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Zhang VX, Sze KMF, Chan LK, Ho DWH, Tsui YM, Chiu YT, Lee E, Husain A, Huang H, Tian L, Wong CCL, Ng IOL. Antioxidant supplements promote tumor formation and growth and confer drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing intracellular ROS and induction of TMBIM1. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:217. [PMID: 34924003 PMCID: PMC8684635 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Controversy over the benefits of antioxidants supplements in cancers persists for long. Using hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a model, we investigated the effects of exogenous antioxidants N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) on tumor formation and growth. Methods Multiple mouse models, including diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced and Trp53KO/C-MycOE-induced HCC models, mouse hepatoma cell and human HCC cell xenograft models with subcutaneous or orthotopic injection were used. In vitro assays including ROS assay, colony formation, sphere formation, proliferation, migration and invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle assays were conducted. Western blot was performed for protein expression and RNA-sequencing to identify potential gene targets. Results In these multiple different mouse and cell line models, we observed that NAC and GSH promoted HCC tumor formation and growth, accompanied with significant reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Moreover, NAC and GSH promoted cancer stemness, and abrogated the tumor-suppressive effects of Sorafenib both in vitro and in vivo. Exogenous supplementation of NAC or GSH reduced the expression of NRF2 and GCLC, suggesting the NRF2/GCLC-related antioxidant production pathway might be desensitized. Using transcriptomic analysis to identify potential gene targets, we found that TMBIM1 was significantly upregulated upon NAC and GSH treatment. Both TCGA and in-house RNA-sequence databases showed that TMBIM1 was overexpressed in HCC tumors. Stable knockdown of TMBIM1 increased the intracellular ROS; it also abolished the promoting effects of the antioxidants in HCC cells. On the other hand, BSO and SSA, inhibitors targeting NAC and GSH metabolism respectively, partially abrogated the pro-oncogenic effects induced by NAC and GSH in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our data implicate that exogenous antioxidants NAC and GSH, by reducing the intracellular ROS levels and inducing TMBIM expression, promoted HCC formation and tumor growth, and counteracted the therapeutic effect of Sorafenib. Our study provides scientific insight regarding the use of exogenous antioxidant supplements in cancers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00731-0.
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Lim ST, Jeon YW, Gwak H, Suh YJ. Clinical Implications of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status after 5-Year Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Late Recurrence of Hormone Receptor-positive Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2020; 23:498-508. [PMID: 33154825 PMCID: PMC7604371 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2020.23.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The prognostic implications of serum vitamin D status after a 5-year adjuvant endocrine therapy on the risk of late recurrence among hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer patients remain unclear. Hence, we investigated this among Korean HR-positive breast cancer patients. Methods A total of 455 patients with HR-positive stage I–III invasive breast cancer who underwent curative surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital between February 2004 and April 2012 were included in this retrospective study. Patients were categorized based on their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels after the 5-year adjuvant endocrine therapy. Initial recurrence sites were categorized. The primary clinical outcome was late recurrence-free survival (LRFS). Results Among the 455 patients, 242 and 213 were included in the 25(OH)D-deficient group and 25(OH)D-sufficient group, respectively. Forty-eight patients experienced late recurrence. Across all recurrence sites, the 25(OH)D-deficient group showed significantly worse LRFS rates than the 25(OH)D-sufficient group (hazard ratio [HR], 2.284; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.155–4.515; p = 0.018). After patient subgrouping based on recurrence site, the 25(OH)D-deficient group also showed significantly worse LRFS rates in terms of regional lymph node (LN) (HR, 17.453; 95% CI, 2.46–128.83; p = 0.005), bone (HR, 2.394; 95% CI, 1.024–5.599; p = 0.044), and visceral (HR, 2.735; 95% CI, 1.182–6.328; p = 0.019) recurrence. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of local recurrence (p = 0.611). Conclusions We found that 25(OH)D deficiency after the 5-year adjuvant endocrine therapy was associated with worse LRFS among HR-positive breast cancer patients, particularly with respect to regional LN, bone, and visceral recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Taek Lim
- Division of Breast & Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ye Won Jeon
- Division of Breast & Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hongki Gwak
- Division of Breast & Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Jin Suh
- Division of Breast & Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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Patel JJ, Bourne LE, Thakur S, Farrington K, Gorog DA, Orriss IR, Baydoun AR. 2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid inhibits vascular calcification via induction of glutathione synthesis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2696-2705. [PMID: 32918744 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC), the deposition of hydroxyapatite in the medial layer of the arteries, is a known risk factor for cardiovascular events. Oxidative stress is a known inducer of AMC and endogenous antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), may prevent calcification. GSH synthesis, however, can be limited by cysteine levels. Therefore, we assessed the effects of the cysteine prodrug 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification to ascertain its therapeutic potential. Human aortic VSMCs were cultured in basal or mineralising medium (1 mM calcium chloride/sodium phosphate) and treated with OTC (1-5 mM) for 7 days. Cell-based assays and western blot analysis were performed to assess cell differentiation and function. OTC inhibited calcification ≤90%, which was associated with increased ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activity, and reduced apoptosis. In calcifying cells, OTC downregulated protein expression of osteoblast markers (Runt-related transcription factor 2 and osteopontin), while maintaining expression of VSMC markers (smooth muscle protein 22α and α-smooth muscle actin). GSH levels were significantly reduced by 90% in VSMCs cultured in calcifying conditions, which was associated with declines in expression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and GSH synthetase. Treatment of calcifying cells with OTC blocked the reduction in expression of both enzymes and prevented the decline in GSH. This study shows OTC to be a potent and effective inhibitor of in vitro VSMC calcification. It appears to maintain GSH synthesis which may, in turn, prevent apoptosis and VSMCs gaining osteoblast-like characteristics. These findings may be of clinical relevance and raise the possibility that treatment with OTC could benefit patients susceptible to AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessal J Patel
