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Fernandes E, Lopes CM, Lúcio M. Lipid Biomimetic Models as Simple Yet Complex Tools to Predict Skin Permeation and Drug-Membrane Biophysical Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:807. [PMID: 38931927 PMCID: PMC11207520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The barrier function of the skin is primarily determined by its outermost layer, the Stratum Corneum (SC). The SC consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix composed mainly of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids in equimolar proportions and is organised in a complex lamellar structure with different periodicities and lateral packings. This matrix provides a diffusion pathway across the SC for bioactive compounds that are administered to the skin. In this regard, and as the skin administration route has grown in popularity, there has been an increase in the use of lipid mixtures that closely resemble the SC lipid matrix, either for a deeper biophysical understanding or for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. This review focuses on a systematic analysis of the main outcomes of using lipid mixtures as SC lipid matrix models for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. Thus, a methodical evaluation of the main outcomes based on the SC structure is performed, as well as the main recent developments in finding suitable new in vitro tools for permeation testing based on lipid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Fernandes
- CF-UM-UP—Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla M. Lopes
- FFP-I3ID—Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, FP-BHS—Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200–150 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MedTech–Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marlene Lúcio
- CF-UM-UP—Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- CBMA—Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Qian Y, Wei X, Wang Y, Yin S, Chen J, Dong J. Development of a novel human stratum corneum mimetic phospholipid -vesicle-based permeation assay models for in vitro permeation studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:410-419. [PMID: 38497274 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2331242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop and evaluate a novel human stratum corneum (SC) mimetic phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay (PVPASC) model for in vitro permeation studies. SIGNIFICANCE Due to the increasing restrictions on the use of human and animal skins, artificial skin models have attracted substantial interest in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries. In this study, a modified PVPASC model containing both SC lipids and proteins was developed. METHODS The PVPASC model was optimized by altering the lipid composition and adding keratin in the formulation of large liposomes. The barrier properties were monitored by measuring the electrical resistance (ER) and permeability of Rhodamine B (RB). The modified PVPASC model was characterized in terms of the surface topography, solvent influence and storage stability. The permeation studies of the active components in Compound Nanxing Zhitong Plaster (CNZP) were performed to examine the capability of PVPASC in the application of skin penetration. RESULTS The ER and Papp values of RB obtained from the optimized PVPASC model indicated a similar barrier property to porcine ear skin. Scanning electron microscope analysis demonstrated a mimic 'brick-and-mortar' structure. The PVPASC model can be stored for three weeks at -20 °C, and withstand the presence of different receptor medium for 24 h. The permeation studies of the active components demonstrated a good correlation (r2 = 0.9136) of Papp values between the drugs' permeation through the PVPASC model and porcine ear skin. CONCLUSION Keratin contained composite phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay models have been proven to be potential skin tools in topical/transdermal permeation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Qian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xuchao Wei
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shaoping Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
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Validation and testing of a new artificial biomimetic barrier for estimation of transdermal drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Costa Lima SA, Barbosa AI, Nunes C, Yousef I, Reis S. Synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy of polymeric nanoparticles and skin: Unveiling molecular interactions to enhance permeation. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 249:105254. [PMID: 36279929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticles as permeation enhancers in skin drug delivery is a growing research field. However, the mechanisms of nanoparticles' interaction with the skin structure are still unknown. Fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles have demonstrated several physicochemical and biological advantages, among which is the enhancement of skin permeation. This study aims to elucidate permeation enhancement mechanisms using synchrotron-based Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy (SR-FTIRM) combined with multivariate analysis and in vitro skin permeation assay. Given the molecular weight influence on chitosan's properties, the nanoparticles-skin interactions were evaluated with nanoparticles produced using low- and medium-molecular-weight chitosan. Chemical maps and spectral analysis revealed that fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles induced changes in the lipids and protein regions. Inter-sample spectral differences were identified using principal component analysis. Low molecular weight fucoidan/ chitosan nanoparticles caused changes in the skin lipids' lateral packing and structure at the stratum corneum layer towards a less ordered state and higher fluidity, and no evidence was found on proteins structure. The opposite was revealed for medium molecular weight fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles, which induced changes in the secondary structure of keratin and altered lipid structure to an ordered and dense conformation. In vitro permeation assays with Franz diffusion cells correlate with the observed changes in the skin lipid and protein structure with enhanced skin permeation of a hydrophilic molecule incorporated within the fucoidan/chitosan nanoparticles. The findings of this study unveil molecular changes in the skin structure induced by the nanoparticles only possible with the application of the powerful and precise SR-FTIRM technique. This knowledge allows the design of nanoparticles towards an internalization pathway determining their fate within the skin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Ana Isabel Barbosa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- ALBA Synchrotron, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Moniz T, Lima SAC, Reis S. Protocol for the Isolation of Stratum Corneum from Pig Ear Skin: Evaluation of the Trypsin Digestion Conditions. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4040080. [PMID: 34842773 PMCID: PMC8628882 DOI: 10.3390/mps4040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stratum corneum (SC) represents the outermost layer of the skin, being an effective barrier against the entry of molecules and pathogens. Skin research has given particular focus to SC as it hampers effective drug delivery for cosmetical and therapeutical purposes. Following recommendations to develop alternative models to animals, the SC isolated from skin obtained from medical procedures or from pigs has gained extensive attention. Yet, there is still missing a standard and simple procedure accepted within the scientific community to avoid application of different isolated SC methodologies, a fact that may hamper progress in skin research. Considering this challenge, the present study evaluated different experimental conditions aiming to establish a useful and sustainable solvent-free procedure for the obtention of a realistic SC model. The studied trypsin digestion parameters included concentration, incubation period and temperature. Isolated SC was characterized using histological analysis and calcein’s permeability, after the procedure and during a 6-week storage period. Data recommend trypsin digestion at 4 °C for 20 h as the most effective procedure to isolate SC from pig ear skin. This work contributes to standardize the SC isolation procedure, and to obtain a valuable and reliable SC mimetic model for skin drug development.
