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Viana Neto AM, Guerreiro DD, Martins JAM, Vasconcelos FÁR, Melo RÉBF, Velho ALMCS, Neila-Montero M, Montes-Garrido R, Nagano CS, Araújo AA, Moura AA. Sperm traits and seminal plasma proteome of locally adapted hairy rams subjected to intermittent scrotal insulation. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 263:107439. [PMID: 38447240 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of heat stress on reproductive parameters of hairy rams. Six animals were subjected to scrotal insulation during four consecutive nights (6 PM - 6 AM). Day (D) 0 was the first day of insulation. Scrotal circumference increased from 30.5 ± 0.3 cm (at pre-insulation) to 31.8 ± 0.4 cm on D4, decreased 3.9 cm on D28, returning to 30.6 ± 0.6 cm on D57. Sperm concentration decreased from 3.7 ± 0.12 ×109 sperm/mL before insulation to 2.6 ± 0.1 ×109 on D23, returning to normal on D57. Sperm motility averaged 75 ± 2.9% before insulation, was undetectable on D23, and became normal on D77. Sperm with normal morphology reached 5.9 ± 2.6% on D35 but recovered (86.8 ± 2.1%) on D91. Sperm DNA integrity decreased from 86.5 ± 4.7% before insulation to 11.1 ± 3.7% on D63, returning to pre-insulation values on D120. Sperm BSP immunostaining was reduced after scrotal insulation. Variations in seminal protein abundances coincided with changes in sperm parameters. Seminal plasma superoxide dismutase, carboxypeptidase Q-precursor and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 decreased on D18, returning to normal after D28. Albumin, inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase precursor, EGF-like repeat and discoid I-like domain-containing protein 3 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor increased after insulation. In summary, intermittent scrotal insulation drastically altered ram sperm attributes and seminal proteins, especially those associated with oxidative stress. Knowledge of animal´s response to thermal stress is vital in the scenario of climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise D Guerreiro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Jorge A M Martins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Cariri, Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - R Évila B F Melo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Neila-Montero
- Itra-ULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Rafael Montes-Garrido
- Itra-ULE, Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Celso S Nagano
- Department of Fisheries Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Airton A Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Arlindo A Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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Ibtisham F, Cham TC, Fayaz MA, Honaramooz A. Effects of Growth Factors on In Vitro Culture of Neonatal Piglet Testicular Tissue Fragments. Cells 2023; 12:2234. [PMID: 37759457 PMCID: PMC10526381 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro spermatogenesis (IVS) has important applications including fertility preservation of prepubertal cancer patients; however, thus far, IVS has only been achieved using mouse models. To study the effects of growth factors on the maintenance of testicular tissue integrity, germ cell numbers, and potential induction of IVS using a porcine model, we cultured small testicular fragments (~2 mg) from 1-wk-old piglets under six different media conditions (DMEM + 10%KSR alone or supplemented with GDNF, bFGF, SCF, EGF, or a combination of all) for 8 weeks. Overall, tissues supplemented with GDNF and bFGF had the greatest seminiferous tubule integrity and least number of apoptotic cells. GDNF-supplemented tissues had the greatest number of gonocytes per tubule, followed by bFGF-supplemented tissues. There was evidence of gradual Sertoli cell maturation in all groups. Moreover, histological examination and the expression of c-KIT (a marker of differentiating spermatogonia and spermatocytes) and STRA8 (a marker of the pre/meiotic stage germ cells) confirmed the induction of IVS in all groups. However, GDNF- and bFGF-supplemented tissue cultures had greater numbers of seminiferous tubules with spermatocytes compared to other groups. In conclusion, overall, GDNF and bFGF supplementation better maintained the tissue integrity and gonocyte numbers and induced IVS in cultured testicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali Honaramooz
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; (F.I.); (T.-C.C.); (M.A.F.)
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3
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Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) on Cryopreserved Piedmontese Bull Semen Characteristics. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223179. [PMID: 36428406 PMCID: PMC9687023 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on fresh and post-thaw beef bull semen quality of the supplementation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the semen extender at various concentrations (0-control, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ng/mL). For 8 weeks, sperm was collected from four fertile bulls, yielding a total of 32 ejaculates. Semen samples were pooled, diluted with Bullxcell® extender, and then cooled, equilibrated, and frozen. After thawing, semen was tested for motility and velocity parameters. Furthermore, semen was evaluated for vitality, integrity, mitochondrial and antioxidant (SOD) activities, mucus penetration distance, and in vitro fertilizing capability. The supplementation with EGF prior to cryopreservation improved the total sperm motility at various concentrations over long incubation periods (from 1 to 4 h). Interestingly, EGF addition improved both progressive and rapid motility, particularly at 50, 200, and 400 ng/mL. In addition, EGF, primarily at 200 and 400 ng/mL, significantly increased several velocity parameters after different incubation periods. We can conclude that adding EGF to bull sperm extender before cryopreservation has a positive stimulatory effect on sperm motility without affecting vitality, integrity, or in vitro fertilizing capability.
