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Wang C, Lu C, Wang J, Liu X, Wei Z, Qin Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Wei B, Lv W, Mu G. Molecular mechanisms regulating glucose metabolism in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds under drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:796. [PMID: 39174961 PMCID: PMC11342610 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abiotic stress seriously affects the growth and yield of crops. It is necessary to search and utilize novel abiotic stress resistant genes for 2.0 breeding programme in quinoa. In this study, the impact of drought stress on glucose metabolism were investigated through transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in quinoa seeds. Candidate drought tolerance genes on glucose metabolism pathway were verified by qRT-PCR combined with yeast expression system. RESULTS From 70 quinoa germplasms, drought tolerant material M059 and drought sensitive material M024 were selected by comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. 7042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were indentified through transcriptomic analyses. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were closely related to carbohydrate metabolic process, phosphorus-containing groups, and intracellular membrane-bounded organelles. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis detected that DEGs were related to pathways involving carbohydrate metabolisms, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Twelve key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), (D-galactose, UDP-glucose, succinate, inositol, D-galactose, D-fructose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-6-phosphate, D-glucose-1-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ribulose-5-phosphate, citric acid and L-malate), and ten key candidate DEGs (CqAGAL2, CqINV, CqFrK7, CqCELB, Cqbg1x, CqFBP, CqALDO, CqPGM, CqIDH3, and CqSDH) involved in drought response were identified. CqSDH, CqAGAL2, and Cqβ-GAL13 were candidate genes that have been validated in both transcriptomics and yeast expression screen system. CONCLUSION These findings provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing glucose metabolism in quinoa seeds under drought stress, providing insights for future research exploring responses to drought stress in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Lu
- The S&T Innovation Service Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Wei
- Institute of Millet Crops, Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals(Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Key Research Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Qin
- The S&T Innovation Service Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Huilong Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Fubao Ecological Technology Co., LTD, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Boxiang Wei
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lv
- The S&T Innovation Service Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
| | - Guojun Mu
- North China State Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources/College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
- The Quinoa Industrial Technology Research Institute of Hebei Province, Zhang Jiakou, 075000, Hebei Province, P. R. China.
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2
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Kil Y, Pichkur EB, Sergeev VR, Zabrodskaya Y, Myasnikov A, Konevega AL, Shtam T, Samygina VR, Rychkov GN. The archaeal highly thermostable GH35 family β-galactosidase DaβGal has a unique seven domain protein fold. FEBS J 2024; 291:3686-3705. [PMID: 38825733 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The most extensively studied β-d-galactosidases (EC3.2.1.23) belonging to four glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 1, 2, 35, and 42 are widely distributed among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. Here, we report a novel GH35 family β-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic Thermoprotei archaeon Desulfurococcus amylolyticus (DaβGal). Unlike fungal monomeric six-domain β-galactosidases, the DaβGal enzyme is a dimer; it has an extra jelly roll domain D7 and three composite domains (D4, D5, and D6) that are formed by the distantly located polypeptide chain regions. The enzyme possesses a high specificity for β-d-galactopyranosides, and its distinguishing feature is the ability to cleave pNP-β-d-fucopyranoside. DaβGal efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose at high temperatures, remains stable and active at 65 °С, and retains activity at 95 °С with a half-life time value equal to 73 min. These properties make archaeal DaβGal a more attractive candidate for biotechnology than the widely used fungal β-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kil
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
| | - Evgeny B Pichkur
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of X-ray Analysis and Synchrotron Radiation, Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir R Sergeev
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
| | - Yana Zabrodskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology of Viruses, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
| | - Andrey L Konevega
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
| | - Tatiana Shtam
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya R Samygina
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of X-ray Analysis and Synchrotron Radiation, Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy N Rychkov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
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3
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Li J, Wang J, Yan Q, Guan L, Yang S, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a novel C-terminally truncated β-galactosidase from Paenibacillus antarcticus with high transglycosylation activity. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00997-4. [PMID: 39004139 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The transgalactosylase activity of β-galactosidases offers a convenient and promising strategy for conversion of lactose into high-value oligosaccharides, such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In this study, we cloned and biochemically characterized a novel C-terminally truncated β-galactosidase (PaBgal2A-D) from Paenibacillus antarcticus with high transglycosylation activity. PaBgal2A-D is a member of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 2. The optimal pH and temperature of PaBgal2A-D were determined to be pH 6.5 and 50°C, respectively. It was relatively stable within pH 5.0-8.0 and up to 50°C. PaBgal2A-D showed high transglycosylation activity for GOS synthesis, and the maximum yield of 50.8% (wt/wt) was obtained in 2 h. Moreover, PaBgal2A-D could synthesize lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) using lactose and lacto-N-triose II (LNT2), with a conversion rate of 16.4%. This study demonstrated that PaBgal2A-D could be a promising tool to prepare GOS and LNnT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Leying Guan
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of China National Light Industry and Food Bioengineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China.
