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Lampsas S, Kandarakis SA, Vakalopoulos DG, Lampsa A, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Kymionis GD. Endothelin-1 Plasma and Aqueous Humor Levels in Different Types of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1117. [PMID: 39064546 PMCID: PMC11278711 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Several studies suggest the complex relationship between Endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels with various types of glaucoma. This systematic review and meta-analysis explore ET-1 levels in plasma and aqueous humor among different types of glaucoma. Materials and Methods: A literature search (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library) was made up to April 2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023430471). The results were synthesized according to PRISMA Guidelines. Results were presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 2597 subjects (1513 patients with glaucoma vs. 1084 healthy controls) from 23 studies were included in a meta-analysis. Notably, patients with glaucoma reported significantly higher plasma levels of ET-1 compared to controls (SMD: 1.21, 95% CI: 0.59-1.82, p < 0.001). Particularly, plasma ET-1 levels were higher in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) (SMD: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.09-1.65, p < 0.05), normal-tension glaucoma (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.27-1.46, p = 0.05), and angle-closure glaucoma patients (SMD: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.43-1.63, p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. Moreover, ET-1 aqueous humor levels were significantly higher in patients with glaucoma compared to controls (SMD: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.15, p < 0.001). In particular, aqueous humor levels were higher in POAG patients (SMD: 2.03 95% CI: 1.00-3.14, p < 0.001), and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma patients (SMD: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.00-3.07, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that elevated levels of ET-1 plasma and aqueous humor are significantly associated with different types of glaucoma. The pathogenesis of ET-1-related mechanisms may vary across different glaucoma types, indicating that possible therapeutic approaches targeting ET-1 pathways should be tailored to each specific glaucoma type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Lampsas
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos A. Kandarakis
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios G. Vakalopoulos
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Lampsa
- Second Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- Third Department of Cardiology, Thoracic Diseases General Hospital Sotiria, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- Cardiovascular Division, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George D. Kymionis
- First Department of Ophthalmology, “G. Gennimatas” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Zhou X, Chen J, Luo W, Du Y. Short-Term Outcomes of Trabeculectomy With or Without Anti-VEGF in Patients With Neovascular Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:12. [PMID: 37728893 PMCID: PMC10516766 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.9.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of trabeculectomy alone or combined with intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of trabeculectomy alone or combined with intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma. We searched four databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science) up to January 2023 and extracted data on three surgical outcomes: postoperative intraocular pressure, success rate and complications. We used a random-effects model to calculate pooled relative risk (RR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed publication bias using Begg and Egger tests. Results We included seven studies with 353 eyes. Compared to trabeculectomy alone, trabeculectomy with anti-VEGF had a lower risk of postoperative complications (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.89) and higher success rate (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.40). The intraocular pressure reduction was significantly greater in the trabeculectomy with anti-VEGF augmentation group than the trabeculectomy group from 1 week (SMD, -1.36; 95% CI, -2.76 to 0.04) to 6 months (SMD, -0.79; 95% CI, -1.50 to -0.07) after surgery. Conclusions According to current evidence, adding intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents to trabeculectomy may improve the short time outcomes of patients with neovascular glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, Chan HHL. Long-Term Effects on Retinal Structure and Function in a Mouse Endothelin-1 Model of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:15. [PMID: 37561449 PMCID: PMC10424801 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the long-term effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced retinal pathologies in mouse, using clinically relevant tools. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice (7-9 weeks old) were intravitreally injected with PBS (n = 10) or 0.25 (n = 8), 0.5 (n = 8), or 1 nmol ET-1 (n = 9) and examined using electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and Doppler OCT at baseline and postinjection days 10, 28, and 56. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in retinal whole mount was quantified at days 28 and 56. Results ET-1 induced immediate retinal arterial constriction. The significantly reduced total blood flow and positive scotopic threshold response in the 0.5- and 1-nmol ET-1 groups at day 10 were recovered at day 28. A-wave magnitude was also significantly reduced at days 10 and 28. While a comparable and significant reduction in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was detected in all ET-1 groups at day 56, the 1-nmol group was the earliest to develop such change at day 28. All ET-1 groups showed a transient inner retinal layer thinning at days 10 and 28 and a plateaued outer layer thickness at days 10 to 56. The 1-nmol group showed a significant RGC loss over all retinal locations examined at day 28 as compared with PBS control. As for the lower-dosage groups, significant RGC density loss at central and midperipheral retina was detected at day 56 when compared with day 28. Conclusions ET-1 injection in mice resulted in a transient vascular constriction and reduction in retinal functions, as well as a gradual loss of retinal nerve fiber layer and RGC in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- University Research Facilities in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience (UBSN), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
