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da Silva Costa SM, Ito MT, da Cruz PRS, De Souza BB, Rios VM, Bertozzo VDHE, Camargo ACL, Viturino MGM, Lanaro C, de Albuquerque DM, do Canto AM, Saad STO, Ospina-Prieto S, Ozelo MC, Costa FF, de Melo MB. The molecular mechanism responsible for HbSC retinopathy may depend on the action of the angiogenesis-related genes ROBO1 and SLC38A5. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10070. [PMID: 39114443 PMCID: PMC11303203 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
HbSC disease, a less severe form of sickle cell disease, affects the retina more frequently and patients have higher rates of proliferative retinopathy that can progress to vision loss. This study aimed to identify differences in the expression of endothelial cell-derived molecules associated with the pathophysiology of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSCR). RNAseq was used to compare the gene expression profile of circulating endothelial colony-forming cells from patients with SC hemoglobinopathy and proliferative retinopathy (n = 5), versus SC patients without retinopathy (n = 3). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the RNAseq results. A total of 134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. DEGs were mainly associated with vasodilatation, type I interferon signaling, innate immunity and angiogenesis. Among the DEGs identified, we highlight the most up-regulated genes ROBO1 (log2FoldChange = 4.32, FDR = 1.35E-11) and SLC38A5 (log2FoldChange = 3.36 FDR = 1.59E-07). ROBO1, an axon-guided receptor, promotes endothelial cell migration and contributes to the development of retinal angiogenesis and pathological ocular neovascularization. Endothelial SLC38A5, an amino acid (AA) transporter, regulates developmental and pathological retinal angiogenesis by controlling the uptake of AA nutrient, which may serve as metabolic fuel for the proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs) and consequent promotion of angiogenesis. Our data provide an important step towards elucidating the molecular pathophysiology of PSCR that may explain the differences in ocular manifestations between individuals with hemoglobinopathies and afford insights for new alternative strategies to inhibit pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirta Tomie Ito
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Batista De Souza
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Mandolesi Rios
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Victor de Haidar e Bertozzo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Lima Camargo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Lanaro
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Morato do Canto
- Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Stephanie Ospina-Prieto
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Margareth Castro Ozelo
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira Costa
- Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mônica Barbosa de Melo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Bektur Aykanat NE, Kacar S, Karakaya S, Sahinturk V. Silymarin suppresses HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell progression through downregulation of Slit-2/Robo-1 pathway. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:199-207. [PMID: 32016841 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-019-00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 14 million people are diagnosed with new cancer and approximately 8 million people die from cancer every year. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer and covers almost 5-6% of cancer deaths worldwide. Silybum marianum, a plant that contains silymarin, has been used traditionally in the treatment of liver diseases for centuries. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic anti-cancer properties of silymarin have been demonstrated in several studies in vivo and in vitro. The Slit/Robo signaling pathway plays a role in many processes such as neurogenesis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, cell movement, cancer progression, cell invasion, migration and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of silymarin on HepG2 Hepatocellular carcinoma cells on Slit-2/Robo-1 signaling pathway and CXCR-4 which plays a role in the metastasis process. METHODS HepG2 Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were used in the study. Different doses of silymarin's effect on HepG2 cells were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunoblotting techniques were used to test the expression of Slit-2/Robo-1 and CXCR4 protein level. Immunocytochemistry was used to visualize the localization of Slit-2/Robo-1 and CXCR4 protein within the cells. RESULTS Silymarin caused apoptosis in HepG2 cells, decreased the level of CXCR-4 protein dose-dependently, and decreased the Slit-2/Robo-1 protein level at low doses and increased it at high doses. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin doses showed anti-carcinogenic, anti-metastatic and apoptotic effects in a dose-dependent manner on HepG2 cells through the Slit-2/Robo-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuriye Ezgi Bektur Aykanat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Kacar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Serife Karakaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Varol Sahinturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Beamish IV, Hinck L, Kennedy TE. Making Connections: Guidance Cues and Receptors at Nonneural Cell-Cell Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:a029165. [PMID: 28847900 PMCID: PMC6211390 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of axon guidance was revolutionized over the past three decades by the identification of highly conserved families of guidance cues and receptors. These proteins are essential for normal neural development and function, directing cell and axon migration, neuron-glial interactions, and synapse formation and plasticity. Many of these genes are also expressed outside the nervous system in which they influence cell migration, adhesion and proliferation. Because the nervous system develops from neural epithelium, it is perhaps not surprising that these guidance cues have significant nonneural roles in governing the specialized junctional connections between cells in polarized epithelia. The following review addresses roles for ephrins, semaphorins, netrins, slits and their receptors in regulating adherens, tight, and gap junctions in nonneural epithelia and endothelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian V Beamish
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Timothy E Kennedy