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4
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Gourlay LJ, Mangiagalli M, Moroni E, Lotti M, Nardini M. Structural determinants of cold activity and glucose tolerance of a family 1 glycoside hydrolase (GH1) from Antarctic Marinomonas sp. ef1. FEBS J 2024; 291:2897-2917. [PMID: 38400529 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Cold-active enzymes support life at low temperatures due to their ability to maintain high activity in the cold and can be useful in several biotechnological applications. Although information on the mechanisms of enzyme cold adaptation is still too limited to devise general rules, it appears that very diverse structural and functional changes are exploited in different protein families and within the same family. In this context, we studied the cold adaptation mechanism and the functional properties of a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) from the Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas sp. ef1. This enzyme exhibits all typical functional hallmarks of cold adaptation, including high catalytic activity at 5 °C, broad substrate specificity, low thermal stability, and higher lability of the active site compared to the overall structure. Analysis of the here-reported crystal structure (1.8 Å resolution) and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that cold activity and thermolability may be due to a flexible region around the active site (residues 298-331), whereas the dynamic behavior of loops flanking the active site (residues 47-61 and 407-413) may favor enzyme-substrate interactions at the optimal temperature of catalysis (Topt) by tethering together protein regions lining the active site. Stapling of the N-terminus onto the surface of the β-barrel is suggested to partly counterbalance protein flexibility, thus providing a stabilizing effect. The tolerance of the enzyme to glucose and galactose is accounted for by the presence of a "gatekeeping" hydrophobic residue (Leu178), located at the entrance of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Mangiagalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moroni
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, SCITE-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Lotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Marco Nardini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Italy
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5
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Lutz-Wahl S, Mozer H, Kussler A, Schulz A, Seitl I, Fischer L. A new β-galactosidase from Paenibacillus wynnii with potential for industrial applications. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3429-3442. [PMID: 38246536 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Commercial β-galactosidases exhibit undesirable kinetic properties regarding substrate affinity (Michaelis-Menten constant [KM] for lactose) and product inhibition (inhibitor constant [Ki] for galactose). An in silico screening of gene sequences was done and identified a putative β-galactosidase (Paenibacillus wynnii β-galactosidase, BgaPw) from the psychrophilic bacterium Paenibacillus wynnii. The cultivation of the wild-type P. wynnii strain resulted in very low β-galactosidase activities of a maximum of 150 nkat per liter of medium with o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (oNPGal) as substrate. The recombinant production of BgaPw in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) increased the yield ∼9,000-fold. Here, a volumetric activity of 1,350.18 ± 11.82 μkatoNPGal/Lculture was achieved in a bioreactor cultivation. The partly purified BgaPw showed a pH optimum at 7.0, a temperature maximum at 40°C, and an excellent stability at 8°C with a half-life of 77 d. Kinetic studies with BgaPw were done in milk or in milk-imitating synthetic buffer (Novo buffer), respectively. Remarkably, the KM value of BgaPw with lactose was as low as 0.63 ± 0.045 mM in milk. It was found that the resulting products of lactose hydrolysis, namely galactose and glucose, did not inhibit the β-galactosidase activity of BgaPw, but instead showed a striking activating effect in both cases (up to 144%). In a comparison study in milk, lactose was completely hydrolyzed by BgaPw in 72 h at 8°C, whereas 2 other known β-galactosidases were less powerful and converted only about 90% of lactose in the same time. Finally, the formation of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) was demonstrated with the new BgaPw, starting with pharma-lactose (400 g/L). A GOS production of about 144 g/L was achieved after 24 h (36.0% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lutz-Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Hanna Mozer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alena Kussler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adriana Schulz
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ines Seitl
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute for Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Tong Y, Lu X, Shen D, Rao L, Zou L, Lyu S, Hou L, Sun G, Chen L. Identification and characterization of emGalaseE, a β-1,4 galactosidase from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, and its application on living cell surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131766. [PMID: 38657932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The biological function of terminal galactose on glycoprotein is an open field of research. Although progress had being made on enzymes that can remove the terminal galactose on glycoproteins, there is a lack of report on galactosidases that can work directly on living cells. In this study, a unique beta 1,4 galactosidase was isolated from Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (Em). It exhibited favorable stability at various temperatures (4-37 °C) and pH (5-8) levels and can remove β-1, 4 linked galactoses directly from glycoproteins. Using Alanine scanning, we found that two acidic residues (Glu-468, and Glu-531) in the predicted active pocket are critical for galactosidase activity. In addition, we also demonstrated that it could cleave galactose residues present on living cell surface. As this enzyme has a potential application for living cell glycan editing, we named it emGalaseE or glycan-editing galactosidase I (csgeGalaseI). In summary, our findings lay the groundwork for further investigation by presenting a simple and effective approach for the removal of galactose moieties from cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Tong
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xinrong Lu
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Danfeng Shen
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Rao
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shaoxian Lyu
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Linlin Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guiqin Sun
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Dept. of Medical Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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7