Vision is an ability that depends on the precise structure and functioning of the retina. Any kind of stress or injury can disrupt the retinal architecture and leads to vision impairment, vision loss, and blindness. Immune system and immune response function maintain homeostasis in the microenvironment. Several genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors may alter retinal homeostasis, and these events may initiate various inflammatory cascades. The prolonged inflammatory state may contribute to the initiation and development of retinal disorders such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa, which pose a threat to vision. In the current review, we attempted to provide sufficient evidence on the role of inflammation in these retinal disorders. Moreover, this review paves the way to focus on therapeutic targets of the disease, which are found to be promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Kaur
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nikhlesh K Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kalogeropoulos D, Moussa G, Sung VC, Pappa C, Kalogeropoulos C. Neovascular Glaucoma: An Update. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 240:305-315. [PMID: 36436509 DOI: 10.1055/a-1956-9348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe type of secondary glaucoma with devastating complications and generally poor visual prognosis. NVG is defined by the development of pathological
neovessels over the iris and the iridocorneal angle that can block the outflow of aqueous humor, causing elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). The pathogenesis of NVG is, in most cases,
associated with ischemia of the posterior segment, which is most frequently associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central retinal vein occlusion. The advanced stages of NVG
are by iris and angle neovascularization, angle, and extremely high IOP, accompanied by ocular pain and poor vision. The therapeutic approach of NVG is based on the reduction of retinal
ischemia by panretinal photocoagulation. Intravitreal anti-VEGF administration can contribute to the regression of neovascularization, and topical and systemic medications may be necessary
for IOP control. However, if medical treatment with these agents is not enough, surgical procedures may be required to lower IOP and prevent glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Early and prompt
diagnosis, with identification of the underlying etiology, can improve IOP control and final visual outcome. The aim of this study is to review current knowledge of the pathogenesis and
management of NVG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Moussa
- Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Velota Ct. Sung
- Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Chrysavgi Pappa
- Ophthalmology, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Marola OJ, Syc-Mazurek SB, Howell GR, Libby RT. Endothelin 1-induced retinal ganglion cell death is largely mediated by JUN activation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:811. [PMID: 32980857 PMCID: PMC7519907 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina. Multiple lines of evidence show the endothelin (EDN, also known as ET) system is important in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. To date, the molecular mechanisms within RGCs driving EDN-induced RGC death have not been clarified. The pro-apoptotic transcription factor JUN (the canonical target of JNK signaling) and the endoplasmic reticulum stress effector and transcription factor DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP) have been shown to act downstream of EDN receptors. Previous studies demonstrated that JUN and DDIT3 were important regulators of RGC death after glaucoma-relevant injures. Here, we characterized EDN insult in vivo and investigated the role of JUN and DDIT3 in EDN-induced RGC death. To accomplish this, EDN1 ligand was intravitreally injected into the eyes of wildtype, Six3-cre+Junfl/fl (Jun-/-), Ddit3 null (Ddit3-/-), and Ddit3-/-Jun-/- mice. Intravitreal EDN1 was sufficient to drive RGC death in vivo. EDN1 insult caused JUN activation in RGCs, and deletion of Jun from the neural retina attenuated RGC death after EDN insult. However, deletion of Ddit3 did not confer significant protection to RGCs after EDN1 insult. These results indicate that EDN caused RGC death via a JUN-dependent mechanism. In addition, EDN signaling is known to elicit potent vasoconstriction. JUN signaling was shown to drive neuronal death after ischemic insult. Therefore, the effects of intravitreal EDN1 on retinal vessel diameter and hypoxia were explored. Intravitreal EDN1 caused transient retinal vasoconstriction and regions of RGC and Müller glia hypoxia. Thus, it remains a possibility that EDN elicits a hypoxic insult to RGCs, causing apoptosis via JNK-JUN signaling. The importance of EDN-induced vasoconstriction and hypoxia in causing RGC death after EDN insult and in models of glaucoma requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Marola
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Cell Biology of Disease Graduate Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Stephanie B. Syc-Mazurek
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Richard T. Libby
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.16416.340000 0004 1936 9174The Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
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Wang J, Zhang D, Cao C, Yao J. Betalain exerts a protective effect against glaucoma is majorly through the association of inflammatory cytokines. AMB Express 2020; 10:125. [PMID: 32666339 PMCID: PMC7360000 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed at evaluating the protective role of betalain on the in vitro glaucoma model using PC12 neuronal cells. The cultured neuronal cells in a customized pressurized chamber were analyzed for the onset of glutathione, myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin, expression of inflammatory enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX-1), lipoxygenase (5- LOX), sPLA2 caveolin-1, glaucoma markers and other inflammatory cytokines in the presence and absence of betalain. The results have shown that a significant increase in the expression of oxidative stress with increased activity of cathepsin B and D. On the other hand, the activity of inflammatory enzymes such as COX-1, 5- LOX, sPLA2 were significantly increased in pressure exposed cells. In addition, glaucoma simulated cells demonstrated a significant increase in the VEGF, TGF-β, BDGF, and neuroserpin compared to control. Moreover, cells predisposed to hydrostatic pressure demonstrated an increase in (p < 0.01) inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, CXCR4, IL-17, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. However, cells pre-treated with betalain improved the glutathione levels with attenuated MPO activity. Simultaneously, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and other glaucoma marker genes found restored in drug pre-treated cells. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that the use of betalain on ocular cells can prevent the progression of the disease that can be a suggestive therapeutic for controlling glaucoma like conditions.
