glucoside, has high potential clinical value in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, the extremely low oral bioavailability of Pae (approximately 3%-4%) limits its formulation development and clinical application. This study aimed to develop micelles using the glycyrrhizic acid (GL) as the carrier to improve the oral absorption of Pae. METHODS Pae-loaded GL micelles were prepared by the ultrasonic dispersion method and its formulation was optimized by single-factor tests. Characterizations of Pae-loaded GL micelles including particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), morphology, and drug release in vitro were carried out. The single-pass intestinal perfusion and pharmacokinetic studies of Pae-loaded GL micelles were also evaluated in rats and compared with Pae solution and the mixed solution of Pae and GL. RESULTS The optimized Pae-loaded GL micelles had EE of (42.21 ± 0.89)%, particle size of (58.89 ± 4.24) nm with PDI of (0.194 ± 0.010), zeta potential of (-24.40 ± 1.90) mV. Pae-loaded GL micelles showed a nearly spherical shape under TEM. Drug release of micelles demonstrated a delayed drug release compared to Pae solution. The single-pass intestinal perfusion study showed a significantly higher permeability of Pae in duodenum (p < 0.05), jejunum (p < 0.05), ileum (p < 0.01) and colon (p < 0.01) intestine after perfusion of Pae-loaded GL micelles as compared to Pae solution. The in vivo pharmacokinetics demonstrated that the Cmax and AUC0-t values of Pae-loaded GL micelles were approximately 2.18- and 3.64-fold superior than the Pae solution. CONCLUSION These results suggested GL could be a potential carrier for the oral delivery of Pae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Shen
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Baode Shen
- Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xiaofang Li
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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13
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CP-25, a compound derived from paeoniflorin: research advance on its pharmacological actions and mechanisms in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1387-1394. [PMID: 32884075 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Total glycoside of paeony (TGP) has been widely used to treat inflammation and immune diseases in China. Paeoniflorin (Pae) is the major active component of TGP. Although TGP has few adverse drug reactions, the slow onset and low bioavailability of Pae limit its clinical use. Enhanced efficacy without increased toxicity is pursued in developing new agents for inflammation and immune diseases. As a result, paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) derived from Pae, is developed in our group, and exhibits superior bioavailability and efficacy than Pae. Here we describe the development process and research advance on CP-25. The pharmacokinetic parameters of CP-25 and Pae were compared in vivo and in vitro. CP-25 was also compared with the first-line drugs methotrexate, leflunomide, and hydroxychloroquine in their efficacy and adverse effects in arthritis animal models and experimental Sjögren's syndrome. We summarize the regulatory effects of CP-25 on inflammation and immune-related cells, elucidate the possible mechanisms, and analyze the therapeutic prospects of CP-25 in inflammation and immune diseases, as well as the diseases related to its potential target G-protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2). This review suggests that CP-25 is a promising agent in the treatment of inflammation and immune diseases, which requires extensive investigation in the future. Meanwhile, this review provides new ideas about the development of anti-inflammatory immune drugs.
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14
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Long M, Li J, Zhao W, Su Q. Inhibitory effect of CP-25 on intimal formation and vascular hyperplasia via suppression of GRK2/ERK1/2/EVI1 signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 694:108601. [PMID: 32980350 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation, migration and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the center of intimal formation during in-stent restenosis and vein graft disease. Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is known to suppress inflammation and atherogenesis. However, the potential effect of CP-25 on intimal formation remains elusive. In the present study, we found that CP-25 significantly attenuated wire injury-induced intimal formation in C57BL/6 mice (intimal area: 2.64 ± 0.25 × 104 μm2 vs. 1.53 ± 0.21 × 104 μm2, P < 0.05) and vascular hyperplasia indicated by PCNA staining. In vitro experiments showed that CP-25 significantly alleviated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation, migration and dedifferentiation induced by PDGF-BB. Mechanistically, CP-25 inhibited GRK2 phosphorylation through PDGF receptor in the presence of PDGF-BB. In accordance with these results, CP-25 disrupted the interaction of GRK2 with ERK1/2 and suppressed the activation of ERK1/2 signaling in HASMCs. EVI1, which is considered as a downstream of ERK1/2 signaling and a novel transcription factor for VSMC differentiation, was also downregulated by CP-25 treatment. Moreover, overexpression of EVI1 partly restored the decreased proliferation and dedifferentiation of HASMCs treated by CP-25. Collectively, these findings suggested that CP-25 could alleviate intimal formation in response to wire injury via suppression of the interaction of GRK2 and ERK1/2 and EVI1 activation, indicating CP-25 might serve as a potent pharmaceutical for intimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second People's Hospital of Nanning City, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Long
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Guangxi Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Weikun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Autonomous Region, 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Autonomous Region, 541001, People's Republic of China.