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Li L, Jia F, Li Y, Peng Y. Design strategies and biological applications of β-galactosidase fluorescent sensor in ovarian cancer research and beyond. RSC Adv 2024; 14:3010-3023. [PMID: 38239445 PMCID: PMC10795002 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07968f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Beta-galactosidase (β-galactosidase), a lysosomal hydrolytic enzyme, plays a critical role in the catalytic hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds, leading to the conversion of lactose into galactose. This hydrolytic enzyme is used as a biomarker in various applications, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), gene expression studies, tuberculosis classification, and in situ hybridization. β-Galactosidase abnormalities are linked to various diseases, such as ganglioside deposition, primary ovarian cancer, and cell senescence. Thus, effective detection of β-galactosidase activity may aid disease diagnoses and treatment. Activatable optical probes with high sensitivity, specificity, and spatiotemporal resolution imaging capabilities have become powerful tools for visualization and real time tracking in vivo in the past decade. This manuscript reviews the sensing mechanism, molecular design strategies, and advances of fluorescence probes in the biological application of β-galactosidase, particularly in the field of ovarian cancer research. Current challenges in tracking β-galactosidase and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Jia
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiu Li
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Guangzhou 518000 People's Republic of China
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8
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Beal MA, Meier MJ, Dykes A, Yauk CL, Lambert IB, Marchetti F. The functional mutational landscape of the lacZ gene. iScience 2023; 26:108407. [PMID: 38058303 PMCID: PMC10696112 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lacZ gene of Escherichia coli encodes β-galactosidase (β-gal), a lactose metabolism enzyme of the lactose operon. Previous chemical modification or site-directed mutagenesis experiments have identified 21 amino acids that are essential for β-gal catalytic activity. We have assembled over 10,000 lacZ mutations from published studies that were collected using a positive selection assay to identify mutations in lacZ that disrupted β-gal function. We analyzed 6,465 independent lacZ mutations that resulted in 2,732 missense mutations that impaired β-gal function. Those mutations affected 492 of the 1,023 lacZ codons, including most of the 21 previously known residues critical for catalytic activity. Most missense mutations occurred near the catalytic site and in regions important for subunit tetramerization. Overall, our work provides a comprehensive and detailed map of the amino acid residues affecting the structure and catalytic activity of the β-gal enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Beal
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Angela Dykes
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Iain B. Lambert
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Li L, Zhou L, Liu X, Gong J, Xiao G. Physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of low-lactose yogurt using Streptococcus thermophilus with high β-galactosidase activity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7374-7380. [PMID: 37427487 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactose maldigestion or intolerance affects a large number of individuals worldwide. If lactose is hydrolyzed by the β-galactosidase enzyme during the fermentation process, lactose-intolerant individuals can consume milk products without experiencing diarrhea, flatulence, or other symptoms. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We isolated and characterized Streptococcus thermophilus, which exhibits high β-galactosidase activity. This was then used as a starter culture with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in yogurt to determine the effects of different starter ratios and fermentation temperatures on its organoleptic and physical properties. The β-galactosidase activity of the isolated strain was 2.60 units mg-1 . The optimal temperature was 42 °C for St. thermophilus to acidify yogurt faster than at other temperatures and it was effective in hydrolyzing the lactose in the media and yogurt. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population in 37 °C fermented yogurt was higher than in the other samples, but the starters St. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus with a ratio of 2:1 used lactose more effectively than other sample ratios. The lactose content decreased significantly at 37 °C, where it was ~50% hydrolyzed. The acceptability of the sensory properties of yogurt was unaffected by relative lower fermentation temperatures (30 and 37 °C), despite using different ratios of St. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus as starter cultures. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gong
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gongnian Xiao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Coelho RJS, Gabardo S, Marim AVC, Bolognesi LS, Pimentel Filho NJ, Ayub MAZ. Porungo cheese whey: a new substrate to produce β-galactosidase. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20200483. [PMID: 37991101 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320200483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioconversion of porungo cheese whey to produce β-galactosidase in batch system was studied. The whey released after curd cutting and precipitation during porungo cheese production was collected in borosilicate flasks. Two strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus, CCT 4086 and CBS 6556, and whey supplementation with different nitrogen sources were evaluated. Different temperatures (30 °C and 37 °C) and pH values (5.0 to 7.0) were investigated to establish the best conditions for enzyme production. The highest enzymatic activity was obtained by K. marxianus CCT 4086 in porungo cheese whey supplemented with yeast extract (16.73 U mL-1). K. marxianus CCT 4086 produced superior β-galactosidase activity when compared to CBS 6556 for all media tested (ranging from 11.69 to 14.40 U mL-1). Highest β-galactosidase activity was reached under conditions of pH 7.0 and 30 °C using K. marxianus CCT 4086 in the better media composition. The lowest enzymatic activity was observed at 37 °C for all pH values tested (10.69 U mL-1 to 13.94 U mL-1) and a highest β-galactosidase activity was reached in pH 7.0 for both two temperatures (11.42 to 15.93 U mL-1). Porungo cheese whey shows potential for industrial β-galactosidase production by microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela J S Coelho
- Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Natural Sciences, Rodovia Lauri Simões de Barros, Km 12, 18245-970 Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Gabardo
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Rural Socioeconomics, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, 13600-970 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vitória C Marim
- Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Rural Socioeconomics, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, 13600-970 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais S Bolognesi
- Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Natural Sciences, Rodovia Lauri Simões de Barros, Km 12, 18245-970 Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Natan J Pimentel Filho
- Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Natural Sciences, Rodovia Lauri Simões de Barros, Km 12, 18245-970 Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Z Ayub
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Biotechnology & Biochemical Engineering Laboratory (BiotecLab), Food Science and Technology Institute, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Cui J, Wang Y, Zhou A, He S, Mao Z, Cao T, Wang N, Yuan Y. Cloning, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of a Novel β-Galactosidase/α-L-Arabinopyranosidase from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. Molecules 2023; 28:7464. [PMID: 38005185 PMCID: PMC10673005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosidases are essential for the industrial production of functional oligosaccharides and many biotech applications. A novel β-galactosidase/α-L-arabinopyranosidase (PpBGal42A) of the glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1 was identified and functionally characterized. Using pNPG as a substrate, the recombinant PpBGal42A (77.16 kD) was shown to have an optimal temperature and pH of 30 °C and 6.0. Using pNPαArap as a substrate, the optimal temperature and pH were 40 °C and 7.0. PpBGal42A has good temperature and pH stability. Furthermore, Na+, K+, Li+, and Ca2+ (5 mmol/L) enhanced the enzymatic activity, whereas Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Hg2+ significantly reduced the enzymatic activity. PpBGal42A hydrolyzed pNP-β-D-galactoside and pNP-α-L-arabinopyranoside. PpBGal42A liberated galactose from β-1,3/4/6-galactobiose and galactan. PpBGal42A hydrolyzed arabinopyranose at C20 of ginsenoside Rb2, but could not cleave arabinofuranose at C20 of ginsenoside Rc. Meanwhile, the molecular docking results revealed that PpBGal42A efficiently recognized and catalyzed lactose. PpBGal42A hydrolyzes lactose to galactose and glucose. PpBGal42A exhibits significant degradative activity towards citrus pectin when combined with pectinase. Our findings suggest that PpBGal42A is a novel bifunctional enzyme that is active as a β-galactosidase and α-L-arabinopyranosidase. This study expands on the diversity of bifunctional enzymes and provides a potentially effective tool for the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Institute of Innovation Science & Technology, Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130031, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Yibing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Andong Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Shuhui He
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Zihan Mao
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Ting Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Nan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Ye Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; (Y.W.); (A.Z.); (S.H.); (Z.M.); (N.W.)
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Thoma J, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. Expression and Characterization of a β-Galactosidase from the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and Evaluation of Strategies for Testing Substrate Specificity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15287. [PMID: 37894966 PMCID: PMC10607238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) are exoglycosidases that catalyze the cleavage of glycoconjugates with terminal β-D-galactose residues in β1,3-, β1,4- or β1,6-linkage. Although this family of exoglycosidases has been extensively studied in vertebrates, plants, yeast, and bacteria, little information is available for mollusks. Mollusks are a diverse and highly successful group of animals that play many different roles in their ecosystems, including filter feeders and detritivores. Here, the first β-galactosidase from the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas was discovered, biochemically characterized, and compared to our previously characterized slug enzyme from Arion vulgaris (UniProt Ref. Nr.: A0A0B7AQJ9). Overall, the mussel enzyme showed similar biochemical parameters to the snail enzyme. The enzyme from C. gigas was most active in an acidic environment (pH 3.5) and at a reaction temperature of 50 °C. Optimal storage conditions were up to 37 °C. In contrast to the enzyme from A. vulgaris, the supplementation of cations (Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Ba2+) increased the activity of the enzyme from C. gigas. Substrate specificity studies of the β-galactosidases from the mussel, C. gigas, and the slug, A. vulgaris, revealed activity towards terminal β1,3- and β1,4-linked galactose residues for both enzymes. Using the same substrates in labeled and unlabeled form, we were able to detect the effect of labeling on the β-galactosidase activity using MALDI-TOF MS, HPTLC, and HPLC. While lactose was cleaved by the enzymes in an unlabeled or labeled state, galacto-N-biose was not cleaved as soon as a 2-amino benzoic acid label was added. In this study we present the biochemical characterization of the first recombinantly expressed β-galactosidase from the Pacific oyster, C. gigas, and we compare different analytical methods for the determination of β-galactosidase activity using the enzyme from C. gigas and A. vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Thoma
- Department of Chemistry (DCH), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology (DBT), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry (DCH), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
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13
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Amin AA, Olama ZA, Ali SM. Characterization of an isolated lactase enzyme produced by Bacillus licheniformis ALSZ2 as a potential pharmaceutical supplement for lactose intolerance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1180463. [PMID: 37779717 PMCID: PMC10535568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1180463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lactose intolerance is a widespread problem that affects people of many different races all over the world. The following pharmacological supplements can improve the lives of those who suffer from this issue. Methods This work focused on lactase producer isolation and statistical design (Plackett-Burman, and BOX-Behnken) to maximize the effectiveness of environmental factors. A lactase-producing bacterium was chosen from a discovery of 100 strains in soil that had previously been polluted with dairy products. Plackett-Burman investigated fifteen variables. Results The most critical variables that lead to increased lactase synthesis are glucose, peptone, and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). The ideal process conditions for the creation of lactase yield among the stated variables were then determined using a BOX-Benken design. To establish a polynomial quadratic relationship between the three variables and lactase activity, the Box-Behnken design level was used. The EXCEL-solver nonlinear optimization technique was used to predict the best form for lactase production. The ideal temperature and pH levels have been determined, both before and after the lactase purification process, to achieve the highest performance of isolated lactase. Conclusion According to this study, Bacillus licheniformis is a perfect supply of the lactase enzyme (β -Galactosidase), It can be used as a product to assist people who have health issues due to lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Amin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zakia A. Olama