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de Santi F, Beltrame FL, Rodrigues BM, Scaramele NF, Lopes FL, Cerri PS, Sasso-Cerri E. Venlafaxine-induced adrenergic signaling stimulates Leydig cells steroidogenesis via Nur77 overexpression: a possible role of EGF. Life Sci 2021; 289:120069. [PMID: 34688693 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venlafaxine, a norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, impairs rat sperm parameters, spermatogenesis and causes high intratesticular estrogen and testosterone levels, indicating that Leydig cells (LCs) may be a venlafaxine target. We evaluated the effect of venlafaxine treatment on LCs in vivo, focusing on adrenergic signaling, EGF immunoexpression and steroidogenesis. Germ cells mitotic/meiotic activity and UCHL1 levels were also evaluated in the seminiferous epithelium. Adult male rats received venlafaxine (30 mg/kg) or distilled water. In testicular sections, the seminiferous tubules, epithelium and the LCs nuclear areas were measured, and the immunoexpression of Ki-67, UCHL1, StAR, EGF, c-Kit and 17β-HSD was evaluated. UCHL1, StAR and EGF protein levels and Adra1a, Nur77 and Ndrg2 expression were analyzed. MDA and nitrite testicular levels, and serum estrogen and testosterone levels were measured. Venlafaxine induced LCs hypertrophy and Ndrg2 upregulation, in parallel to increased number of Ki-67, c-Kit- and 17β-HSD-positive interstitial cells, indicating that this antidepressant stimulates LCs lineage proliferation and differentiation. Upregulation of Adra1a and Nur77 could explain the high levels of StAR and testosterone levels, as well as aromatization. Enhanced EGF immunoexpresion in LCs suggests that this growth fact is involved in adrenergically-induced steroidogenesis, likely via upregulation of Nur77. Slight tubular atrophy and weak Ki-67 immunoexpression in germ cells, in association with high UCHL1 levels, indicate that spermatogenesis is likely impaired by this enzyme under supraphysiological estrogen levels. These data corroborate the unchanged MDA and nitrite levels. Therefore, venlafaxine stimulates LCs steroidogenesis via adrenergic signaling, and EGF may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane de Santi
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Beltrame
- Federal University of São Paulo, Department of Morphology and Genetics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Natália F Scaramele
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production and Animal Health, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Lopes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production and Animal Health, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Cerri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Estela Sasso-Cerri
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara, Brazil.
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Nagamachi A, Kanai A, Nakamura M, Okuda H, Yokoyama A, Shinriki S, Matsui H, Inaba T. Multiorgan failure with abnormal receptor metabolism in mice mimicking Samd9/9L syndromes. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140147. [PMID: 33373325 DOI: 10.1172/jci140147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant sterile α motif domain containing 9 (Samd9) and Samd9L (Samd9/9L) syndromes are a large subgroup of currently established inherited bone marrow failure syndromes that includes myelodysplasia, infection, growth restriction, adrenal hypoplasia, genital phenotypes, and enteropathy (MIRAGE), ataxia pancytopenia, and familial monosomy 7 syndromes. Samd9/9L genes are located in tandem on chromosome 7 and have been known to be the genes responsible for myeloid malignancies associated with monosomy 7. Additionally, as IFN-inducible genes, Samd9/9L are crucial for protection against viruses. Samd9/9L syndromes are caused by gain-of-function mutations and develop into infantile myelodysplastic syndromes associated with monosomy 7 (MDS/-7) at extraordinarily high frequencies. We generated mice expressing Samd9LD764N, which mimic MIRAGE syndrome, presenting with growth retardation, a short life, bone marrow failure, and multiorgan degeneration. In hematopoietic cells, Samd9LD764N downregulates the endocytosis of transferrin and c-Kit, resulting in a rare cause of anemia and a low bone marrow reconstitutive potential that ultimately causes MDS/-7. In contrast, in nonhematopoietic cells we tested, Samd9LD764N upregulated the endocytosis of EGFR by Ship2 phosphatase translocation to the cytomembrane and activated lysosomes, resulting in the reduced expression of surface receptors and signaling. Thus, Samd9/9L is a downstream regulator of IFN that controls receptor metabolism, with constitutive activation leading to multiorgan dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akinori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Megumi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokoyama
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.,National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shinriki
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor on the Colony-formation Ability of Porcine Spermatogonial Germ Cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Trade‐offs between male fertility reduction and selected growth factors or the klotho response in a lipopolysaccharide-dependent mouse model. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:175-186. [PMID: 35415080 PMCID: PMC8960506 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of depression cases leads to a greater need for new antidepressant treatment development. It is postulated that antidepressants may harm male fertility, but the cellular mechanism is still poorly understood. The role of growth factors and klotho protein in maintaining normal male reproductive function is well documented. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the effect of the antidepressant drug – imipramine (tricyclic AD), and other substances with antidepressant potential (ALS), administered in combination or in combination with LPS (an animal model of depression) on gene expression and protein synthesis of IGF-2 (insulin-like growth factor 2), TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1), NGF (nerve growth factor), KGF (keratinocyte growth factor) and protein synthesis of VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A), IGF-IR (insulin-like growth factor receptor 1), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and klotho in the testis of mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with selected ALS and LPS or 10% DMSO (controls) (n = 7/group) once a day for 14 days. Animals were decapitated and testes collected for RNA and protein purification. PCR and western blot methods were employed for the evaluation of growth factors and klotho expression. The results obtained indicated a decreased level of most of the analyzed genes and proteins, except KGF; its expression increased after treatment with MTEP and IMI administrated individually and after NS-398, and IMI in combination with LPS. Our results may suggest that the tested ALS and LPS can contribute to a reduction of male fertility, but NS-398, IMI, and IMI+NS-398 may also act as stimulants after LPS.