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CP-25 inhibits PGE2-induced angiogenesis by down-regulating EP4/AC/cAMP/PKA-mediated GRK2 translocation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:331-347. [PMID: 31967309 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), a type of cytosolic enzyme, transiently translocates to the plasma membrane upon G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) activation, and it also binds to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to inhibit the activation of ERK. GRK2 deficiency in endothelial cells (ECs) leads to increased pro-inflammatory signaling and promotes recruitment of leukocytes to activated ECs. However, the role of GRK2 in regulating angiogenesis remains unclear. Here, we show that GRK2 is a novel regulatory molecule on migration and tube formation of ECs, vessel sprouting ex vivo and angiogenesis in vivo. We identify that EP4/AC/cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated GRK2 translocation to cells membrane decreases the binding of GRK2 and ERK1/2 to inhibit ERK1/2 activation, which promotes prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced angiogenesis. GRK2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibits the increase in PGE2-induced HUVECs migration and tube formation. In vivo, PGE2 increases ECs sprouting from normal murine aortic segments and angiogenesis in mice, but not from GRK2-deficient ones, on Matrigel. Further research found that Lys220 and Ser685 of GRK2 play an important role in angiogenesis by regulating GRK2 translocation. Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25), as a novel ester derivative of paeoniflorin (pae), has therapeutic potential for the treatment of adjuvant arthritis (AA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), but the underlying mechanism of CP-25 on angiogenesis has not been elucidated. In our study, CP-25 inhibits the migration and tube formation of HUVECs, and angiogenesis in mice by down-regulating GRK2 translocation activation without affecting GRK2 total expression. Taken together, the present results revealed that CP-25 down-regulates EP4/AC/cAMP/PKA-mediated GRK2 translocation, restoring the inhibition of GRK2 for ERK1/2, thereby inhibiting PGE2-stimulated angiogenesis.
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Zhou YX, Gong XH, Zhang H, Peng C. A review on the pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin and its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 130:110505. [PMID: 32682112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing pharmacological evidence supports that paeoniflorin, a water-soluble monoterpene glycoside isolated from Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Shaoyao in Chinese), has a wide range of medicinal properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, anticonvulsive, analgesic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidepressant-like, antitumoral, and immune-regulatory activities; as well as enhancing cognition and attenuating learning impairment. In addition to pharmacodynamic studies, information on pharmacokinetics is also significant for the further development and utilization of paeoniflorin. The present review focuses on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of paeoniflorin, especially main pharmacological activities of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immune function. According to the findings obtained both in vitro and in vivo, a broad application prospect has been opened for paeoniflorin. However, further studies are needed to clarity the direct molecular mechanisms and key targets underlying the beneficial effects of paeoniflorin on inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Library, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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17
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Wu C, Li B, Zhang Y, Chen T, Chen C, Jiang W, Wang Q, Chen T. Intranasal delivery of paeoniflorin nanocrystals for brain targeting. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:326-335. [PMID: 32636950 PMCID: PMC7327772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PA) is an anti-Parkinson Chinese medicine with inferior bioavailability and difficulty in delivery to the brain. This research is to develop an efficacious PA nanocrystal formulation (PA-NCs) that is suitable for intranasal administration to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). PA-NCs were fabricated through an antisolvent precipitation method using TPGS as the stabilizer. The rod-shaped PA-NCs had particle size of 139.6 ± 1.3 nm and zeta potential of −23.2 ± 0.529 mV. A molecular dynamics simulation indicated that van der Waals forces are the primary drivers of interactions between PA and TPGS. In the ex vivo nasal mucosa permeation assay, the cumulative drug release at 24 h was 87.14% ± 5.34%, which was significantly higher than that of free PA. PA-NCs exhibited substantially improved cellular uptake as well as permeability on Calu-3 cells as compared to PA alone. FRET imaging analysis demonstrated that intact NCs could be internalized into Calu-3 cells. Moreover, PA-NCs conferred desirable protective effect against MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cellular damage. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a higher PA concentration in the brain following intranasal delivery of PA-NCs. In summary, the intranasal administration of PA-NCs is a promising treatment strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Benyue Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chuangrong Chen