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa M. Ali
- Nucleic Acid Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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14
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Kalathinathan P, Sain A, Pulicherla K, Kodiveri Muthukaliannan G. A Review on the Various Sources of β-Galactosidase and Its Lactose Hydrolysis Property. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:122. [PMID: 36862237 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that possesses both hydrolytic and transgalactosylation properties and has several benefits and advantages in the food and dairy industries. The catalytic process of β-galactosidase involves the transfer of a sugar residue from a glycosyl donor to an acceptor via a double-displacement mechanism. Hydrolysis prevails when water acts as an acceptor, resulting in the production of lactose-free products. Transgalactosylation prevails when lactose acts as an acceptor, resulting in the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides. β-Galactosidase is also obtained from many sources including bacteria, yeast, fungi, plants, and animals. However, depending on the origin of the β-galactosidase, the monomer composition and their bonds may differ, thereby influencing their properties and prebiotic efficacy. Thus, the increasing demand for prebiotics in the food industry and the search for new oligosaccharides have compelled researchers to search for novel sources of β-galactosidase with diverse properties. In this review, we discuss the properties, catalytic mechanisms, various sources and lactose hydrolysis properties of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kalathinathan
- School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Avtar Sain
- Centre for Bio-Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Characterization of putative mannoprotein in Kluyveromyces lactis for lactase production. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:168-175. [PMID: 36733311 PMCID: PMC9880975 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactase is a member of the β-galactosidase family of enzymes that can hydrolyze lactose into galactose and glucose. However, extracellular lactase production was still restricted to the process of cell lysis. In this study, lactase-producing Kluyveromyces lactis JNXR-2101 was obtained using a rapid and sensitive method based on the fluorescent substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-d-galactopyranoside. The purified enzyme was identified as a neutral lactase with an optimum pH of 9. To facilitate extracellular production of lactase, a putative mannoprotein KLLA0_E01057g of K. lactis was knocked out. It could effectively promote cell wall degradation and lactase production after lyticase treatment, which showed potential on other extracellular enzyme preparation. After optimizing the fermentation conditions, the lactase yield from mannoprotein-deficient K. lactis JNXR-2101ΔE01057g reached 159.62 U/mL in a 5-L fed-batch bioreactor.
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16
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Videira-Quintela D, Guillén F, Prazeres SF, Montalvo G. Immobilization of Kluyveromyces lactis β-Galactosidase on Meso-macroporous Silica: Use of Infrared Spectroscopy to Rationalize the Catalytic Efficiency. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200340. [PMID: 36515233 PMCID: PMC10369856 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization on adequate carriers is a challenging strategy. Understanding the enzyme-carrier interactions and their effects on enzyme conformation and bioactivity is critical. In this study, a meso-macropores silica (MMS) was used to immobilize β-galactosidase from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (β-gal-KL) by physical adsorption. The bioactivity of the immobilized β-gal-KL was altered, evidenced by the increased Km , decreased Vmax and kcat , and increased activity at alkaline values. By performing infrared spectroscopy analysis and subsequent secondary structure assessment from the amide I band, the immobilized β-gal-KL suffered a β-sheet (∼31-35 %) to α-helix (∼15-19 %) transition with increased turns (∼21-22 %) with respect to the free β-gal-KL having ∼12 % α-helix, ∼42 % β-sheet, and ∼17 % turns. These findings led us to correlate the observed bioactivity performance to structural alterations to a non-native conformation. The presented line of thought can lead to a better understanding of the reasons causing bioactivity alterations upon enzyme immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Videira-Quintela
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guillén
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofia F Prazeres
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Montalvo
- Facultad de Farmacia, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá, Libreros 27, 28801, Madrid, Spain
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Application of Lactose-Free Whey Protein to Greek Yogurts: Potential Health Benefits and Impact on Rheological Aspects and Sensory Attributes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11233861. [PMID: 36496669 PMCID: PMC9737567 DOI: 10.3390/foods11233861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of β-galactosidase in the fermentation of milk enables the acquirement of lower levels of lactose that are tolerated by lactose maldigesters and can reduce the nutritional consequences of avoiding dairy products. The present study evaluated the viability of the fortification of lactose-free prebiotic Greek yogurt formulas with whey protein concentrate (WPC). Two rotational central composite designs (RCCDs) were applied: one to perform the hydrolysis of the whey protein concentrate and another for the yogurt formulations (α = 2 with 2 central points and 4 axial points). Two β-galactosidase enzymes obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis were used. The content of lactose, glucose, galactose, and lactic acid were determined in the WPC, milk (pasteurized and powdered), and yogurts. The three best formulations regarding the attributes’ viscosity, syneresis, firmness, and elasticity were sensorially evaluated by using a nine-point hedonic scale. A microbiological analysis was performed after 48 h of yogurt production. The characterization of the products and the comparison of the results obtained were evaluated using the Student’s T test and the analysis of variance with Tukey’s test (p-values < 0.05). The application of a lactose-free WPC promoted viscosity, firmness, and elasticity. The syneresis was reduced, and whey increased the protein and calcium content. Lactose-free WPC can be used as a partial substitute for skimmed powdered milk in yogurts. The obtained results are encouraging with respect to the production of lactose-free Greek yogurts by the dairy industry.