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8
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Sênos Demarco R, Jones DL. Mitochondrial fission regulates germ cell differentiation by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in the Drosophila larval testis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19695. [PMID: 31873089 PMCID: PMC6927965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that have recently emerged as hubs for several metabolic and signaling pathways in the cell. Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by constant fusion and fission events to maintain a functional mitochondrial network and to remodel the mitochondrial network in response to external stimuli. Although the role of mitochondria in later stages of spermatogenesis has been investigated in depth, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating early germ cell behavior is relatively less-well understood. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial fusion is required for germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance in the Drosophila testis. Here, we show that mitochondrial fission is also important for regulating the maintenance of early germ cells in larval testes. Inhibition of Drp1 in early germ cells resulted in the loss of GSCs and spermatogonia due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the EGFR pathway in adjacent somatic cyst cells. EGFR activation contributed to premature germ cell differentiation. Our data provide insights into how mitochondrial dynamics can impact germ cell maintenance and differentiation via distinct mechanisms throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sênos Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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9
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Majidi Gharenaz N, Movahedin M, Mazaheri Z. Three-Dimensional Culture of Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells Using A Decellularised Testicular Scaffold. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:410-418. [PMID: 31376322 PMCID: PMC6722448 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Applications of biological scaffolds for regenerative medicine are increasing. Such scaffolds improve cell
attachment, migration, proliferation and differentiation. In the current study decellularised mouse whole testis was used
as a natural 3 dimensional (3D) scaffold for culturing spermatogonial stem cells.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, adult mouse whole testes were decellularised using sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Triton X-100. The efficiency of decellularisation was determined by histology and DNA
quantification. Masson’s trichrome staining, alcian blue staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were done for
validation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. These scaffolds were recellularised through injection of mouse
spermatogonial stem cells in to rete testis. Then, they were cultured for eight weeks. Recellularised scaffolds were
assessed by histology, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IHC.
Results Haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining showed that the cells were successfully removed by SDS and Triton
X-100. DNA content analysis indicated that 98% of the DNA was removed from the testis. This confirmed that our
decellularisation protocol was efficient. Masson’s trichrome and alcian blue staining respectively showed that
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen are preserved in the scaffolds. IHC analysis confirmed the preservation of
fibronectin, collagen IV, and laminin. MTT assay indicated that the scaffolds were cell-compatible. Histological evaluation
of recellularised scaffolds showed that injected cells were settled on the basement membrane of the seminiferous
tubule. Analyses of gene expression using real-time PCR indicated that expression of the Plzf gene was unchanged
over the time while expression of Sycp3 gene was increased significantly (P=0.003) after eight weeks in culture,
suggesting that the spermatogonial stem cells started meiosis. IHC confirmed that PLZF-positive cells (spermatogonial
stem cells) and SYCP3-positive cells (spermatocytes) were present in seminiferous tubules.
Conclusion Spermatogonial stem cells could proliferate and differentiated in to spermatocytes after being injected in the
decellularised testicular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Majidi Gharenaz
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Movahedin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Zohreh Mazaheri
- Basic Medical Science Research Center, Histogenotech Company, Tehran, Iran
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Gaur M, Ramathal C, Reijo Pera RA, Turek PJ, John CM. Isolation of human testicular cells and co-culture with embryonic stem cells. Reproduction 2018; 155:153-166. [PMID: 29326135 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Our overall goal is to create a three-dimensional human cell-based testicular model for toxicological and spermatogenesis studies. Methods to purify the major somatic testicular cells, namely Leydig cells (LCs), peritubular myoid cells (PCs) and Sertoli cells (SCs), from rats, mice and guinea pigs have been reported. In humans, the isolation of populations enriched for primary LCs, PCs or SCs also have described. One objective of this study was to determine if populations of cells enriched for all three of these cell types can be isolated from testes of single human donors, and we were successful in doing so from testes of three donors. Testes tissues were enzymatically digested, gravity sedimented and Percoll filtered to isolate populations enriched for LCs, PCs and SCs. LCs and PCs were identified by colorimetric detection of the expression of prototypical enzymes. Division of PCs and SCs in culture has been reported. We observed that primary human LCs could divide in culture by incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine. SCs were identified and their functionality was demonstrated by the formation of tight junctions as shown by the expression of tight junction proteins, increased transepithelial electrical resistance, polarized secretion of biomolecules and inhibition of lucifer yellow penetration. Furthermore, we found that human SC feeder layers could facilitate germ cell progression of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by microarray analysis of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Ramathal
- Institute for Stem Cell BiologyStanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Renee A Reijo Pera
- Institute for Stem Cell BiologyStanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, California, USA
| | - Paul J Turek
- MandalMedInc., San Francisco, California, USA.,The Turek ClinicSan Francisco, California, USA
