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Tian Y, Liang L, Chen J, Liu J, Su Y, Shi M, Li W, Zhang J, Feng Y, He L, Liu H, Yang X. Knockdown LIMP2 inhibits colorectal cancer cells migration, invasion, and metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113757. [PMID: 37640260 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy worldwide nowadays and liver metastasis is the primary cause of death in patients with CRC. Although lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP2) has been reported to play important roles in gastric cancer and prostate cancer, its role in CRC remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of LIMP2 in CRC invasion and migration, along with the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that LIMP2 levels were higher in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high expression of LIMP2 was associated with worse prognosis in CRC patients. Knockdown of LIMP2 significantly inhibited invasion, migration, and wound healing abilities of CRC cells in vitro, and inhibited CRC liver metastasis in vivo. Additionally, LIMP2 knockdown inhibited autophagy in CRC. Therefore, LIMP2 plays an important role in CRC progression. High expression of LIMP2 was associated with worse prognosis in CRC patients. Knockdown LIMP2 can effectively inhibit CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro and prevent liver metastasis in vivo. These findings suggest that LIMP2 may serve as an independent prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Liumei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Junxiong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Yixi Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Mengchen Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Weiqian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Jingdan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Yanchun Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Lingyuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China.
| | - Xiangling Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, China.
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Zhou H, Luo J, Mou K, Peng L, Li X, Lei Y, Wang J, Lin S, Luo Y, Xiang L. Stress granules: functions and mechanisms in cancer. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:86. [PMID: 37179344 PMCID: PMC10182661 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are non-enveloped structures formed primarily via protein and RNA aggregation under various stress conditions, including hypoxia and viral infection, as well as oxidative, osmotic, and heat-shock stress. SGs assembly is a highly conserved cellular strategy to reduce stress-related damage and promote cell survival. At present, the composition and dynamics of SGs are well understood; however, data on the functions and related mechanisms of SGs are limited. In recent years, SGs have continued to attract attention as emerging players in cancer research. Intriguingly, SGs regulate the biological behavior of tumors by participating in various tumor-associated signaling pathways, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, radiotherapy resistance, and immune escape. This review discusses the roles and mechanisms of SGs in tumors and suggests novel directions for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kelin Mou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yulin Lei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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Jeger JL. Endosomes, lysosomes, and the role of endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis in cancer development. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9801-9810. [PMID: 33185829 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomes and lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles crucial for the normal functioning of the eukaryotic cell. The primary function of endosomes relates to the transportation of extracellular material into the intracellular domain. Lysosomes, on the other hand, are primarily involved in the degradation of macromolecules. Endosomes and lysosomes interact through two distinct pathways: kiss-and-run and direct fusion. In addition to the internalization of particles, endosomes also play an important role in cell signaling and autophagy. Disruptions in either of these processes may contribute to cancer development. Lysosomal proteins, such as cathepsins, can play a role in both tumorigenesis and cancer cell apoptosis. Since endosomal and lysosomal biogenesis and signaling are important components of normal cellular growth and proliferation, proteins involved in these processes are attractive targets for cancer research and, potentially, therapeutics. This literature review provides an overview of the endocytic pathway, endolysosome formation, and the interplay between endosomal/lysosomal biogenesis and carcinogenesis.
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A Novel RNA-Seq-Based Model for Preoperative Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4252580. [PMID: 32934959 PMCID: PMC7479460 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4252580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective To develop and validate a novel RNA-seq-based nomogram for preoperative prediction of lymph node metastasis (LNM) for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods RNA-seq data for 276 OSCC patients (including 157 samples with LNM and 119 without LNM) were downloaded from TCGA database. Differential expression analysis was performed between LNM and non-LNM of OSCC. These samples were divided into a training set and a test set by a ratio of 9 : 1 while the relative proportion of the non-LNM and LNM groups was kept balanced within each dataset. Based on clinical features and seven candidate RNAs, we established a prediction model of LNM for OSCC using logistic regression analysis. Tenfold crossvalidation was utilized to examine the accuracy of the nomogram. Decision curve analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical utility of the nomogram. Results A total of 139 differentially expressed RNAs were identified between LNM and non-LNM of OSCC. Seven candidate RNAs were screened based on FPKM values, including NEURL1, AL162581.1 (miscRNA), AP002336.2 (lncRNA), CCBE1, CORO6, RDH12, and AC129492.6 (pseudogene). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the clinical N stage (p < 0.001) was an important factor to predict LNM. Moreover, three RNAs including RDH12 (p value < 0.05), CCBE1 (p value < 0.01), and AL162581.1 (p value < 0.05) could be predictive biomarkers for LNM in OSCC patients. The average accuracy rate of the model was 0.7661, indicating a good performance of the model. Conclusion Our findings constructed an RNA-seq-based nomogram combined with clinicopathology, which could potentially provide clinicians with a useful tool for preoperative prediction of LNM and be tailored for individualized therapy in patients with OSCC.