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A Review on Psychrophilic β-D-Galactosidases and Their Potential Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2743-2766. [PMID: 36422804 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the Earth's ecosystem is frigid and frozen, which permits a vast range of microbial life forms to thrive by triggering physiological responses that allow them to survive in cold and frozen settings. The apparent biotechnology value of these cold-adapted enzymes has been targeted. Enzymes' market size was around USD 6.3 billion in 2017 and will witness growth at around 6.8% CAGR up to 2024 owing to shifting consumer preferences towards packaged and processed foods due to the rising awareness pertaining to food safety and security reported by Global Market Insights (Report ID-GMI 743). Various firms are looking for innovative psychrophilic enzymes in order to construct more effective biochemical pathways with shorter reaction times, use less energy, and are ecologically acceptable. D-Galactosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosidic oxygen link between the terminal non-reducing D-galactoside unit and the glycoside molecule. At refrigerated temperature, the stable structure of psychrophile enzymes adjusts for the reduced kinetic energy. It may be beneficial in a wide variety of activities such as pasteurization of food, conversion of biomass, biological role of biomolecules, ambient biosensors, and phytoremediation. Recently, psychrophile enzymes are also used in claning the contact lens. β-D-Galactosidases have been identified and extracted from yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and plants. Conventional (hydrolyzing activity) and nonconventional (non-hydrolytic activity) applications are available for these enzymes due to its transgalactosylation activity which produce high value-added oligosaccharides. This review content will offer new perspectives on cold-active β-galactosidases, their source, structure, stability, and application.
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Thoma J, Stenitzer D, Grabherr R, Staudacher E. Identification, Characterization, and Expression of a β-Galactosidase from Arion Species (Mollusca). Biomolecules 2022; 12:1578. [PMID: 36358928 PMCID: PMC9687990 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases (β-Gal, EC 3.2.1.23) catalyze the cleavage of terminal non-reducing β-D-galactose residues or transglycosylation reactions yielding galacto-oligosaccharides. In this study, we present the isolation and characterization of a β-galactosidase from Arion lusitanicus, and based on this, the cloning and expression of a putative β-galactosidase from Arion vulgaris (A0A0B7AQJ9) in Sf9 cells. The entire gene codes for a protein consisting of 661 amino acids, comprising a putative signal peptide and an active domain. Specificity studies show exo- and endo-cleavage activity for galactose β1,4-linkages. Both enzymes, the recombinant from A. vulgaris and the native from A. lusitanicus, display similar biochemical parameters. Both β-galactosidases are most active in acidic environments ranging from pH 3.5 to 4.5, and do not depend on metal ions. The ideal reaction temperature is 50 °C. Long-term storage is possible up to +4 °C for the A. vulgaris enzyme, and up to +20 °C for the A. lusitanicus enzyme. This is the first report of the expression and characterization of a mollusk exoglycosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Thoma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Stenitzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Staudacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgassse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Enhanced thermal stability of the β-galactosidase BgaB from Bacillus circulans by cyclization mediated via SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction and its use in galacto-oligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2341-2352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Oparaji EH, Ezugwu AL, Ezike TC, Eze SOO, Chilaka FC. Production of β-galactosidase from a Lactobacillus species. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Singh RV, Sambyal K. β-galactosidase as an industrial enzyme: production and potential. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vang JY, Breceda C, Her C, Krishnan VV. Enzyme kinetics by real-time quantitative NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy with progress curve analysis. Anal Biochem 2022; 658:114919. [PMID: 36154835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes how the experimental data obtained using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy can be combined with progress curve analysis to determine enzyme kinetic parameters. The qNMR approach enables following the enzymatic conversion of the substrate to the product in real-time by a continuous collection of spectra. The Lambert-W function, a closed-form solution to the time-dependent substrate/product kinetics of the rate equation, can estimate the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM.) and the maximum velocity (Vmax) from a single experiment. This article highlights how the qNMR data is well suited for analysis using the Lambert-W function with three different applications. Results from studies on acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine to acetic acid and choline), β-Galactosidase (lactose to glucose and galactose), and invertase (sucrose to glucose and fructose) are presented. Furthermore, an additional example of how the progress curve analysis is applied to understand the inhibitory role of the artificial sweetener sucralose on sucrose's enzymatic conversion by invertase is discussed. With the wide availability of NMR spectrometers in academia and industries, including bench-top systems with permanent magnets, and the potential to enhance sensitivity using dynamic nuclear polarization in combination with ultrafast methods, the NMR-based enzyme kinetics could be considered a valuable tool for broader applications in the field of enzyme kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y Vang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - Candido Breceda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - Cheenou Her
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA
| | - V V Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, 93740, USA; Department of Medical Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Identification, kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of novel β-galactosidase from Convolvulus arvensis seeds: An efficient agent for delactosed milk activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:1545-1555. [PMID: 36113598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The β-galactosidase was extracted and purified from 100 g of C. arvensis seeds using a variety of protein purification procedures such as ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration, and finally chromatography on a cationic ion exchanger. The effects of metal ions, kinetics parameters, and glycoprotein nature were determined, as well as the optimal pH and temperature of the purified enzyme. With a high specific activity (72 units/mg), β-galactosidase was isolated to a 24-fold apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular mass of β-galactosidase was determined as monomeric, which was further confirmed by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS analysis, with a 45 kDa molecular weight. The enzyme has a Km of 0.33 mM and a Vmax of 42 μmol/min Lactose in milk was reduced by 38.5 and 70 % after 4 h of incubation with β-galactosidase from C. arvensis. The β-galactosidase thermal inactivation kinetic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were calculated, indicating that the enzyme undergoes significant unfolding events during denaturation. Using β-galactosidase from C. arvensis seeds, lactose hydrolysis in milk up to approx. 50 % was observed. The findings indicate the potential use of C. arvensis seeds for the production of low/delactosed milk for lactose-intolerant population.