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8
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Endothelin-1 Mediated Decrease in Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Bioenergetics Contribute to Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3571. [PMID: 32107448 PMCID: PMC7046667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide that is elevated in aqueous humor as well as circulation of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. ET-1 has been shown to promote degeneration of optic nerve axons and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), however, the precise mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was used to assess changes in ET-1 mediated gene expression in primary RGCs, which revealed that 23 out of 156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had known or predicted mitochondrial function, of which oxidative phosphorylation emerged as the top-most enriched pathway. ET-1 treatment significantly decreased protein expression of key mitochondrial genes including cytochrome C oxidase copper chaperone (COX17) and ATP Synthase, H+ transporting, Mitochondrial Fo Complex (ATP5H) in primary RGCs and in vivo following intravitreal ET-1 injection in rats. A Seahorse ATP rate assay revealed a significant decrease in the rate of mitochondrial ATP production following ET-1 treatment. IOP elevation in Brown Norway rats showed a trend towards decreased expression of ATP5H. Our results demonstrate that ET-1 produced a decrease in expression of vital components of mitochondrial electron transport chain, which compromise bioenergetics and suggest a mechanism by which ET-1 promotes neurodegeneration of RGCs in glaucoma.
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Endothelin-1 Concentration in Aqueous Humor Predicts Postoperative Late Low Intraocular Pressure in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma After Trabeculectomy. J Glaucoma 2019; 28:633-636. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nor Arfuzir NN, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Sidek S, Spasov A, Ozerov A, Mohd Ismail N. Effect of Magnesium Acetyltaurate and Taurine on Endothelin1-Induced Retinal Nitrosative Stress in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1032-1040. [PMID: 29676937 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1467933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma is associated with elevated levels of endothelin-1 (ET1), a potent vasoconstrictor. ET1-induced retinal ischemia leads to altered expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms leading to increased formation of nitric oxide (NO) and retinal nitrosative stress. Since magnesium (Mg) is known to improve endothelial functions and reduce oxidative stress and taurine (TAU) possesses potent antioxidant properties, we investigated the protective effects of magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) against ET1-induced nitrosative stress and retinal damage in rats. We also compared the effects of MgAT with that of TAU alone. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were intravitreally injected with ET1. MgAT and TAU were administered as pre-, co-, or posttreatment. Subsequently, the expression of NOS isoforms was detected in retina by immunohistochemistry, retinal nitrotyrosine level was estimated using ELISA, and retinal cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. RESULTS Intravitreal ET1 caused a significant increase in the expressions of nNOS and iNOS while eNOS expression was significantly reduced compared to vehicle treated group. Administration of both MgAT and TAU restored the altered levels of NOS isoform expression, reduced retinal nitrosative stress and retinal cell apoptosis. The effect of MgAT, however, was greater than that of TAU alone. CONCLUSIONS MgAT and TAU prevent ET1-induced retinal cell apoptosis by reducing retinal nitrosative stress in Sprague Dawley rats. Addition of TAU to Mg seems to enhance the efficacy of TAU compared to when given alone. Moreover, the pretreatment with MgAT/TAU showed higher efficacy compared to co- or posttreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Najwa Nor Arfuzir
- a Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- a Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- a Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus , Selangor , Malaysia.,b Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology , Volgograd , Russia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- c Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University , IMU Clinical School , Seremban , Malaysia
| | - Sabrilhakim Sidek
- a Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Alexander Spasov
- b Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology , Volgograd , Russia
| | - Alexander Ozerov
- b Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology , Volgograd , Russia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- a Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine , Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus , Selangor , Malaysia
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Nor Arfuzir NN, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Sidek S, Ismail NM. Taurine protects against retinal and optic nerve damage induced by endothelin-1 in rats via antioxidant effects. