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Bergman PJ. Cancer Immunotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2024; 54:441-468. [PMID: 38158304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 5 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies, which will hopefully expand our veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA; Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Har-Noy M, Or R. Allo-priming as a universal anti-viral vaccine: protecting elderly from current COVID-19 and any future unknown viral outbreak. J Transl Med 2020; 18:196. [PMID: 32398026 PMCID: PMC7215129 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the rationale for a novel allo-priming approach to serve the elderly as a universal anti-virus vaccine, as well serving to remodel the aging immune system in order to reverse immunosenescence and inflammaging. This approach has the potential to protect the most vulnerable from disease and provide society an incalculable economic benefit. Allo-priming healthy elderly adults is proposed to provide universal protection from progression of any type of viral infection, including protection against progression of the current outbreak of COVID-19 infection, and any future variants of the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus or the next 'Disease X'. Allo-priming is an alternative approach for the COVID-19 pandemic that provides a back-up in case vaccination strategies to elicit neutralizing antibody protection fails or fails to protect the vulnerable elderly population. The allo-priming is performed using activated, intentionally mismatched, ex vivo differentiated and expanded living Th1-like cells (AlloStim®) derived from healthy donors currently in clinical use as an experimental cancer vaccine. Multiple intradermal injections of AlloStim® creates a dominate titer of allo-specific Th1/CTL memory cells in circulation, replacing the dominance of exhausted memory cells of the aged immune system. Upon viral encounter, by-stander activation of the allo-specific memory cells causes an immediate release of IFN-ϒ, leading to development of an "anti-viral state", by-stander activation of innate cellular effector cells and activation of cross-reactive allo-specific CTL. In this manner, the non-specific activation of allo-specific Th1/CTL initiates a cascade of spatial and temporal immune events which act to limit the early viral titer. The release of endogenous heat shock proteins (HSP) and DAMP from lysed viral-infected cells, in the context of IFN-ϒ, creates of conditions for in situ vaccination leading to viral-specific Th1/CTL immunity. These viral-specific Th1/CTL provide sterilizing immunity and memory for protection from disease recurrence, while increasing the pool of Th1/CTL in circulation capable of responding to the next viral encounter. CONCLUSION Allo-priming has potential to provide universal protection from viral disease and is a strategy to reverse immunosenescence and counter-regulate chronic inflammation (inflammaging). Allo-priming can be used as an adjuvant for anti-viral vaccines and as a counter-measure for unknown biological threats and bio-economic terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Har-Noy
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Immunovative Therapies, Ltd, Malcha Technology Park, B1/F1, 9695101, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Mirror Biologics, Inc., 4824 E Baseline Rd #113, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Reuven Or
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology Center, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
The enhanced understanding of immunology experienced over the last 4 decades afforded through the tools of molecular biology has recently translated into cancer immunotherapy becoming one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. Human cancer immunotherapy is now recognized as one of the pillars of treatment alongside surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The field of veterinary cancer immunotherapy has also rapidly advanced in the last decade with a handful of commercially available products and a plethora of investigational cancer immunotherapies that will hopefully expand the veterinary oncology treatment toolkit over time.
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Graner AN, Hellwinkel JE, Lencioni AM, Madsen HJ, Harland TA, Marchando P, Nguyen GJ, Wang M, Russell LM, Bemis LT, Anchordoquy TJ, Graner MW. HSP90 inhibitors in the context of heat shock and the unfolded protein response: effects on a primary canine pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell line. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 33:303-317. [PMID: 27829290 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1256503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agents targeting HSP90 and GRP94 are seldom tested in stressed contexts such as heat shock (HS) or the unfolded protein response (UPR). Tumor stress often activates HSPs and the UPR as pro-survival mechanisms. This begs the question of stress effects on chemotherapeutic efficacy, particularly with drugs targeting chaperones such as HSP90 or GRP94. We tested the utility of several HSP90 inhibitors, including PU-H71 (targeting GRP94), on a primary canine lung cancer line under HS/UPR stress compared to control conditions. METHODS We cultured canine bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma cells that showed high endogenous HSP90 and GRP94 expression; these levels substantially increased upon HS or UPR induction. We treated cells with HSP90 inhibitors 17-DMAG, 17-AAG or PU-H71 under standard conditions, HS or UPR. Cell viability/survival was assayed. Antibody arrays measured intracellular signalling and apoptosis profiles. RESULTS HS and UPR had varying effects on cells treated with different HSP90 inhibitors; in particular, HS and UPR promoted resistance to inhibitors in short-term assays, but combinations of UPR stress and PU-H571 showed potent cytotoxic activity in longer-term assays. Array data indicated altered signalling pathways, with apoptotic and pro-survival implications. UPR induction + dual targeting of HSP90 and GRP94 swayed the balance toward apoptosis. CONCLUSION Cellular stresses, endemic to tumors, or interventionally inducible, can deflect or enhance chemo-efficacy, particularly with chaperone-targeting drugs. Stress is likely not held accountable when testing new pharmacologics or assessing currently-used drugs. A better understanding of stress impacts on drug activities should be critical in improving therapeutic targeting and in discerning mechanisms of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin N Graner
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Justin E Hellwinkel
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA.,b School of Medicine , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Alex M Lencioni
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA.,c University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Helen J Madsen
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA.,b School of Medicine , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Tessa A Harland
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA.,b School of Medicine , University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Paul Marchando
- d Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Ger J Nguyen
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Mary Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Laura M Russell
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Lynne T Bemis
- e Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Thomas J Anchordoquy
- f Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Michael W Graner
- a Department of Neurosurgery , University of Colorado Denver , Aurora , CO , USA