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Supe S, Takudage P. Methods for evaluating penetration of drug into the skin: A review. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:299-308. [PMID: 33095948 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin being the largest organ of the human body plays a very important role in the permeation and penetration of the drug. In addition, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) plays a major role in managing dermal infections and attaining sustained plasma drug concentration. Thus, evaluation of percutaneous penetration of the drug through the skin is important in developing TDDS for human use. MATERIAL AND METHODS Various techniques are used for getting the desired drug penetration, permeation, and absorption through the skin in managing these dermal disorders. The development of novel pharmaceutical dosage forms for dermal use is much explored in the current era. However, it is very important to evaluate these methods to determine the bioequivalence and risk of these topically applied drugs, which ultimately penetrate and are absorbed through the skin. RESULTS Currently, numerous skin permeation models are being developed and persuasively used in studying dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) profile and various models have been developed, to evaluate the TDD which include ex vivo human skin, ex vivo animal skin, and artificial or reconstructed skin models. CONCLUSION This review discusses the general physiology of the skin, the physiochemical characteristics affecting particle penetration, understand the models used for human skin permeation studies and understanding their advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Chemical technology, Mumbai, India
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Application of the human stratum corneum lipid-based mimetic model in assessment of drug-loaded nanoparticles for skin administration. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119960. [PMID: 33049358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A lipid-based permeation assay (PVPASC) with a lipid composition similar to Human stratum corneum layer has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to further characterize the PVPASC model in the presence of co-solvents and to determine its applicability to evaluate drug permeability with drug-loaded nanoparticles. Data obtained from PVPASC model were compared with results from isolated SC from pig ear skin. The characterization revealed that the PVPASC barriers retain integrity and calcein permeability when stored up to 12 weeks at -20 °C, in the presence of different co-solvents, and under a skin environment pH range. The permeation profile of calcein in the lipid-based barrier correlated well with data obtained for the isolated SC model and revealed higher reproducibility. Cyclosporine A (CsA) was selected as a model drug, given its relevance for skin-inflammatory diseases and two types of lipid nanoparticles were used to assess the permeability of the PVPASC model. It was possible to distinguish the permeability between free and nanoparticles' loaded cyclosporine. Data obtained with CsA-loaded nanoformulations indicated a higher permeation rate than the obtained for the solid lipid nanoparticles or the free drug. The PVPASC model could be applied as a cost-effective alternative for skin early drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia A Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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8
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Human skin models: From healthy to disease-mimetic systems; characteristics and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4314-4329. [PMID: 32608012 PMCID: PMC7484561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin drug delivery is an emerging route in drug development, leading to an urgent need to understand the behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients within the skin. Given, As one of the body's first natural defences, the barrier properties of skin provide an obstacle to the successful outcome of any skin drug therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this barrier, reductionist strategies have designed several models with different levels of complexity, using non-biological and biological components. Besides the detail of information and resemblance to human skin in vivo, offered by each in vitro model, the technical and economic efforts involved must also be considered when selecting the most suitable model. This review provides an outline of the commonly used skin models, including healthy and diseased conditions, in-house developed and commercialized models, their advantages and limitations, and an overview of the new trends in skin-engineered models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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Neupane R, Boddu SH, Renukuntla J, Babu RJ, Tiwari AK. Alternatives to Biological Skin in Permeation Studies: Current Trends and Possibilities. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E152. [PMID: 32070011 PMCID: PMC7076422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
: The transdermal route of drugs has received increased attention in recent years due to numerous advantages over the oral and injectable routes, such as avoidance of the hepatic metabolism, protection of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract, sustained drug delivery, and good patient compliance. The assessment of ex vivo permeation during the pharmaceutical development process helps in understanding the product quality and performance of a transdermal delivery system. Generally, excised human skin relevant to the application site or animal skin is recommended for ex vivo permeation studies. However, the limited availability of the human skin and ethical issues surrounding the use of animal skin rendered these models less attractive in the permeation study. In the last three decades, enormous efforts have been put into developing artificial membranes and 3D cultured human skin models as surrogates to the human skin. This manuscript provides an insight on the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines for permeation studies and the parameters affected when using Franz diffusion cells in the permeation study. The need and possibilities for skin alternatives, such as artificially cultured human skin models, parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA), and artificial membranes for penetration and permeation studies, are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
| | - Sai H.S. Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, UAE;
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (R.N.); (A.K.T.)