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Zhou W, Wang H, Yu W, Xie W, Zhao M, Huang L, Li X. The expression of the Slit-Robo signal in the retina of diabetic rats and the vitreous or fibrovascular retinal membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185795. [PMID: 28973045 PMCID: PMC5626485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Slit-Robo signal has an important role in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Our study examined the expression of Slit2 and its receptor, Robo1, in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats via a single, intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were sacrificed 1, 3 or 6 months after the injection. The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in retinal tissue was measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein levels were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Recombinant N-Slit2 protein was used to study the effects of Slit2 on the expression of VEGF in vivo. The concentration of Slit2 protein in human eyes was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 27 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and 28 eyes in control group. The expression of Slit2, Robo1 and VEGF in the excised human fibrovascular membranes was examined by fluorescence immunostaining and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in the retina was altered after STZ injection. Recombinant N-Slit2 protein did not increase the retinal VEGF expression. Vitreous concentrations of Slit2 were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. In the human fibrovascular membranes of the study group, the co-localization of VEGF with the markers for Slit2 and Robo1was observed. The expression of Slit2 mRNA, Robo1 mRNA, and VEGF mRNA was significantly higher in human fibrovascular proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes than in the control membranes. CONCLUSIONS The alteration of Slit2 and Robo1 expression in the retinas of diabetic rats and patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy suggests a role for the Slit-Robo signal in the various stages diabetic retinopathy. Further studies should address the possible involvement of the Slit-Robo signal in the pathophysiological progress of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hongya Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wankun Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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A Critical Analysis of the Available In Vitro and Ex Vivo Methods to Study Retinal Angiogenesis. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:3034953. [PMID: 28848677 PMCID: PMC5564124 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3034953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a biological process with a central role in retinal diseases. The choice of the ideal method to study angiogenesis, particularly in the retina, remains a problem. Angiogenesis can be assessed through in vitro and in vivo studies. In spite of inherent limitations, in vitro studies are faster, easier to perform and quantify, and typically less expensive and allow the study of isolated angiogenesis steps. We performed a systematic review of PubMed searching for original articles that applied in vitro or ex vivo angiogenic retinal assays until May 2017, presenting the available assays and discussing their applicability, advantages, and disadvantages. Most of the studies evaluated migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells in response to inhibitory or stimulatory compounds. Other aspects of angiogenesis were studied by assessing cell permeability, adhesion, or apoptosis, as well as by implementing organotypic models of the retina. Emphasis is placed on how the methods are applied and how they can contribute to retinal angiogenesis comprehension. We also discuss how to choose the best cell culture to implement these methods. When applied together, in vitro and ex vivo studies constitute a powerful tool to improve retinal angiogenesis knowledge. This review provides support for researchers to better select the most suitable protocols in this field.
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Han S, Kong YC, Sun B, Han QH, Chen Y, Wang YC. microRNA-218 Inhibits Oxygen-induced Retinal Neovascularization via Reducing the Expression of Roundabout 1. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 129:709-15. [PMID: 26960375 PMCID: PMC4804418 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.178013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) remain unknown. Several microRNAs were reported to be involved in the process of RNV. Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) is a useful model to investigate RNV. Our present work explored the expression and the role of microRNA-128 (miR-218) in oxygen-induced RNV. METHODS OIR was used to establish RNV model. The expression level of miR-218 in the retina from OIR mice was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Fluorescein angiography was performed in retinae of OIR mice, and RNV was quantified by hematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate the effect of pCDH-CMV-miR-218 intravitreal injection on RNV in OIR mice. Roundabout 1 (Robo1) expression was detected by Western blotting in mouse retinal vascular endothelial cells expressing a high or low level of miR-218 and retinal tissues from OIR mice. Cell migration was evaluated by scratch wound assay. RESULTS In OIR mice, the expression level of miR-218 was significantly down-regulated (P = 0.006). Retinal Robo1 expression was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels (P = 0.001, 0.008; respectively). miR-218 intravitreal injection inhibited retinal angiogenesis in OIR mice, and the restoration of miR-218 in retina led to down-regulation of Robo1. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments showed that restoration of miR-218 inhibited retinal angiogenesis via targeting Robo1. MiR-218 contributed to the inhibition of retinal angiogenesis and miR-218 might be a new therapeutic target for preventing RNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Han
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yi-Chun Kong
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Quan-Hong Han
- Department of Vitreous and Retina Diseases, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China
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Ao JY, Chai ZT, Zhang YY, Zhu XD, Kong LQ, Zhang N, Ye BG, Cai H, Gao DM, Sun HC. Robo1 promotes angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma through the Rho family of guanosine triphosphatases' signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8413-24. [PMID: 26022159 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Robo1 is a member of the Robo immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins, and it plays an important role in angiogenesis and cancer. In this study, we investigate the role of roundabout 1 (Robo1) in tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Firstly, the relationship between Robo1 expression on tumors and patient's survival and endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels and patient's survival was studied. Secondly, Robo1 was overexpressed or knocked down in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell proliferation, motility, and tube formation were compared in HUVEC with different Robo1 expression. Also, HUVECs with different Robo1 expression were mixed with HCCLM3 and HepG2 hepatoma cells and then implanted in a nude mouse model to examine the effects of Robo1 in endothelial cells on tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cell motility-related molecules were studied to investigate the potential mechanism how Robo1 promoted tumor angiogenesis in HCC. The disease-free survival of the patients with high Robo1 expression in tumoral endothelial cells was significantly shorter than that of those with low expression (P = 0.021). Overexpression of Robo1 in HUVECs resulted in increased proliferation, motility, and tube formation in vitro. In the implanted mixture of tumor cells and HUVECs with an increased Robo1 expression, tumor growth and microvessel density were enhanced compared with controls. Robo1 promoted cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) expression in HUVECs, and a distorted actin cytoskeleton in HUVECs was observed when Robo1 expression was suppressed. In conclusion, Robo1 promoted angiogenesis in HCC mediated by Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yang Ao