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Yang C, Yao C, Tian R, Zhu Z, Zhao L, Li P, Chen H, Huang Y, Zhi E, Gong Y, Xue Y, Wang H, Yuan Q, He Z, Li Z. miR-202-3p Regulates Sertoli Cell Proliferation, Synthesis Function, and Apoptosis by Targeting LRP6 and Cyclin D1 of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:1-19. [PMID: 30513418 PMCID: PMC6280020 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in mammalian spermatogenesis, which is highly dependent on Sertoli cells. However, the functions and mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating human Sertoli cells remain largely unknown. Here, we report that hsa-miR-202-3p mediates the proliferation, apoptosis, and synthesis function of human Sertoli cells. miR-202-3p was upregulated in Sertoli cells of Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) patients compared with obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients with normal spermatogenesis. Overexpression of miR-202-3p induced Sertoli cell apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and synthesis, and the effects were opposite when miR-202-3p was knocked down. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and Cyclin D1 of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were identified as direct targets of miR-202-3p in Sertoli cells, which were validated by bioinformatics tools and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Differentially expressed LRP6 and Cyclin D1 between OA and SCOS Sertoli cells were also verified. LRP6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference not only mimicked the effects of miR-202-3p overexpression, but also antagonized the effects of miR-202-3p inhibition on Sertoli cells. Collectively, miR-202-3p controls the proliferation, apoptosis, and synthesis function of human Sertoli cells via targeting LRP6 and Cyclin D1 of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study thus provides a novel insight into fate determinations of human Sertoli cells and niche of human testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Dadao, Jiangning District, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chencheng Yao
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruhui Tian
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zijue Zhu
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Huixing Chen
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Erlei Zhi
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yunjing Xue
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Qingqing Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Zuping He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Huang Y, Zhao L, Yao C, Yang C, Zhu Z, Li P, Tian R, Chen H, He Z, Li Z. Effect of Kallikrein-related Peptidase KLK1 on Ameliorating Spermatogenesis Regeneration in Busulfan-induced Azoospermic Mice and Promoting Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cell Proliferation In Vitro. Urology 2018; 122:89-96. [PMID: 30171922 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of kallikrein-related peptidase KLK1 on azoospermic mice induced by busulfan and mouse spermatogonial stem cell. METHODS Mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of busulfan, and 4 weeks later, they received a daily intraperitoneal injection of KLK1 at different doses for another 4 weeks. Eight weeks after the busulfan treatment, all mice were sacrificed and their testes were collected for histological evaluation, immunostaining and protein extraction. In vitro, immortalized mouse spermatogonial stem cells, namely C18-4 cells, were treated with KLK1 for proliferation assays. RESULTS Histological evaluation of testes, epididymis and epididymal fluid showed that KLK1-treated mice had better spermatogenesis than the control group. Immunostaining showed that tissue samples from testes of KLK1-treated mice had more PLZF- and SCP3-positive cells per seminiferous tubule as well as more PNA-positive cells in the seminiferous tubules. Western blots revealed higher expression levels of PCNA in KLK1-treated mice than in control mice. C18-4 cells treated with KLK1 had a higher proliferation rate and higher expression levels of PCNA, Cyclin A and Cyclin E, and the level of phosphorylated ERK2 were increased after KLK1 treatment. CONCLUSION Collectively, KLK1 can improve spermatogenesis in azoospermic mice, and KLK1 can promote the proliferation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells via activating ERK1/2 and cell cycle proteins Cyclin A and Cyclin E. This study could offer novel approach and provide new targets for the treatment of azoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Huang
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyu Zhao
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Yao
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijue Zhu
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruhui Tian
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixing Chen
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuping He
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, the Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Fattahi A, Latifi Z, Ghasemnejad T, Nejabati HR, Nouri M. Insights into in vitro spermatogenesis in mammals: Past, present, future. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:560-575. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Fattahi
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Heidargholizadeh S, Aydos SE, Yukselten Y, Ozkavukcu S, Sunguroglu A, Aydos K. A differential cytokine expression profile before and after rFSH treatment in Sertoli cell cultures of men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Heidargholizadeh
- Department of Medical Biology; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. E. Aydos
- Department of Medical Biology; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - Y. Yukselten
- Department of Medical Biology; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - S. Ozkavukcu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; School of Medicine; Assisted Reproduction Center; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Sunguroglu
- Department of Medical Biology; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
| | - K. Aydos
- Department of Urology; School of Medicine; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
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15
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Levi M, Popovtzer A, Tzabari M, Mizrachi A, Savion N, Stemmer SM, Shalgi R, Ben-Aharon I. Cetuximab intensifies cisplatin-induced testicular toxicity. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Karatas F, Sahin S, Imamoglu GI, Altinbas M. Panitumumab as a possible cause of hematospermia: what is the mechanism? Future Oncol 2015; 11:3229-31. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karatas
- Diskapi Education & Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sahin
- Diskapi Education & Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Göksen Inanc Imamoglu
- Diskapi Education & Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altinbas
- Diskapi Education & Research Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
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Tamada H, Takemoto K, Tominaga M, Kawate N, Takahashi M, Hatoya S, Matsuyama S, Inaba T, Sawada T. Expression and localization of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-α and epidermal growth factor receptor in the canine testis. J Reprod Dev 2015; 62:59-64. [PMID: 26498203 PMCID: PMC4768112 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and EGF receptor
(EGF-R) and the localization of the corresponding proteins in the canine testis were studied. Levels of mRNA
expressions were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the testes
of the peripubertal (4–6 months), young adult (3–4 years), advanced adult (7–8 years) and senescent (11–16
years) groups. The EGF-R mRNA level in the testes of the peripubertal group was significantly higher than
those in the other groups, whereas there was no difference in EGF and TGF-α mRNA levels among groups.