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Shori Thakur
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Ken Farrington
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Diana A Gorog
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Anwar R Baydoun
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Science, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Guizzardi S, Picotto G, Rodriguez V, Welsh J, Narvaez C, Bohl L, Tolosa de Talamoni N. Combined treatment of menadione and calcitriol increases the antiproliferative effect by promoting oxidative/nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:548-556. [PMID: 32762631 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative action of menadione + calcitriol (MEN+D) on MCF-7 cells. After 24 h, MEN+D inhibited the cell growth but was not observed with each single treatment. The combined drugs reduced the mitochondrial respiration at that time, as judged by an increase in the proton leak and a decrease in the ATP generation and coupling efficiency. At longer times, 48 or 96 h, either D or MEN reduced the proliferation, but the effect was higher when both drugs were used together. The combined treatment increased the superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) and nitric oxide (NO•) contents as well as acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) formation. The percentage of cells showing the lower mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was highly increased by the combined therapy. LC3-II protein expression was enhanced by any treatment. In conclusion, the antiproliferative action of MEN+D involves oxidative/nitrosative stress, mitochondrial alteration, and autophagy. This combined therapy could be useful to treat breast cancer cells because it inhibits multiple oncogenic pathways more effectively than each single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Guizzardi
- Laboratorio "Dr. Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Picotto
- Laboratorio "Dr. Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Rodriguez
- Laboratorio "Dr. Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Narvaez
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Luciana Bohl
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia Villa María (CITVM-CONICET), Universidad Nacional Villa María, Villa María, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Laboratorio "Dr. Cañas", Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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Kohan R, Collin A, Guizzardi S, Tolosa de Talamoni N, Picotto G. Reactive oxygen species in cancer: a paradox between pro- and anti-tumour activities. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 86:1-13. [PMID: 32572519 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a group of heterogeneous diseases that share common features. They involve the existence of altered cellular pathways which result in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Deregulation of production and/or elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be a relevant issue in most of them. ROS have a dual role in cell metabolism: they are compromised in normal cellular homeostasis, but their overproduction has been reported to promote oxidative stress (OS), a process that may induce the damage of cell structures. ROS accumulation is implicated in the activation of signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and metabolic adaptations to tumour growth. One characteristic of cancer cells is the sensitivity to OS, which often results from the combination of high anabolic needs and hypoxic growth conditions. However, there is still no clear evidence about the levels of oxidant species that promote cellular transformation or, otherwise, if OS induction could be adequate as an antitumour therapeutic tool. There is a need for novel therapeutic strategies based on the new knowledge of cancer biology. Targeting oncogenic molecular mechanisms with non-classical agents and/or natural compounds would be beneficial as chemoprevention or new adjuvant therapies. In addition, epigenetics and environment, and particularly dietary factors may influence the development and prevention of cancer. This article will present a revision of the current research about molecular aspects proposed to be involved in the anticancer features of oxidant and antioxidant-based therapies targeting cancer cells, and their participation in the balance of oxidative species and cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Kohan
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biología Celular A, Facultad de Odontología, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Collin
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Solange Guizzardi
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Picotto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNC, INICSA (CONICET-UNC), Pabellón Argentina, 2do Piso, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Vitamin D in Triple-Negative and BRCA1-Deficient Breast Cancer-Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103670. [PMID: 32456160 PMCID: PMC7279503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies show that triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have the lowest vitamin D concentration among all breast cancer types, suggesting that this vitamin may induce a protective effect against TNBC. This effect of the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D), can be attributed to its potential to modulate proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis and is supported by many in vitro and animal studies, but its exact mechanism is poorly known. In a fraction of TNBCs that harbor mutations that cause the loss of function of the DNA repair-associated breast cancer type 1 susceptibility (BRCA1) gene, 1,25(OH)2D may induce protective effects by activating its receptor and inactivating cathepsin L-mediated degradation of tumor protein P53 binding protein 1 (TP53BP1), preventing deficiency in DNA double-strand break repair and contributing to genome stability. Similar effects can be induced by the interaction of 1,25(OH)2D with proteins of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) family. Further studies on TNBC cell lines with exact molecular characteristics and clinical trials with well-defined cases are needed to determine the mechanism of action of vitamin D in TNBC to assess its preventive and therapeutic potential.