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van den Tempel N, Horsman MR, Kanaar R. Improving efficacy of hyperthermia in oncology by exploiting biological mechanisms. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:446-54. [PMID: 27086587 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2016.1157216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been established that hyperthermia increases the therapeutic benefit of radiation and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. During the last few years there have been substantial technical improvements in the sources used to apply and measure heat, which greatly increases enthusiasm for the clinical use of hyperthermia. These advances are converging with a better understanding of the physiological and molecular effects of hyperthermia. Therefore, we are now at a juncture where the parameters that will influence the efficacy of hyperthermia in cancer treatment can be optimised in a more systematic and rational manner. In addition, the novel insights in hyperthermia's many biological effects on tumour cells will ultimately result in new treatment regimes. For example, the molecular effects of hyperthermia on the essential cellular process of DNA repair suggest novel combination therapies, with DNA damage response targeting drugs that should now be clinically explored. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies on the various macroscopic and microscopic biological effects of hyperthermia. We indicate the significance of these effects on current treatments and suggest how they will help design novel future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie van den Tempel
- a Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomic Netherlands, Department of Radiation Oncology , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Michael R Horsman
- b Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Roland Kanaar
- a Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomic Netherlands, Department of Radiation Oncology , Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
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Dewhirst MW, Lee CT, Ashcraft KA. The future of biology in driving the field of hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:4-13. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1091093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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The Dichotomy of Tumor Exosomes (TEX) in Cancer Immunity: Is It All in the ConTEXt? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:1019-51. [PMID: 26694473 PMCID: PMC4693230 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are virus-sized nanoparticles (30–130 nm) formed intracellularly as intravesicular bodies/intralumenal vesicles within maturing endosomes (“multivesicular bodies”, MVBs). If MVBs fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane, the interior vesicles may be released extracellularly, and are termed “exosomes”. The protein cargo of exosomes consists of cytosolic, membrane, and extracellular proteins, along with membrane-derived lipids, and an extraordinary variety of nucleic acids. As such, exosomes reflect the status and identity of the parent cell, and are considered as tiny cellular surrogates. Because of this closely entwined relationship between exosome content and the source/status of the parental cell, conceivably exosomes could be used as vaccines against various pathologies, as they contain antigens associated with a given disease, e.g., cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) have been shown to be potent anticancer vaccines in animal models, driving antigen-specific T and B cell responses, but much recent literature concerning TEX strongly places the vesicles as powerfully immunosuppressive. This dichotomy suggests that the context in which the immune system encounters TEX is critical in determining immune stimulation versus immunosuppression. Here, we review literature on both sides of this immune coin, and suggest that it may be time to revisit the concept of TEX as anticancer vaccines in clinical settings.
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Graner MW, Lillehei KO, Katsanis E. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperones and their roles in the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines. Front Oncol 2015; 4:379. [PMID: 25610811 PMCID: PMC4285071 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a major site of passage for proteins en route to other organelles, to the cell surface, and to the extracellular space. It is also the transport route for peptides generated in the cytosol by the proteasome into the ER for loading onto major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules for eventual antigen presentation at the cell surface. Chaperones within the ER are critical for many of these processes; however, outside the ER certain of those chaperones may play important and direct roles in immune responses. In some cases, particular ER chaperones have been utilized as vaccines against tumors or infectious disease pathogens when purified from tumor tissue or recombinantly generated and loaded with antigen. In other cases, the cell surface location of ER chaperones has implications for immune responses as well as possible tumor resistance. We have produced heat-shock protein/chaperone protein-based cancer vaccines called “chaperone-rich cell lysate” (CRCL) that are conglomerates of chaperones enriched from solid tumors by an isoelectric focusing technique. These preparations have been effective against numerous murine tumors, as well as in a canine with an advanced lung carcinoma treated with autologous CRCL. We also published extensive proteomic analyses of CRCL prepared from human surgically resected tumor samples. Of note, these preparations contained at least 10 ER chaperones and a number of other residents, along with many other chaperones/heat-shock proteins. Gene ontology and network analyses utilizing these proteins essentially recapitulate the antigen presentation pathways and interconnections. In conjunction with our current knowledge of cell surface/extracellular ER chaperones, these data collectively suggest that a systems-level view may provide insight into the potent immune stimulatory activities of CRCL with an emphasis on the roles of ER components in those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Kevin O Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine , Aurora, CO , USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Evolution of Thermal Dosimetry for Application of Hyperthermia to Treat Cancer. ADVANCES IN HEAT TRANSFER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiht.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Tumor immunology and immunotherapy is one of the most exciting and rapidly expanding fields. The immune system is divided into 2 primary components: the innate immune response and the highly specific, but more slowly developing, adaptive or acquired immune response. Immune responses are separated by whether they are induced by exposure to a foreign antigen (active response) or transferred through serum or lymphocytes from an immunized individual (passive response). The ideal cancer immunotherapy agent should discriminate between cancer and normal cells (specificity), be potent enough to kill small or large numbers of tumor cells (sensitivity), and prevent recurrence of a tumor (durability).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Bergman
- Clinical Studies, VCA, 546 Bedford Road, Bedford Hills, New York, NY 10507, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Chemistry, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Repasky EA. Progress in development of biomedical applications of heat shock proteins and thermal stress. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:359-61. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.825015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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