Immunohistochemical stainings for EGF, TGF-α and EGF-R in the testis revealed that immunoreactivity in the
seminiferous epithelium and Sertoli cell was weak and nonspecific for the stage of spermatogenesis, and
distinct staining was found in Leydig cells. These results suggest that the EGF family of growth factors may
be involved in testicular maturation and function in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Tamada
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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18
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Pan Y, Cui Y, Yu S, Zhang Q, Fan J, Abdul Rasheed B, Yang K. The Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and its Receptor (EGFR) During Post-Natal Testes Development in the Yak. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:970-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Y Cui
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - S Yu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - Q Zhang
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - J Fan
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
| | - B Abdul Rasheed
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Northwest A&F University; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - K Yang
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Gansu Agricultural University; Lanzhou China
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19
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Dubé E, Dufresne J, Chan PTK, Cyr DG. Epidermal growth factor regulates connexin 43 in the human epididymis: role of gap junctions in azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2012; 27:2285-96. [PMID: 22611165 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/des164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junctions (GJs) allow for direct communication between adjacent cells. They are composed of connexons consisting of transmembrane proteins, connexins (Cxs). The objectives of this study were to determine if GJ proteins GJA1 (Cx43), GJB1 (Cx32) and GJB2 (Cx26) are present in the epididymis of men with a normal epididymis, to assess whether or not Cx expression and localization are altered in azoospermic patients, and to determine if epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates GJA1 expression. METHODS Epididymides were obtained from men with localized testis cancer with active spermatogenesis and histologically normal epididymal tubule (group 1), men with non-obstructive azoospermia secondary to Sertoli-cell only syndrome (group 2) and from azoospermic men with normal spermatogenesis and epididymal obstruction (group 3). Epididymides were subdivided into three segments: caput, corpus and cauda. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed to assess GJA1, GJB1, GJB2 and EGF receptor (EGFR) mRNA levels in epididymides from patients from each group (all n=3, except n=1 for caput blockage). A human caput epididymal cell line was then used to determine the role of EGFR signaling on the regulation of human epididymal GJA1. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that GJA1, GJB1, GJB2 and EGFR were expressed along the human epididymis. In the cauda epididymidis of group 2 and 3 men, we observed a significant decrease in GJA1 (P=0.0456 and P=0.0465, respectively) and GJB1 (P=0.0450 and P=0.0497, respectively) mRNA levels when compared with group 1 men. We also observed a decrease in EGFR mRNA levels (P=0.0358) in the cauda epididymidis of group 3 men when compared with group 1. Immunocytochemistry revealed that in the epididymis, GJA1 and EGFR were localized between basal and principal cells and between adjacent principal cells. In group 2 and 3 patients, however, we noted a dramatic increase in cytosolic immunostaining for both GJA1 and EGFR in both principal and basal cells. Using a human caput epididymal cell line derived from fertile men, we demonstrated that changes in GJA1 phosphorylation could be regulated by EGF (P=0.015) and the extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway (P=0.03). Furthermore, while the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway did not alter GJA1 phosphorylation, treatment with PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 significantly (P=0.024) inhibited the EGF-stimulated increase in GJA1 total protein levels at 24 h. Immunolocalization indicated that loss of PI3K/AKT signaling was associated with increased cytosolic localization of Cx43 in this cell line. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that in azoospermic men decreased expression of EGFR may be responsible for decreasing GJA1 levels and increasing its cytosolic localization via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evemie Dubé
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7
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20
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Adam M, Urbanski HF, Garyfallou VT, Welsch U, Köhn FM, Ullrich Schwarzer J, Strauss L, Poutanen M, Mayerhofer A. High levels of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan decorin are associated with inhibition of testicular function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:550-61. [PMID: 22413766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Decorin (DCN), a component of the extracellular matrix of the peritubular wall and the interstitial areas of the human testis, can interact with growth factor (GF) signalling, thereby blocking downstream actions of GFs. In the present study the expression and regulation of DCN using both human testes and two experimental animal models, namely the rhesus monkey and mouse, were examined. DCN protein was present in peritubular and interstitial areas of adult human and monkey testes, while it was almost undetectable in adult wild type mice. Interestingly, the levels and sites of testicular DCN expression in the monkeys were inversely correlated with testicular maturation markers. A strong DCN expression associated with the abundant connective tissue of the interstitial areas in the postnatal through pre-pubertal phases was observed. In adult and old monkeys the DCN pattern was similar to the one in normal human testes, presenting strong expression at the peritubular region. In the testes of both infertile men and in a mouse model of inflammation associated infertility (aromatase-overexpressing transgenic mice), the fibrotic changes and increased numbers of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-producing immune cells were shown to be associated with increased production of DCN. Furthermore, studies with human testicular peritubular cells isolated from fibrotic testis indicated that TNF-α significantly increased DCN production. The data, thus, show that an increased DCN level is associated with impaired testicular function, supporting our hypothesis that DCN interferes with paracrine signalling of the testis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adam
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Chen JX, Xu LL, Wang XC, Qin HY, Wang JL. Involvement of c-Src/STAT3 signal in EGF-induced proliferation of rat spermatogonial stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:67-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Localization of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) during postnatal testis development in the alpaca (Lama pacos). Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 116:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Abé K, Eto K, Abé SI. Epidermal growth factor mediates spermatogonial proliferation in newt testis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:7. [PMID: 18254942 PMCID: PMC2276507 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex processes of spermatogenesis are regulated by various factors. The aim of the current study is to determine the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on spermatogonial proliferation and clarify the mechanism causing the proliferation in newt testis. In the organ culture, EGF stimulated spermatogonial proliferation, but not their differentiation into spermatocytes. cDNA cloning identified 3 members of the EGF receptors, ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4, in the testis. RT-PCR showed that all the receptors cloned were expressed in both Sertoli and germ cells at the spermatogonial stage. In the organ cultures with inhibitors for the EGF receptors, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), the EGF-induced spermatogonial proliferation was suppressed. Furthermore, when the organ culture was exposed to EGF, the expressions of stem cell factor (SCF), immunoglobulin-like domain containing neuregulin1 (Ig-NRG1), and ErbB4 mRNA were increased. These results suggested that, since the spermatogonia are sequestered within cysts by the blood-testis barrier consisted of Sertoli cells, EGF possibly mediates spermatogonial proliferation in an endocrine manner through the receptors including ErbB1, ErbB2, and ErbB4 expressed on Sertoli cells via activation of MAPK cascade or/and PI3K cascade by elevating the expressions of SCF, Ig-NRG1, and ErbB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Abé