- Science and Technology Department, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yet-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
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18
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Zhang M, Gao M, Chen J, Song L, Wei W. CP-25 exerts anti-angiogenic effects on a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis by promoting GRK2-induced downregulation of CXCR4-ERK1/2 signaling in endothelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4831-4842. [PMID: 31661133 PMCID: PMC6854590 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis can produce an invasive and destructive front, also named a pannus, comprised of inflammatory vascular tissue that covers and erodes articular cartilage, subchondral bone and peri‑articular soft tissues in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Paeoniflorin‑6'‑O‑benzene sulfonate (CP‑25) is a novel ester derivative of paeoniflorin. We previously demonstrated that CP‑25 exerts anti‑inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. CP‑25 also exhibits a marked therapeutic effect on adjuvant‑induced arthritis (AA), and is able to inhibit synovial and immune cell function, according to our previous study. However, the effect of CP‑25 on angiogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, AA was initiated in Sprague‑Dawley rats via intradermal immunization in the right hind metatarsal footpad with heat‑killed Mycobacterium butyricum in liquid paraffin, and rats were divided into four groups: Normal, AA rat model, CP‑25 (50 mg/kg) and methotrexate (0.5 mg/kg) groups (n=10 rats/group). Subsequently, joint synovium in AA rats was pathologically evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, synovial vascular proliferation was evaluated by immunofluorescence, the synovial expression levels of C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, and synovial C‑X‑C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) was detected by western blotting. The results demonstrated that CP‑25 ameliorated clinical signs and pannus formation in the ankle joint in rats with AA. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between pannus score and CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression. In addition, the effects of CP‑25 on endothelial cell function and CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling were studied in vitro using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The results demonstrated that CXCL12 significantly promoted HUVEC proliferation, migration and tube formation, and that CP‑25 could reverse these abnormalities by inhibiting plasma membrane localization of G protein‑coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in HUVECs. These findings suggested that CP‑25 may markedly inhibit pannus formation in AA. This effect may be associated with a reduction in the plasma membrane localization of GRK2 in endothelial cells, an enhancement of the inhibitory effect of GRK2 on ERK1/2 in the cytoplasm, a reduction in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and in the function of HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Song
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Tang H, Wu YJ, Xiao F, Wang B, Asenso J, Wang Y, Sun W, Wang C, Wei W. Regulation of CP-25 on P-glycoprotein in synoviocytes of rats with adjuvant arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 119:109432. [PMID: 31521892 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and it has been studied in RA resistance recently. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the important transporters that mediate MTX resistance. This study investigated the effect of Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (code: CP-25) in the resistance of P-gp-mediated MTX to RA. METHODS Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in rats via complete Freund's adjuvant. The experimental groups were divided into normal group; AA model group; monotherapy groups, including CP-25, MTX and dexamethasone; and CP-25 combined with MTX group. The expression of P-gp in synovial tissue was measured by western blot and histochemistry. Besides, P-gp high expression of human hepatoma cell line Bel7402/5-FU and Bel7402 were chose to study in MTX resistance and the function of P-gp was detected by Flow cytometry. RESULTS CP-25 had a good therapeutic effect on AA rats, significantly improved manifestations and reduced the expression of P-gp in synovial tissue, spleen medulla and small intestinal epithelial cells in the apical tissues of AA rats. In addition, CP-25 significantly inhibited the up-regulation of P-gp induced by TNF-α stimulation in synoviocytes. Furthermore, according to the accumulation and efflux of rhodamine 123 in Bel7402/5-FU resistant cells and Bel7402 sensitive cells, CP-25 could reverse the resistance of MTX in Bel7402/5-FU cells compared with Bel7402 cells, which was reflected by the reduced IC50 values of MTX. Further study indicated that CP-25 could decrease P-gp expression and inhibit P-gp function in Bel7402/5-FU cells. CONCLUSION CP-25 regulates the expression of P-gp and inhibits the function of P-gp, thereby improving the resistance of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yi-Jin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - James Asenso