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2014-2021. [PMID: 30233077 PMCID: PMC6183037 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor, is involved in retinal vascular dysregulation and oxidative stress in glaucomatous eyes. Taurine (TAU), a naturally occurring free amino acid, is known for its neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. Hence, we evaluated its neuroprotective properties against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage. ET-1 was administered intravitreally to Sprague-Dawley rats and TAU was injected as pre-, co- or post-treatment. Animals were euthanized seven days post TAU injection. Retinae and optic nerve were examined for morphology, and were also processed for caspase-3 immunostaining. Retinal redox status was estimated by measuring retinal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. Histopathological examination showed significantly improved retinal and optic nerve morphology in TAU-treated groups. Morphometric examination showed that TAU pre-treatment provided marked protection against ET-1 induced damage to retina and optic nerve. In accordance with the morphological observations, immunostaining for caspase showed a significantly lesser number of apoptotic retinal cells in the TAU pre-treatment group. The retinal oxidative stress was reduced in all TAU-treated groups, and particularly in the pre-treatment group. The findings suggest that treatment with TAU, particularly pre-treatment, prevents apoptosis of retinal cells induced by ET-1 and hence prevents the changes in the morphology of retina and optic nerve. The protective effect of TAU against ET-1 induced retinal and optic nerve damage is associated with reduced retinal oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Najwa Nor Arfuzir
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Sabrilhakim Sidek
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ban N, Siegfried CJ, Apte RS. Monitoring Neurodegeneration in Glaucoma: Therapeutic Implications. Trends Mol Med 2017; 24:7-17. [PMID: 29233479 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness globally, and is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Because vision loss in glaucoma is not reversible, therapeutic interventions early in disease are highly desirable. However, owing to the current limitations in evaluating glaucomatous neurodegeneration, it is challenging to monitor the disease severity and progression objectively, and to design rational therapeutic strategies accordingly. Therefore, there is a clear need to identify quantifiable molecular biomarkers of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. As such, in our opinion, molecular biomarker(s) that specifically reflect stress or death of RGCs, and which correlate with disease severity, progression, and response to therapy, are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Ban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carla J Siegfried
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Rodrigues GB, Abe RY, Zangalli C, Sodre SL, Donini FA, Costa DC, Leite A, Felix JP, Torigoe M, Diniz-Filho A, de Almeida HG. Neovascular glaucoma: a review. Int J Retina Vitreous 2016; 2:26. [PMID: 27895936 PMCID: PMC5116372 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-016-0051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary glaucoma generally associated with poor visual prognosis. The development of new vessels over the iris and the iridocorneal angle can obstruct aqueous humor outflow and lead to increased intraocular pressure. The underlying pathogenesis in most cases is posterior segment ischemia, which is most commonly secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central vein retinal occlusion. The neovascularization process in the eye is driven by the events that alter the homeostatic balance between pro-angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenic factors, such as the pigment-epithelium-derived factor. Early diagnosis of this condition through slit lamp examination of the iris, iridocorneal angle and retina can help to avoid the development of goniosynechia and obstruction of aqueous humor outflow, with consequent intraocular pressure elevation. Historically, NVG treatment was focused on reducing the posterior segment ischemic process that caused the formation of new vessels, through panretinal photocoagulation. Recently, several studies have investigated the application of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies in NVG. If clinical treatment with the use of hypotensive topical drops is not sufficient, laser and/or surgical procedures are required for intraocular pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo B Rodrigues
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Ricardo Y Abe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Camila Zangalli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Savio L Sodre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Flavia A Donini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Danilo C Costa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Andre Leite
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Joao P Felix
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Torigoe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Alberto Diniz-Filho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Homero Gusmão de Almeida
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Mottet B, Aptel F, Geiser M, Romanet J, Chiquet C. Facteurs vasculaires du glaucome. J Fr Ophtalmol 2015; 38:983-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that causes characteristic changes of the optic nerve and visual field in relation to intraocular pressure (IOP). It is now known that glaucoma can occur at statistically normal IOPs and prevalence studies have shown that normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is more common than previously thought. While IOP is believed to be the predominant risk factor in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), IOP-independent risk factors, such as vascular dysregulation, are believed to play an important part in the pathogenesis of NTG. Though certain distinguishing phenotypic features of NTG have been reported, such as an increased frequency of disc hemorrhages, acquired pits of the optic nerve and characteristic patterns of disc cupping and visual field loss, there is much overlap of the clinical findings in NTG with POAG, suggesting that NTG is likely part of a continuum of open angle glaucomas. However, IOP modification is still the mainstay of treatment in NTG. As in traditional POAG, reduction of IOP can be achieved with the use of medications, laser trabeculoplasty or surgery. Studies now show that the choice of medication may also be important in determining the outcomes of these patients. Though it is likely that future treatment of NTG will involve modification of both IOP and IOP-independent risk factors, current efforts to develop IOP-independent neuroprotective treatments have not yet proven to be effective in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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16