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Ko Eto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Abé
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Kassab M, Abd-Elmaksoud A, Ali MA. Localization of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the bovine testis. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:207-14. [PMID: 17492480 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, several growth factors were identified in the testis of various mammalian species. Growth factors are shown to promote cell proliferation, regulate tissue differentiation, and modulate organogenesis. In the present investigation we have studied the localization of EGF and EGFR in the adult bovine testis by means of immunohistochemical method. Our results demonstrated that EGF and EGFR were localized solely to the bovine testicular germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids). In contrast, the somatic testicular cells (i.e., Sertoli, Leydig, and myofibroblast cells) exhibited no staining affinity. EGF and EGFR were additionally detected in the epithelial lining of straight tubules and rete testis. Interestingly, the distribution of EGF and EGFR in the germ cells was mainly dependent upon the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium since their localization appeared to be preponderant during the spermatogonia proliferation and during the meiotic and spermiogenic processes. In conclusion, such findings may suggest that EGF and EGFR are important paracrine and/or autocrine regulators of spermatogenesis in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kassab
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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25
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Cheng D, Zheng XM, Li SW, Yang ZW, Hu LQ. Effects of epidermal growth factor on sperm content and motility of rats with surgically induced varicoceles. Asian J Androl 2006; 8:713-7. [PMID: 16855772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the sperm content and motility of the varicocelized rats. METHODS Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Experimental varicocele was induced by partial ligation of the left renal vein in the varicocele, the varicocele repair, the varicocele with EGF and the varicocele repair with EGF groups, whereas the control group only received a sham induction of varicocele. Surgical repair of varicocele was performed 4 months later in the varicocele repair and varicocele repair with EGF groups. EGF administration was performed daily by s.c. injection in the varicocele with EGF and varicocele repair with EGF groups at the dose of 10 microg/(kg.day) from the next day of the second surgery. One month later, all animals were killed and bilateral cauda epididymal sperm counts and motility were evaluated. RESULTS The mean sperm count and percentage of motile spermatozoa were significantly higher bilaterally in the varicocele with EGF group than in the varicocele group (P < 0.05). They were also significantly higher bilaterally in the varicocele repair with EGF group than in the varicocele repair and the varicocele with EGF groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION EGF can improve bilateral epididymal sperm content and motility of the rat with surgically induced varicocele. The administration of EGF in combination with surgical repair is more effective than surgical repair or EGF administration alone. EGF might be useful for the treatment of infertility induced by varicocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheng
- Research Center of Uro-logy and Andrology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Blottner S, Schön J, Jewgenow K. Seasonally activated spermatogenesis is correlated with increased testicular production of testosterone and epidermal growth factor in mink (Mustela vison). Theriogenology 2006; 66:1593-8. [PMID: 16481033 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis were studied with respect to testicular production of both testosterone and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mink. The testes were collected in November (n = 15; testis recrudescence), February (n = 15; before breeding season), March (n = 14; breeding season), and May (n = 11; testis involution) and the following parameters of testicular activity were quantified: testicular mass, number of testicular spermatozoa, percentages of haploid, diploid, and tetraploid (G2/M-phase) cells and content of testosterone and EGF. The growth factor was immunohistochemically localized in the parenchyma. Testis mass, spermatogenic activity, and the production of both testosterone and EGF were maximal in March, but were not significantly different from the levels in February. The correlation between testis weight and sperm per testis was r = 0.825 (P < 0.001). Testosterone and EGF levels were correlated to each other (r = 0.78; P < 0.001) and had significant positive correlations to testis mass, number of sperm and proportion of haploid cells; and negative correlations to percentages of mitotic cells. EGF was localized in interstitial cells and in the luminal region of seminiferous tubules, where it occurred during the last steps of spermiogenesis. We inferred that intensified seasonal spermatogenesis was stimulated by testosterone and by autocrine/paracrine effects of EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Blottner
- Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife Research, PF 601103, D-10252 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Anjamrooz SH, Movahedin M, Tiraihi T, Mowla SJ. In vitro effects of epidermal growth factor, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone on mouse spermatogonial cell colony formation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2006; 18:709-20. [PMID: 16930518 DOI: 10.1071/rd05126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex process of spermatogenesis is regulated by various factors. In the present study, the in vitro effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone on spermatogonial cell colony formation were investigated, and the best colonising factor was chosen for treating cells before transplantation. Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were isolated from neonatal mouse testes. The identity of the cells was confirmed through analysis of morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, immunoreactivity and transplantation. Co-cultured Sertoli and spermatogonial cells were treated with EGF, FSH and testosterone before colony assay. Results indicated that EGF is the best factor for in vitro colonisation of spermatogonial cells, but transplantation of the EGF-treated group did not show any significant change compared with the control groups. In conclusion, EGF increased in vitro colonisation of spermatogonial cells, but, as a result of differential effects, did not influence transplantation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hadi Anjamrooz