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zong-Tao Chai
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Qun Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Binzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, 256610, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo-Gen Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong-mei Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Szabadfi K, Pinter E, Reglodi D, Gabriel R. Neuropeptides, trophic factors, and other substances providing morphofunctional and metabolic protection in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:1-121. [PMID: 24952915 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vision is the most important sensory modality for many species, including humans. Damage to the retina results in vision loss or even blindness. One of the most serious complications of diabetes, a disease that has seen a worldwide increase in prevalence, is diabetic retinopathy. This condition stems from consequences of pathological metabolism and develops in 75% of patients with type 1 and 50% with type 2 diabetes. The development of novel protective drugs is essential. In this review we provide a description of the disease and conclude that type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes lead to the same retinopathy. We evaluate existing experimental models and recent developments in finding effective compounds against this disorder. In our opinion, the best models are the long-term streptozotocin-induced diabetes and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty and spontaneously diabetic Torii rats, while the most promising substances are topically administered somatostatin and pigment epithelium-derived factor analogs, antivasculogenic substances, and systemic antioxidants. Future drug development should focus on these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Erika Pinter
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, PTE MTA Lendulet-PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Robert Gabriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Abstract
The Slit family of secreted proteins and their transmembrane receptor, Robo, were originally identified in the nervous system where they function as axon guidance cues and branching factors during development. Since their discovery, a great number of additional roles have been attributed to Slit/Robo signaling, including regulating the critical processes of cell proliferation and cell motility in a variety of cell and tissue types. These processes are often deregulated during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to bypass safeguarding mechanisms in the cell and the environment in order to grow and escape to new tissues. In the past decade, it has been shown that the expression of Slit and Robo is altered in a wide variety of cancer types, identifying them as potential therapeutic targets. Further, studies have demonstrated dual roles for Slits and Robos in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This bifunctionality is also observed in their roles as axon guidance cues in the developing nervous system, where they both attract and repel neuronal migration. The fact that this signaling axis can have opposite functions depending on the cellular circumstance make its actions challenging to define. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the dual roles that Slit/Robo signaling play in development, epithelial tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi S. Ballard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
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Jun G, Nicolaou M, Morrison MA, Buros J, Morgan DJ, Radeke MJ, Yonekawa Y, Tsironi EE, Kotoula MG, Zacharaki F, Mollema N, Yuan Y, Miller JW, Haider NB, Hageman GS, Kim IK, Schaumberg DA, Farrer LA, DeAngelis MM. Influence of ROBO1 and RORA on risk of age-related macular degeneration reveals genetically distinct phenotypes in disease pathophysiology. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25775. [PMID: 21998696 PMCID: PMC3188561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ROBO1 is a strong candidate gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based upon its location under a linkage peak on chromosome 3p12, its expression pattern, and its purported function in a pathway that includes RORA, a gene previously associated with risk for neovascular AMD. Previously, we observed that expression of ROBO1 and RORA is down-regulated among wet AMD cases, as compared to their unaffected siblings. Thus, we hypothesized that contribution of association signals in ROBO1, and interaction between these two genes may be important for both wet and dry AMD. We evaluated association of 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ROBO1 with wet and dry stages of AMD in a sibling cohort and a Greek case-control cohort containing 491 wet AMD cases, 174 dry AMD cases and 411 controls. Association signals and interaction results were replicated in an independent prospective cohort (1070 controls, 164 wet AMD cases, 293 dry AMD cases). The most significantly associated ROBO1 SNPs were rs1387665 under an additive model (meta P = 0.028) for wet AMD and rs9309833 under a recessive model (meta P = 6 × 10(-4)) for dry AMD. Further analyses revealed interaction between ROBO1 rs9309833 and RORA rs8034864 for both wet and dry AMD (interaction P<0.05). These studies were further supported by whole transcriptome expression profile studies from 66 human donor eyes and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays from mouse retinas. These findings suggest that distinct ROBO1 variants may influence the risk of wet and dry AMD, and the effects of ROBO1 on AMD risk may be modulated by RORA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungah Jun
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
| | - Michael Nicolaou
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaux A. Morrison
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Buros
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denise J. Morgan
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Monte J. Radeke
- Center for the Study of Macular Degeneration, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Yonekawa
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Nissa Mollema
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Yang Yuan
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joan W. Miller
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Neena B. Haider
- Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gregory S. Hageman
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Debra A. Schaumberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts United States of America
- Neurology Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Epidemiology, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Bibliography. Neonatology and perinatology. Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2011; 23:253-7. [PMID: 21412083 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283454167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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