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Turati Acosta M, Gil Carrasco F, Jiménez Román J, Isida Llerandi CG. Estudio comparativo de la determinación de la fluctuación de la presión intraocular, entre curva tensional horaria, prueba de sobrecarga hídrica y el método de estimación de la presión intraocular (Borrone), en pacientes con glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto en un hospital de concentración. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Systemic endothelial function in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:529082. [PMID: 25031870 PMCID: PMC4086348 DOI: 10.1155/2014/529082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. We aimed to assess peripheral vascular endothelial function in
open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by measuring flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Materials and Methods. The study included 20 cases with POAG (group 1, mean age 58.68 ± 13.3 years) and 30 healthy individuals (group 2, mean age 58.68 ± 13.6 years). In all cases, responses of endothelial function were assessed by a cardiologist through measurement of FMD following brachial artery occlusion. Results. Mean percent of FMD, an indicator of endothelial function, was found to be 11.9 ± 4.2% in group 1 and 12.3 ± 4.4% in group 2 (P = 0.86). Conclusion. No impairment in systemic vascular function of cases with POAG suggests that POAG could be a local disorder rather than being a component of systemic disease.
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18
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Vohra R, Tsai JC, Kolko M. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 58:311-20. [PMID: 23768921 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an ocular disorder characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons. There are various hypotheses concerning the cause of RGC death. Previously, glaucoma was defined by high intraocular pressure (IOP); during the past decade, however, glaucoma specialists have acknowledged that elevated IOP is the most important risk factor for glaucoma, but does not define the disease. Other factors such as genetics, blood flow, and excitotoxicity are suggested as potential causal factors for progressive RGC death observed in glaucoma. We review recent studies elucidating a possible role of low-grade inflammation as a causal factor in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Vohra
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Functional pituitary tumors masquerading as primary glaucoma and effect of hypophysectomy on intraocular tension. J Glaucoma 2013; 24:e7-13. [PMID: 23970340 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e31829521f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report 2 bilateral cases that presented as primary ocular hypertension and primary angle-closure glaucoma, respectively; however, they were subsequently discovered to be harboring secretory pituitary tumors. After transsphenoidal tumor resection, intraocular pressures (IOPs) in all 4 eyes returned to normal levels. Sudden rise in IOP then again served as a primary manifestation of relapse in the second patient with growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor. It was not found feasible for resurgery; thus, patient needed trabeculectomy in both eyes to achieve an optimum control of intraocular tension. We conclude that pituitary adenomas may mimic primary glaucoma without producing vertical hemianopia and cause a reversible rise in IOP. Furthermore, a careful ongoing expert ophthalmologic assessment may serve as a useful clinical marker for early relapse in these tumors.
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20
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Aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin-1 levels in branch retinal vein occlusion associated with normal tension glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2013; 22:104-9. [PMID: 21946550 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e3182312047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate aqueous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) with and without normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and to assess the therapeutic efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in these patients. METHODS Sixteen eyes with NTG of 48 age and sex-matched eyes without NTG that had previously received IVB for BRVO were followed for 6 months. Aqueous VEGF and ET-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the time of baseline IVB. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured at baseline and then at 1, 3, and 6 months postinjection. RESULTS The obstruction site of BRVO was closer to the optic disk in eyes with NTG compared with controls (P=0.001). Baseline BCVA, CMT, and VEGF levels were similar between the 2 groups. Baseline ET-1 levels were significantly higher in eyes with NTG than those without NTG (P=0.009). After IVB, there was a significant improvement in both BCVA and CMT at 6 months, irrespective of the presence of NTG. However, BCVA in the presence of NTG was significantly worse at 6 months compared with eyes without NTG even though CMT was similarly reduced in both groups (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS Aqueous VEGF levels are similar in patients with BRVO with or without NTG, whereas aqueous ET-1 levels are elevated in the presence of NTG. Although IVB may be effective in the treatment of BRVO, the presence of NTG may limit visual recovery despite anatomic recovery of CMT.