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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McDonald CA, Millena AC, Reddy S, Finlay S, Vizcarra J, Khan SA, Davis JS. Follicle-stimulating hormone-induced aromatase in immature rat Sertoli cells requires an active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and is inhibited via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 20:608-18. [PMID: 16269516 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal development and function of testicular Sertoli cells are regulated primarily by FSH. During this early period of development, estrogens play a role in proliferation of somatic cells, which contributes significantly to testicular development. Growth factors like epidermal growth factor (EGF) are produced in the testis and play a role in regulation of estradiol production and male fertility. Although these divergent factors modulate gonadal function, little is known about their mechanism of action in Sertoli cells. The present study investigates the intracellular events that take place down-stream of FSH and EGF receptors in Sertoli cells isolated from immature (10-d-old) rats, and examines which intracellular signals may be involved in their effects on aromatase activity and estradiol production in immature rat Sertoli cells. Primary cultures of rat Sertoli cells were treated with FSH in combination with EGF and signaling pathway-specific inhibitors. Levels of estradiol production, aromatase mRNA (Cyp19a1), and aromatase protein (CYP19A1) were determined. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the effects of FSH and EGF on levels of activated (phosphorylated) AKT1 and p42 ERK2 and p44 ERK1, also named MAPK1 and MAPK3, respectively. The stimulatory actions of FSH on aromatase mRNA, aromatase protein, and estradiol production were blocked by inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT1 signaling pathway. In contrast, inhibition of ERK signaling augmented the stimulatory effects of FSH on estradiol production, aromatase mRNA, and protein levels. Furthermore, EGF inhibited the expression of aromatase mRNA and protein in response to FSH, and these inhibitory effects of EGF were critically dependent on the activation of the ERK signaling pathway. We conclude that an active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase /AKT signaling pathway is required for the stimulatory actions of FSH, whereas an active ERK/MAPK pathway inhibits estradiol production and aromatase expression in immature Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A McDonald
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 983255 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3255, USA
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Li HJ, Yao B, Liang W, Wang YM, Xu QL, Huang YF. Localization and potential function of androgen receptor in rat salivary gland. Asian J Androl 2005; 7:295-301. [PMID: 16110358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the localization and quantity of androgen receptor (AR) in the salivary glands of rats with further analysis on the effect of castration. METHODS Sixty male Wistar rats, aged 30-60 days, were randomly divided into three groups (castrated, sham-operated and normal controls) with 20 rats in each group. The rats in the castrated group were castrated and the submaxillary glands were removed after 1 week. The salivary glands of the rats in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were also removed. Parts of the salivary glands were fixed for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays. Other parts were used for Western blot. RESULTS AR immunoreactivity in the three groups was localized in the glandular epithelial cells of the serous acinus and the glandular duct of the salivary gland, mainly in the nuclei. AR mRNA hybridization signals in the salivary glands of the castrated group were mainly distributed in the epithelial cells of the convoluted and secretary ducts; AR mRNA in the sham-operated and the normal control groups were found in the epithelial cells of the convoluted, the secretary and the excretory ducts. The quantity of AR in the salivary glands was decreased significantly in the castrated rats compared with the sham-operated and the normal controls. Moreover, epidermal growth factor (EGF) secreted by the salivary glands was also decreased in the castrated rats. CONCLUSION Castration appears to affect the production of AR in the salivary gland and the distribution of the AR mRNA and could further affect the function of the salivary gland. The changes of AR and the distribution of AR mRNA may play an important role in the interactions between the testes and the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Li
- Department of Reproduction, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, China
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Schmahl J, Kim Y, Colvin JS, Ornitz DM, Capel B. Fgf9induces proliferation and nuclear localization of FGFR2 in Sertoli precursors during male sex determination. Development 2004; 131:3627-36. [PMID: 15229180 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that loss of Fgf9 results in a block of testis development and a male to female sex-reversed phenotype; however, the function of Fgf9 in sex determination was unknown. We now show that Fgf9 is necessary for two steps of testis development just downstream of the male sex-determining gene, Sry: (1) for the proliferation of a population of cells that give rise to Sertoli progenitors; and (2) for the nuclear localization of an FGF receptor (FGFR2) in Sertoli cell precursors. The nuclear localization of FGFR2 coincides with the initiation of Sry expression and the nuclear localization of SOX9 during the early differentiation of Sertoli cells and the determination of male fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schmahl
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Dadoune JP, Siffroi JP, Alfonsi MF. Transcription in haploid male germ cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2004; 237:1-56. [PMID: 15380665 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(04)37001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major modifications in chromatin organization occur in spermatid nuclei, resulting in a high degree of DNA packaging within the spermatozoon head. However, before arrest of transcription during midspermiogenesis, high levels of mRNA are found in round spermatids. Some transcripts are the product of genes expressed ubiquitously, whereas some are generated from male germ cell-specific gene homologs of somatic cell genes. Others are transcript variants derived from genes with expression regulated in a testis-specific fashion. The haploid genome of spermatids also initiates the transcription of testis-specific genes. Various general transcription factors, distinct promoter elements, and specific transcription factors are involved in transcriptional regulation. After meiosis, spermatids are genetically but not phenotypically different, because of transcript and protein sharing through cytoplasmic bridges connecting spermatids of the same generation. Interestingly, different types of mRNAs accumulate in the sperm cell nucleus, raising the question of their origin and of a possible role after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Dadoune
- Laboratoire de Cytologie et Histologie, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris, France
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Aigner A, Brachmann P, Beyer J, Jäger R, Raulais D, Vigny M, Neubauer A, Heidenreich A, Weinknecht S, Czubayko F, Zugmaier G. Marked increase of the growth factors pleiotrophin and fibroblast growth factor-2 in serum of testicular cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2003; 14:1525-9. [PMID: 14504053 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdg416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant tumors of the testis are among the most common cancers in men between the ages of 15 and 30 years. The sensitivity of detection of known tumor markers depends upon the tumor histology and stage. In other cancers, increased serum concentrations of various angiogenic growth factors have been described as potential markers for tumor progression and metastasis. One main histological feature of testicular cancer is profound angiogenesis. DESIGN In this study, we investigated by sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) the levels of various growth and angiogenesis factors in the serum of testicular cancer patients as compared with normal control subjects. For the most profoundly increased growth factors, pleiotrophin (PTN) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), we furthermore analyzed tumor lysates by northern blotting, RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS We demonstrate a marked elevation of average serum levels of PTN ( approximately 20-fold) and of FGF-2 ( approximately 7-fold) in patients and expression of both growth factors in tumor biopsies. To a lesser extent, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) serum levels were increased, whereas FGF-4 and transforming growth factor-beta levels were similar to those in normal control subjects. Elevation of PTN, FGF-2, EGF and VEGF was detected in seminomatous as well as non-seminatous tumors, and even in early stages. CONCLUSIONS PTN and FGF-2 may represent promising new diagnostic markers for testicular cancer with high sensitivity even in early-stage testicular cancer. Further studies are warranted to extend our analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aigner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Philipps University School of Medicine, Marburg, Germany.