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Marco-Dufort B, Janczy JR, Hu T, Lütolf M, Gatti F, Wolf M, Woods A, Tetter S, Sridhar BV, Tibbitt MW. Thermal stabilization of diverse biologics using reversible hydrogels. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0502. [PMID: 35930644 PMCID: PMC9355364 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving the thermal stability of biologics, including vaccines, is critical to reduce the economic costs and health risks associated with the cold chain. Here, we designed a versatile, safe, and easy-to-use reversible PEG-based hydrogel platform formed via dynamic covalent boronic ester cross-linking for the encapsulation, stabilization, and on-demand release of biologics. Using these reversible hydrogels, we thermally stabilized a wide range of biologics up to 65°C, including model enzymes, heat-sensitive clinical diagnostic enzymes (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase I), protein-based vaccines (H5N1 hemagglutinin), and whole viruses (adenovirus type 5). Our data support a generalized protection mechanism for the thermal stabilization of diverse biologics using direct encapsulation in reversible hydrogels. Furthermore, preliminary toxicology data suggest that the components of our hydrogel are safe for in vivo use. Our reversible hydrogel platform offers a simple material solution to mitigate the costs and risks associated with reliance on a continuous cold chain for biologic transport and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marco-Dufort
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tianjing Hu
- Nanoly Bioscience Inc., Denver, CO 80231, USA
| | - Marco Lütolf
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Gatti
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Morris Wolf
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Woods
- Nanoly Bioscience Inc., Denver, CO 80231, USA
| | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark W. Tibbitt
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Carvalho FM, Azevedo A, Ferreira MM, Mergulhão FJM, Gomes LC. Advances on Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms for the Production of Added-Value Compounds. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081126. [PMID: 36009752 PMCID: PMC9405441 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The production of bio-based materials, including organic acids, antibiotics, enzymes, ethanol, and hydrogen, is generally done by the cultivation of suspended cells rather than using immobilized cells. However, several studies suggest the application of productive biofilms as a reliable alternative for biocatalysis, with many advantages over suspended-growth systems. This review gives an overview of the breakthrough in the application of biofilm platforms for the sustainable production of valuable compounds, with particular insight into the latest advances in the production of recombinant proteins. Productive biofilms are shown to improve production rates and product yields, demonstrating great potential for industrial applications. Abstract In recent years, abundant research has been performed on biofilms for the production of compounds with biotechnological and industrial relevance. The use of biofilm platforms has been seen as a compelling approach to producing fine and bulk chemicals such as organic acids, alcohols, and solvents. However, the production of recombinant proteins using this system is still scarce. Biofilm reactors are known to have higher biomass density, operational stability, and potential for long-term operation than suspended cell reactors. In addition, there is an increasing demand to harness industrial and agricultural wastes and biorefinery residues to improve process sustainability and reduce production costs. The synthesis of recombinant proteins and other high-value compounds is mainly achieved using suspended cultures of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi. This review discusses the use of biofilm reactors for the production of recombinant proteins and other added-value compounds using bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M. Carvalho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta M. Ferreira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. M. Mergulhão
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana C. Gomes
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (A.A.); (M.M.F.); (F.J.M.M.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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A novel salt-tolerant GH42 β-galactosidase with transglycosylation activity from deep-sea metagenome. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:154. [PMID: 35796808 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase is a widely adopted enzyme in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Metagenome techniques have the advantage of discovering novel functional genes, particularly potential genes from uncultivated microbes. In this study, a novel GH42 β-galactosidase isolated from a deep-sea metagenome was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified by affinity chromatography. The optimal temperatures and pH of the enzyme for o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (oNPG) and lactose were 40 ℃, 6.5 and 50 ℃, 7, respectively. The enzyme was stable at temperatures between 4 and 30 ℃ and within the pH range of 6-9. Moreover, it was highly tolerant to salt and inhibited by Zn2+ and Cu2+. The kinetic values of Km and kcat of the enzyme against oNPG were 1.1 mM and 57.8 s-1, respectively. Furthermore, it showed hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity to lactose and the extra monosaccharides could improve the productivity of oligosaccharides. Overall, this recombinant β-galactosidase is a potential biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of milk lactose and synthesis of functional oligosaccharides.