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21
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Luna C, Li G, Huang J, Qiu J, Wu J, Yuan F, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Regulation of trabecular meshwork cell contraction and intraocular pressure by miR-200c. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51688. [PMID: 23272142 PMCID: PMC3522713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) delays or prevents the loss of vision in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with high IOP and in those with normal tension glaucoma showing progression. Abundant evidence demonstrates that inhibition of contractile machinery of the trabecular meshwork cells is an effective method to lower IOP. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of trabecular contraction are not well understood. Although microRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, little is known about their potential involvement in the regulation of IOP. Here, we showed that miR-200c is a direct postranscriptional inhibitor of genes relevant to the physiologic regulation of TM cell contraction including the validated targets Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and 2 (ZEB1 and ZEB2), and formin homology 2 domain containing 1 (FHOD1), as well as three novel targets: lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1/EDG2), endothelin A receptor (ETAR), and RhoA kinase (RHOA). Consistently, transfection of TM cells with miR-200c resulted in strong inhibition of contraction in collagen populated gels as well as decreased cell traction forces exerted by individual TM cells. Finally, delivery of miR-200c to the anterior chamber of living rat eyes resulted in a significant decrease in IOP, while inhibition of miR-200c using an adenoviral vector expressing a molecular sponge led to a significant increase in IOP. These results demonstrate for the first time the ability of a miRNA to regulate trabecular contraction and modulate IOP in vivo, making miR-200c a worthy candidate for exploring ways to alter trabecular contractility with therapeutic purposes in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralia Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David L. Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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22
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Potts LB, Ren Y, Lu G, Kuo E, Ngo E, Kuo L, Hein TW. Constriction of retinal arterioles to endothelin-1: requisite role of rho kinase independent of protein kinase C and L-type calcium channels. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:2904-12. [PMID: 22427601 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-9542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide implicated in several retinal pathologies, the underlying mechanism of vasoconstriction is understood incompletely. We addressed this issue by assessing the contributions of extracellular calcium (Ca²⁺), L-type voltage-operated calcium channels (L-VOCCs), Rho kinase (ROCK), and protein kinase C (PKC) to ET-1-induced constriction of porcine retinal arterioles, all of which have been implicated commonly in vascular smooth muscle contraction. METHODS Porcine retinal arterioles (~50-100 μm) were isolated for vasomotor study and molecular assessment of ROCK isoforms. RESULTS Isolated arterioles developed stable basal tone at 55 cmH₂O luminal pressure and constricted to ET-1 (0.1 nM) with a 40 ± 6% reduction in resting diameter in 20 minutes. In the absence of extraluminal Ca²⁺, arterioles lost basal tone and failed to constrict to ET-1. Although L-VOCC inhibitor nifedipine reduced basal tone and blocked vasoconstriction to PKC activator PDBu, vasoconstriction to ET-1 was unaffected. The broad-spectrum PKC inhibitor Gö-6983 abolished vasoconstriction to PDBu, but did not alter ET-1-induced vasoconstriction or basal tone. Incubation of arterioles with ROCK inhibitor H-1152 abolished basal tone and vasoconstrictions to ET-1 and PDBu. Both ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms were expressed in the retinal arteriolar wall. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular Ca²⁺ entry via L-VOCCs and basal ROCK activity play important roles in the maintenance of basal tones of porcine retinal arterioles. ET-1-induced constriction is mediated by extracellular Ca²⁺ entry independent of L-VOCCs and by ROCK activation without the involvement of PKC. However, direct PKC activation can cause vasoconstriction via L-VOCC and ROCK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B Potts
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shoshani YZ, Harris A, Shoja MM, Rusia D, Siesky B, Arieli Y, Wirostko B. Endothelin and Its Suspected Role in the Pathogenesis and Possible Treatment of Glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 2011; 37:1-11. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.622849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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