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Manna PR, Huhtaniemi IT, Wang XJ, Eubank DW, Stocco DM. Mechanisms of epidermal growth factor signaling: regulation of steroid biosynthesis and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in mouse Leydig tumor cells. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:1393-404. [PMID: 12390868 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenals and gonads is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein through its action in mediating the intramitochondrial transport of cholesterol. A role for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in modulating steroidogenesis has been previously determined, but the mechanism of its action remains unknown. The present investigation was designed to explore the potential mechanism of action of mouse EGF (mEGF) in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis and StAR protein expression in mLTC-1 mouse Leydig tumor cells. We show that treatment of mLTC-1 cells with mEGF significantly increased the levels of progesterone (P), StAR protein, and StAR mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The coordinate induction of P synthesis and StAR gene expression by mEGF was effectively inhibited by cycloheximide, indicating a requirement for de novo protein synthesis. Also, longer exposure of mLTC-1 cells to mEGF produced a marked decrease in LH-receptor mRNA expression. These effects of mEGF were exerted through high-affinity binding sites (K(d) approximately 0.53 nmol/L) in these cells. It was also determined that the arachidonic acid (especially lipoxygenase metabolites) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways were also involved in the mEGF-induced steroidogenic response. However, involvement of the latter pathway was further assessed in nonsteroidogenic COS-1 cells transfected with the Elk1 trans-reporting plasmids and resulted in a significant increase in luciferase activity in response to mEGF. Furthermore, deletion and mutational analyses demonstrated a predominant involvement of activator protein-1 in addition to the multiple mEGF responsive elements found within the 5'-flanking region (-151/-1 base pairs) of the mouse StAR gene. These findings provide novel insights into the mEGF-induced regulatory cascades associated with steroid synthesis and StAR protein expression in mouse Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Manna
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
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Erdoĝru T, Gülkesen KH, Bahçeci M, Karpuzoĝlu G, Baykara M. The role of expression of extracellular matrix proteins and epidermal growth factor receptor activity on fertilization capacity of testicular harvested spermatozoa. Andrologia 2002; 34:98-106. [PMID: 11966576 DOI: 10.1046/j.0303-4569.2001.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that multiple growth factors are crucial for spermatogenesis. We analyzed whether alterations on epidermal growth factor receptor activity and different expression pattern of extracellular matrix proteins had an impact on the fertilization capacity of spermatozoa and pregnancy rate after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic injection. Extracellular matrix proteins and epidermal growth factor receptor were immunohistochemically evaluated in testis of 88 patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic injection procedure was also performed in 32 of the patients for whom mature sperm could be harvested from the testicular tissue. While collagen Type-IV and laminin activity percentages were 33.1% and 86.4% in motile sperm harvested testicular tissue, these activities were 23.3% and 89.3% in immotile sperm harvested testicular tissue, respectively. In addition, the mean epidermal growth factor receptor expression was higher in immotile than motile sperm obtained tissue (56.4% vs. 51.1%, P=0.4928). There was no statistically significant relationship between the extracellular matrix protein and epidermal growth factor receptor expression patterns and sperm motility, fertilization and pregnancy rates in testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic injection. However, further studies are required to investigate the relationship between other growth factors and sperm fertilization capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Erdoĝru
- Department of Urology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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Wong RW, Kwan RW, Mak PH, Mak KK, Sham MH, Chan SY. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor induced hypospermatogenesis in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18297-301. [PMID: 10748057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001965200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is not well defined even though its effects on culture cells were well studied. To understand the developmental, physiological, and pathological roles of EGF, we have generated transgenic mice widely expressing human EGF with the use of the beta-actin promoter. EGF and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) bind with equal affinity to the EGF receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase, to trigger various biological responses. EGF and TGFalpha signaling are implicated in the development of the reproductive system. EGF also plays a physiological role in reproduction. Removal of the salivary gland in rodents, which reduces circulating EGF, reduces spermatogenesis, which can be corrected by EGF replacement. Here we show that in our transgenic males, only few post-meiosis II gametes were found, and the mice were sterile. This resembles a common cause of infertility in humans. Furthermore, the transgenic males had reduced serum testosterone. Our findings contrast the previous report on transgenic mice overexpressing TGFalpha in testis, which showed normal spermatogenesis. These data suggest that EGF is the active ligand for EGF receptor reported in germ cells, and proper EGF expression is important for completion of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Wong
- Departments of Paediatrics and Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Inflammatory disease has been established to affect male reproductive function and fertility. Relevant inflammatory diseases include general and chronic infectious diseases as well as localized acute or chronic infections of the male genitourinary tract. Male accessory gland infections account for almost 15% of all cases of male infertility seen in infertility clinics while fertility usually is not a clinical objective among patients with acute systemic infections such as Gram-negative sepsis. Infections of the male accessory glands frequently are associated with increased counts of white blood cells in semen and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in semen and the testis. There is a mounting body of evidence that demonstrates the importance of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of testicular and glandular function during pathophysiological states as well as under normal physiological conditions when cytokines act as growth and differentiation factors. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of cytokines in the regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis in the testis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and considers clinical investigations that help to improve the evaluation and treatment of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612-7342, USA.
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