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Bohl L, Guizzardi S, Rodríguez V, Hinrichsen L, Rozados V, Cremonezzi D, Tolosa de Talamoni N, Picotto G. Combined calcitriol and menadione reduces experimental murine triple negative breast tumor. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:21-26. [PMID: 28750356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitriol (D) or 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits the growth of several tumor cells including breast cancer cells, by activating cell death pathways. Menadione (MEN), a glutathione-depleting compound, may be used to potentiate the antiproliferative actions of D on cancer cells. We have previously shown in vitro that MEN improved D-induced growth arrest on breast cancer cell lines, inducing oxidative stress and DNA damage via ROS generation. Treatment with MEN+D resulted more effective than D or MEN alone. OBJECTIVE To study the in vivo effect of calcitriol, MEN or their combination on the development of murine transplantable triple negative breast tumor M-406 in its syngeneic host. METHODS Tumor M-406 was inoculated s.c., and when tumors reached the desired size, animals were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving daily i.p. injections of either sterile saline solution (controls, C), MEN, D, or both (MEN+D). Body weight and tumor volume were recorded three times a week. Serum calcium was determined before and at the end of the treatment, at which time tumor samples were obtained for histological examination. RESULTS None of the drugs, alone or in combination, affected mice body weight in the period studied. The combined treatment reduced tumor growth rate (C vs. MEN+D, P<0.05) and the corresponding histological sections exhibited small remaining areas of viable tumor only in the periphery. A concomitant DNA fragmentation was observed in all treated groups and MEN potentiated the calcitriol effect on tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS As previously observed in vitro, treatment with MEN and D delayed tumor growth in vivo more efficiently than the individual drugs, with evident signals of apoptosis induction. Our results propose an alternative protocol to treat triple negative breast cancer, using GSH depleting drugs together with calcitriol, which would allow lower doses of the steroid to maintain the antitumor effect while diminishing its adverse pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Bohl
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Villa María (CONICET-UNVM), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Solange Guizzardi
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucila Hinrichsen
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Viviana Rozados
- Instituto de Genética Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - David Cremonezzi
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nori Tolosa de Talamoni
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Picotto
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Medeiros RCA, Girardi KDCDV, Cardoso FKL, Mietto BDS, Pinto TGDT, Gomez LS, Rodrigues LS, Gandini M, Amaral JJ, Antunes SLG, Corte-Real S, Rosa PS, Pessolani MCV, Nery JADC, Sarno EN, Batista-Silva LR, Sola-Penna M, Oliveira MF, Moraes MO, Lara FA. Subversion of Schwann Cell Glucose Metabolism by Mycobacterium leprae. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21375-21387. [PMID: 27555322 PMCID: PMC5076808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the intracellular etiological agent of leprosy, infects Schwann promoting irreversible physical disabilities and deformities. These cells are responsible for myelination and maintenance of axonal energy metabolism through export of metabolites, such as lactate and pyruvate. In the present work, we observed that infected Schwann cells increase glucose uptake with a concomitant increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, the key enzyme of the oxidative pentose pathway. We also observed a mitochondria shutdown in infected cells and mitochondrial swelling in pure neural leprosy nerves. The classic Warburg effect described in macrophages infected by Mycobacterium avium was not observed in our model, which presented a drastic reduction in lactate generation and release by infected Schwann cells. This effect was followed by a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase isoform M (LDH-M) activity and an increase in cellular protection against hydrogen peroxide insult in a pentose phosphate pathway and GSH-dependent manner. M. leprae infection success was also dependent of the glutathione antioxidant system and its main reducing power source, the pentose pathway, as demonstrated by a 50 and 70% drop in intracellular viability after treatment with the GSH synthesis inhibitor buthionine sulfoximine, and aminonicotinamide (6-ANAM), an inhibitor of G6PDH 6-ANAM, respectively. We concluded that M. leprae could modulate host cell glucose metabolism to increase the cellular reducing power generation, facilitating glutathione regeneration and consequently free-radical control. The impact of this regulation in leprosy neuropathy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Fernandes Oliveira
- the Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2-Phenylethynesulfonamide (PES) uncovers a necrotic process regulated by oxidative stress and p53. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:301-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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