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Serum Small Proline-Rich Protein 2A (SPRR2A) Is a Noninvasive Biomarker in Gastric Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8493796. [PMID: 32908616 PMCID: PMC7475742 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8493796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Since early diagnosis is very important for treating gastric cancer (GC), we aimed to detect serum small proline-rich protein2A (SPRR2A) to verify its diagnostic value for GC patients. Methods Serum samples were collected from 200 patients with GC, 100 patients with gastritis, 40 patients with rectal cancer (RC), 50 patients with colon cancer (CC), and 100 healthy controls. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kit was applied to measure serum SPRR2A concentration. The correlations between serum SPRR2A and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), clinical pathological parameters of GC, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were also analyzed. Results The median serum SPRR2A concentration in GC patients was significantly higher than those in healthy controls and gastritis or colorectal cancer patients (P < 0.001). Serum SPRR2A concentration at a cut-off value of 80.7 pg/ml yielded an AUC of 0.851, with 75.7% sensitivity and 74.5% specificity for discriminating GC patients from healthy people. The AUC for the serum SPRR2A concentration combined with the CEA concentration was 0.876, with 79.7% sensitivity and 78.7% specificity. Similarly, serum SPRR2A discriminated GC patients from gastritis patients with an AUC of 0.820, with 90.5% sensitivity and 61.7% specificity. The AUC for the serum SPRR2A concentration combined with the CEA concentration was 0.848, with 87.8% sensitivity and 68.1% specificity. The serum SPRR2A levels in GC patients were associated with lymph node metastasis and the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.05). There was an obvious difference in serum SPRR2A expression between GC patients before and after surgery (P < 0.0001). Conclusion These results suggest that serum SPRR2A can be used as an effective marker for GC.
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Zhang CH, Wang JX, Cai ML, Shao R, Liu H, Zhao WL. The roles and mechanisms of G3BP1 in tumour promotion. J Drug Target 2018; 27:300-305. [PMID: 30207743 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1523415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a SH3 domain-binding protein that is overexpressed in a variety of tumour tissues and cancers, such as head and neck cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer and breast cancer. G3BP1 promotes tumour cell proliferation and metastasis and inhibits apoptosis by regulating the Ras, TGF-β/Smad, Src/FAK and p53 signalling pathways. At present, polypeptides targeting G3BP1 have shown anti-tumour activity and G3BP1 also involved in anti-cancer effects of some polyphenolic compounds (resveratrol and EGCG). Therefore G3BP1 may be a potential target for tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Hui Zhang
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jun-Xia Wang
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Mei-Lian Cai
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Rongguang Shao
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Hong Liu
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wu-Li Zhao
- a NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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Sjöström M, Ossola R, Breslin T, Rinner O, Malmström L, Schmidt A, Aebersold R, Malmström J, Niméus E. A Combined Shotgun and Targeted Mass Spectrometry Strategy for Breast Cancer Biomarker Discovery. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2807-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department
of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emma Niméus
- Division
of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Duś-Szachniewicz K, Woźniak M, Nelke K, Gamian E, Gerber H, Ziółkowski P. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor R and Z1 expression as independent prognostic indicators in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 37:1816-22. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Pathology; Wrocław Medical University; Wrocław Poland
| | - Kamil Nelke
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery; Wrocław Medical University; Wrocław Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gamian
- Department of Pathology; Wrocław Medical University; Wrocław Poland
| | - Hanna Gerber
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery; Wrocław Medical University; Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology; Wrocław Medical University; Wrocław Poland
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Johnson IRD, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Shandala T, Weigert R, Butler LM, Brooks DA. Altered endosome biogenesis in prostate cancer has biomarker potential. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1851-62. [PMID: 25080433 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in males, affecting one in eight men by the time they reach the age of 70 years. Current diagnostic tests for prostate cancer have significant problems with both false negatives and false positives, necessitating the search for new molecular markers. A recent investigation of endosomal and lysosomal proteins revealed that the critical process of endosomal biogenesis might be altered in prostate cancer. Here, a panel of endosomal markers was evaluated in prostate cancer and nonmalignant cells and a significant increase in gene and protein expression was found for early, but not late endosomal proteins. There was also a differential distribution of early endosomes, and altered endosomal traffic and signaling of the transferrin receptors (TFRC and TFR2) in prostate cancer cells. These findings support the concept that endosome biogenesis and function are altered in prostate cancer. Microarray analysis of a clinical cohort confirmed the altered endosomal gene expression observed in cultured prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, in prostate cancer patient tissue specimens, the early endosomal marker and adaptor protein APPL1 showed consistently altered basement membrane histology in the vicinity of tumors and concentrated staining within tumor masses. These novel observations on altered early endosome biogenesis provide a new avenue for prostate cancer biomarker investigation and suggest new methods for the early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS This discovery of altered endosome biogenesis in prostate cancer may lead to novel biomarkers for more precise cancer detection and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R D Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma J Parkinson-Lawrence
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Lisa M Butler
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Liu Y, Liu CX, Wu ZT, Ge L, Zhou HM. Mining proteins associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma in complex networks. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4621-5. [PMID: 24083714 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.8.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Each protein was ranked and those most associated with OSCC were mined within the network. First, OSCC-related genes were retrieved from the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. Then they were mapped to their protein identifiers and a seed set of proteins was built. The seed proteins were expanded using the nearest neighbor expansion method to construct a PPI network through the Online Predicated Human Interaction Database (OPHID). The network was verified to be statistically significant, the score of each protein was evaluated by algorithm, then the OSCC-related proteins were ranked. 38 OSCC related seed proteins were expanded to 750 protein pairs. A protein-protein interaction nerwork was then constructed and the 30 top-ranked proteins listed. The four highest-scoring seed proteins were SMAD4, CTNNB1, HRAS, NOTCH1, and four non-seed proteins P53, EP300, SMAD3, SRC were mined using the nearest neighbor expansion method. The methods shown here may facilitate the discovery of important OSCC proteins and guide medical researchers in further pertinent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China E-mail : ,
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Malinen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Carregaro F, Stefanini ACB, Henrique T, Tajara EH. Study of small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) in health and disease: a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:857-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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