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Gennari CGM, Quaroni GMG, Creton C, Minghetti P, Cilurzo F. SEBS block copolymers as novel materials to design transdermal patches. Int J Pharm 2020; 575:118975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Berben P, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M, Faller B, Flaten GE, Jacobsen AC, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Drug permeability profiling using cell-free permeation tools: Overview and applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 119:219-233. [PMID: 29660464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free permeation systems are gaining interest in drug discovery and development as tools to obtain a reliable prediction of passive intestinal absorption without the disadvantages associated with cell- or tissue-based permeability profiling. Depending on the composition of the barrier, cell-free permeation systems are classified into two classes including (i) biomimetic barriers which are constructed from (phospho)lipids and (ii) non-biomimetic barriers containing dialysis membranes. This review provides an overview of the currently available cell-free permeation systems including Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA), Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay (PVPA), Permeapad®, and artificial membrane based systems (e.g. the artificial membrane insert system (AMI-system)) in terms of their barrier composition as well as their predictive capacity in relation to well-characterized intestinal permeation systems. Given the potential loss of integrity of cell-based permeation barriers in the presence of food components or pharmaceutical excipients, the superior robustness of cell-free barriers makes them suitable for the combined dissolution/permeation evaluation of formulations. While cell-free permeation systems are mostly applied for exploring intestinal absorption, they can also be used to evaluate non-oral drug delivery by adjusting the composition of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Berben
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Bernard Faller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Joachim Brouwers
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Gasthuisberg O&N II, Herestraat 49, Box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Ma M, Di HJ, Zhang H, Yao JH, Dong J, Yan GJ, Qiao HZ, Chen J. Development of phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay models capable of evaluating percutaneous penetration enhancing effect. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:2055-2063. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1371730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ma
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hong-Jie Di
- Endocrine and Diabetes Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun-Hong Yao
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Guo-Jun Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hong-Zhi Qiao
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China
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Bell DC, Brown SJ. Atopic eczema treatment now and in the future: Targeting the skin barrier and key immune mechanisms in human skin. World J Dermatol 2017; 6:42-51. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v6.i3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin facilitates a number of key roles but its functioning can be impaired by disease. Atopic eczema is a chronic inflammatory disease where the skin barrier has become leaky, and inflammation occurs. It affects up to 20% of children and 3% of adults worldwide, manifesting as red itchy patches of skin with varying severity. This review aims to investigate the leaky skin barrier and immune mechanisms from the perspective of potential novel treatments. The complexity of atopic eczema as a disease is what makes it difficult to treat. Genome-wide association studies have highlighted possible genetic variations associated with atopic eczema, however in some cases, individuals develop the disease without these genetic risk factors. Loss of function mutations in the filaggrin gene are one of these associations and this is plausible due to its key role in barrier function. The Th2 immune response is the link with regards to the immune mechanisms as atopic inflammation often occurs through increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Eczematous inflammation also creates susceptibility to colonisation and damage by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Potential novel treatments are becoming ever more specific, offering the hope of fewer side effects and better disease control. The best new treatments highlighted in this review target the immune response with human beta defensin 2, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies all showing promise.
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Zhang H, Zhu X, Shen J, Xu H, Ma M, Gu W, Jiang Q, Chen J, Duan J. Characterization of a liposome-based artificial skin membrane for in vitro permeation studies using Franz diffusion cell device. J Liposome Res 2016; 27:302-311. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2016.1231205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemin Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiheng Xu
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiudong Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China and
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