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China; Anhui Collaborative Innovation Centre of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
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20
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Shu JL, Zhang XZ, Han L, Zhang F, Wu YJ, Tang XY, Wang C, Tai Y, Wang QT, Chen JY, Chang Y, Wu HX, Zhang LL, Wei W. Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by downregulating BAFF-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling: comparison with biological agents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:801-813. [PMID: 30446734 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a new ester derivative of paeoniflorin with improved lipid solubility and oral bioavailability, as well as better anti-inflammatory activity than its parent compound. In this study we explored whether CP-25 exerted therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice through regulating B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-BAFF receptors-mediated signaling pathways. CIA mice were given CP-25 or injected with biological agents rituximab or etanercept for 40 days. In CIA mice, we found that T cells and B cells exhibited abnormal proliferation; the percentages of CD19+ total B cells, CD19+CD27+-activated B cells, CD19+BAFFR+ and CD19+TACI+ cells were significantly increased in PBMCs and spleen lymphocytes. CP-25 suppressed the indicators of arthritis, alleviated histopathology, accompanied by reduced BAFF and BAFF receptors expressions, inhibited serum immunoglobulin levels, decreased the B-cell subsets percentages, and prevented the expressions of key molecules in NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with CP-25 reduced CD19+TRAF2+ cell expressions stimulated by BAFF and decreased TRAF2 overexpression in HEK293 cells in vitro. Thus, CP-25 restored the abnormal T cells proliferation and B-cell percentages to the normal levels, and normalized the elevated levels of IgA, IgG2a and key proteins in NF-κB signaling. In comparison, rituximab and etanercept displayed stronger anti-inflammatory activities than CP-25; they suppressed the elevated inflammatory indexes to below the normal levels in CIA mice. In summary, our results provide evidence that CP-25 alleviates CIA and regulates the functions of B cells through BAFF-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling. CP-25 would be a soft immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory effect.
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21
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Asenso J, Yu J, Xiao F, Zhao M, Wang J, Wu Y, Wang C, Wei W. Methotrexate improves the anti-arthritic effects of Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate by enhancing its pharmacokinetic properties in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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22
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Yang X, Zhao Y, Jia X, Wang C, Wu Y, Zhang L, Chang Y, Wei W. CP-25 combined with MTX/ LEF ameliorates the progression of adjuvant-induced arthritis by the inhibition on GRK2 translocation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 110:834-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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23
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Qian J, Cheng W, Zhang C, Hong L, Chen W, Li G. Preparation, physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics of paeoniflorin-phospholipid complex. Biomed Mater Eng 2019; 30:11-22. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-181029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Qian
- , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, , , China
| | - Weiye Cheng
- , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, , , China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, , , China
| | - Lufeng Hong
- , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, , , China
| | - Weidong Chen
- , Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, , , China
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24
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Wu YJ, Zhao MY, Wang J, Tang H, Wang B, Xiao F, Liu LH, Zhang YF, Zhou AW, Wang C, Wei W. Absorption and efflux characteristics of CP-25 in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats by UPLC-MS/MS. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1651-1657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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25
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Gu F, Xu S, Zhang P, Chen X, Wu Y, Wang C, Gao M, Si M, Wang X, Heinrich K, Wu H, Wei W. CP-25 Alleviates Experimental Sjögren's Syndrome Features in NOD/Ltj Mice and Modulates T Lymphocyte Subsets. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:423-434. [PMID: 29665238 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune illness of the moisture-producing glands such as salivary glands that is characterized by various immune abnormalities. The aetiology of pSS remains unclear and there is no curative agent. In this study, we investigated the putative therapeutic effects on a NOD/Ltj mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome-like disorders of an ester derivative of paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin-6'O-benzene (termed CP-25). Our study showed that CP-25 alleviated effectively clinical manifestations in NOD/Ltj mice resulting, for example, in increased salivary flow and reduced histopathological scores. Furthermore, CP-25 decreased lymphocyte viability in NOD/Ltj mice and attenuated the infiltration of Th1 cells and Th2 cells into the salivary glands of NOD/Ltj mice. In the spleen on NOD/Ltj mice, CP-25 skewed the ratio of Th17 and regulatory T cells towards regulatory T cells. After treatment, concentrations of anti-La/SSB and IgG antibodies were reduced and the titre of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-17A in the serum on NOD/Ltj mice was alleviated. Thus, we define CP-25 as a novel compound that is a potent therapeutic agent for pSS by modulating T lymphocyte subsets. Future studies will validate the use of CP-25 as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mei Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Min Si
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Korner Heinrich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Chen J, Wang Y, Wu H, Yan S, Chang Y, Wei W. A Modified Compound From Paeoniflorin, CP-25, Suppressed Immune Responses and Synovium Inflammation in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:563. [PMID: 29930509 PMCID: PMC5999790 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6’-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a modified paeoniflorin, which is the main bioactive component of total glucosides of peony. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects of CP-25 in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. After the onset of CIA, mice were given CP-25 (17.5, 35, or 70 mg/kg) or methotrexate (MTX, 2.0 mg/kg). The arthritis index, swollen joint count, and joint and spleen histopathology were evaluated. T and B cell subsets were assayed using flow cytometry, while the proliferation of these cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) were evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8. β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) expression was assayed using flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. FLS migration and invasion were assayed using Transwells. CP-25 (35 or 70 mg/kg) attenuated the arthritis index and swollen joint count, alleviated joint and spleen histopathology, suppressed excessive T cell activation, and attenuated humoral immunity in CIA mice. CP-25 increased β2-AR expression on T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and the synovium in CIA mice. CP-25 up-regulated the β2-AR agonist response and attenuated FLS activation; these effects may reflect CP-25-mediated reduction of β2-AR desensitization due to down-regulation of membrane G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 expression. These results suggest that CP-25 suppressed immune responses and synovium inflammation in mice with CIA, effects that were associated with reduced β2-AR desensitization and the promotion of β2-AR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Huaxun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Shangxue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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Saqib U, Sarkar S, Suk K, Mohammad O, Baig MS, Savai R. Phytochemicals as modulators of M1-M2 macrophages in inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17937-17950. [PMID: 29707159 PMCID: PMC5915167 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of the innate immune response against foreign pathogens, including bacteria, physical stress, and injury. Therefore, these cells play a key role in the "inflammatory pathway" which in turn can lead to an array of diseases and disorders such as autoimmune neuropathies and myocarditis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, sepsis, arthritis, diabetes, and angiogenesis. Recently, more studies have focused on the macrophages inflammatory diseases since the discovery of the two subtypes of macrophages, which are differentiated on the basis of their phenotype and distinct gene expression pattern. Of these, M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and responsible for inflammatory signaling, while M2 are anti-inflammatory macrophages that participate in the resolution of the inflammatory process, M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to tissue healing. Many studies have shown the role of these two subtypes in the inflammatory pathway, and their emergence appears to decide the fate of inflammatory signaling and disease progression. As a next step in directing the pro-inflammatory response toward the anti-inflammatory type after an insult by a foreign pathogen (e. g., bacterial lipopolysaccharide), investigators have identified many natural compounds that have the potential to modulate M1 to M2 macrophages. In this review, we provide a focused discussion of advances in the identification of natural therapeutic molecules with anti-inflammatory properties that modulate the phenotype of macrophages from M1 to M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saqib
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, MP, India
| | - Sutripta Sarkar
- PostGraduate Department of Food & Nutrition, BRSN College (affiliated to WBSU), Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Joong-gu Daegu, South Korea
| | - Owais Mohammad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Mirza S Baig
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indore, MP, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University, Giessen 35392, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Member of the DZL, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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28
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The tissue distribution and excretion study of paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu YJ, Chen HS, Chen WS, Dong J, Dong XJ, Dai X, Huang Q, Wei W. CP-25 Attenuates the Activation of CD4 + T Cells Stimulated with Immunoglobulin D in Human. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:4. [PMID: 29410624 PMCID: PMC5787084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have shown that the level of immunoglobulin D (IgD) is often elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases. The possible roles of IgD on the function of human T cell activation are still unclear. Paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate (code: CP-25), the chemistry structural modifications of paeoniflorin, was a novel drug of anti-inflammation and immunomodulation. The aims of this study were to determine if human CD4+ T cells could be activated by IgD via the IgD receptor (IgDR)-Lck pathway and whether the novel compound CP-25 could affect the activation of T cells by regulating Lck. Human CD4+ T cells were purified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using microbeads. T cell viability and proliferation were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit. Cytokines secreted by T cells were assessed with the Quantibody Human Inflammation Array. The binding affinity and expression of IgDR on T cells were detected by flow cytometry, and protein expression of IgDR, Lck, and P-Lck were analyzed by western blot. IgD was shown to bind to IgDR on CD4+ T cells in a concentration-dependent manner and stimulate the activation and proliferation of these cells by enhancing phosphorylation of the activating tyrosine residue of Lck (Tyr394). CP-25 inhibited the IgD-stimulated activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines; it was thus suggested that this process might be related to the downregulation of Lck (Tyr394) phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that IgD amplifies the activation of CD4+ T cells, which could be mediated by Lck phosphorylation. Further, CP-25, via its ability to modulate Lck, is a novel potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Heng-Shi Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Dong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Dong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Dai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, China
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Is macrophage polarization important in rheumatoid arthritis? Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:345-352. [PMID: 28750350 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are myeloid immune cells which are strategically positioned throughout the body, where they engulf and degrade debris, dead cells, and foreign substances, and coordinating the inflammatory processes. Macrophages can be divided into two extreme subsets, classical activation (M1), and alternatively activation (M2). The symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) would exacerbate with the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines will alleviate the symptoms and signs of RA. This review, mainly discusses the effects of Notch, JNK and ERK signaling pathways on the regulation of macrophage polarization, and the effects of pro-inflammatory factors and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines produced by polarized macrophages in RA. Also, we will make an attempt to find out the importance of macrophage polarization in RA treatment as a drug target.
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CP-25, a novel compound, protects against autoimmune arthritis by modulating immune mediators of inflammation and bone damage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26239. [PMID: 27184722 PMCID: PMC4869037 DOI: 10.1038/srep26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate (code: CP-25), a novel ester derivative of paeoniflorin (Pae), was evaluated in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) to study its potential anti-arthritic activity. AA rats were treated with CP-25 (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) from days 17 to 29 after immunization. CP-25 effectively reduced clinical and histopathological scores compared with the AA groups. CP-25-treated rats exhibited decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α) coupled with an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 in the serum. CP-25 treatment inhibited M1 macrophage activation and enhanced M2 macrophage activation by influencing cytokine production. Decreases in Th17-IL-17 and the Th17-associated transcription factor RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (ROR-γt) dramatically demonstrated the immunomodulatory effects of CP-25 on abnormal immune dysfunction. In addition, CP-25 suppressed the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9, which supported its anti-osteoclastic effects. The data presented here demonstrated that CP-25 significantly inhibited the progression of rat AA by reducing inflammation, immunity and bone damage. The protective effects of CP-25 in AA highlight its potential as an ideal new anti-arthritic agent for human RA.
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