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Mohammadi ZB, Zhang F, Kharazmi MS, Jafari SM. Nano-biocatalysts for food applications; immobilized enzymes within different nanostructures. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11351-11369. [PMID: 35758266 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2092719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The rapid progress in modern technologies and paying more attention to food safety has prompted new green technologies superior than chemical methods in the food industry. In this regard, enzymes can decrease the usage of chemical reactions but they are sensitive to environmental effects (pH and temperature). In addition, enzymes are scarcely possible to be reused. Consequently, their application as natural catalysts is restricted. Using nanotechnology and the possibility of enzyme immobilization on nanomaterials has led to nanobiocatalysts, resulting from the integration of nanotechnology and biotechnology. Nanocarriers have individual features like nanoscale size, excellent surface/volume ratio, and diversity in construction to improve the activity, efficiency, stability, and storage stability of enzymes. Nanobiocatolysts have a wide range of applications in purification, extraction, clarification, production, and packaging of various products in the food industry. Furthermore, the application of nanobiocatalysts to identify specific components of food contaminants such as microorganisms or their metabolites, heavy metals, antibiotics, and residual pesticides has been successful due to the high accuracy of detection. This review investigates the integration of nanotechnology and food enzymes, the nanomaterials used to create nanobiocatalysts and their application, along with the possible risks and legal aspects of nanomaterials in food bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Beig Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fuyuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Faculty of Food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Wang L, Li C, Wang X, Wang G, Shang S, Dou Z, Luo Y. Gut Lignocellulose Activity and Microbiota in Asian Longhorned Beetle and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899865. [PMID: 35615502 PMCID: PMC9124977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle) is a wood-boring pest that can inhabit a wide range of healthy deciduous host trees in native and invaded areas. The gut microbiota plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients for the growth and development of A. glabripennis larvae. Herein, we investigated the larval gut structure and studied the lignocellulose activity and microbial communities of the larval gut following feeding on different host trees. The larval gut was divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, of which the midgut is the longest, forming a single loop under itself. Microbial community composition and lignocellulose activity in larval gut extracts were correlated with host tree species. A. glabripennis larvae fed on the preferred host (Populus gansuensis) had higher lignocellulose activity and microbial diversity than larvae reared on either a secondary host (Salix babylonica) or a resistant host (Populus alba var. pyramidalis). Wolbachia was the most dominant bacteria in the gut of larvae fed on S. babylonica and P. alba var. pyramidalis, while Enterococcus and Gibbsiella were the most dominant in larvae fed on P. gansuensis, followed by Wolbachia. The lignocellulose-degrading fungus Fusarium solani was dominant in the larval gut fed on different host trees. Functional predictions of microbial communities in the larval gut fed on different resistant host trees suggested that they all play a role in degrading lignocellulose, detoxification, and fixing nitrogen, which likely contribute to the ability of these larvae to thrive in a broad range of host tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lixiang Wang,
| | - Chunchun Li
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gaijin Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Suqin Shang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Dou
- Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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30
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Liu Y, Teng L, Yin B, Meng H, Yin X, Huan S, Song G, Zhang XB. Chemical Design of Activatable Photoacoustic Probes for Precise Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6850-6918. [PMID: 35234464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging technology, a three-dimensional hybrid imaging modality that integrates the advantage of optical and acoustic imaging, has great application prospects in molecular imaging due to its high imaging depth and resolution. To endow PA imaging with the ability for real-time molecular visualization and precise biomedical diagnosis, numerous activatable molecular PA probes which can specifically alter their PA intensities upon reacting with the targets or biological events of interest have been developed. This review highlights the recent developments of activatable PA probes for precise biomedical applications including molecular detection of the biotargets and imaging of the biological events. First, the generation mechanism of PA signals will be given, followed by a brief introduction to contrast agents used for PA probe design. Then we will particularly summarize the general design principles for the alteration of PA signals and activatable strategies for developing precise PA probes. Furthermore, we will give a detailed discussion of activatable PA probes in molecular detection and biomedical imaging applications in living systems. At last, the current challenges and outlooks of future PA probes will be discussed. We hope that this review will stimulate new ideas to explore the potentials of activatable PA probes for precise biomedical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Lili Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Baoli Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Meng
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
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31
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Almutairi FM, Monier M, Alatawi RA, Alhawiti AS, Al-Rasheed HH, Almutairi TM, Elsayed NH. Synthesis of photo-crosslinkable hydrogel membranes for entrapment of lactase enzyme. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Chiavelli LUR, Galuch MB, Senes CER, Maia LC, Lopes TAM, Rufato KB, Santos OO, Visentainer JV. Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Method and Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation for Lactose Quantification in Lactose-Free and Regular UHT Milk. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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VOGET C, BORRAJO A, PEDRAZZI C. Lactose hydrolysis in milk using a commercial recombinant β-galactosidase (lactase) from Bifidobacterium bifidum. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.27622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Zhao JC, Mu YL, Gu XY, Xu XN, Guo TT, Kong J. Site-directed mutation of β-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus for galactooligosaccharide-enriched yogurt making. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:940-949. [PMID: 34955252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase is one of the most important enzymes used in dairy processing. It converts lactose into glucose and galactose, and also catalyzes galactose to form galactooligosaccharides (GOS), so-called prebiotics. However, most of the β-galactosidases from the starter cultures have low transgalactosylation activities, the process that results in galactose accumulation in yogurt. Here, a site-directed mutation strategy was attempted, to genetically modify β-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus. Out of 28 Strep. thermophilus strains, a β-galactosidase gene named bgaQ, encoded for high β-galactosidase hydrolysis activity (BgaQ), was cloned from the strain Strep. thermophilus SDMCC050237. It was 3,081 bp in size, with 1,027 deduced amino acid residuals, which belonged to the GH2 family. After replacing the Tyr801 and Pro802 around the active sites of BgaQ with His801 and Gly802, the GOS synthesis of the generated mutant protein BgaQ-8012 increased from 20.5% to 26.7% at 5% lactose, and no hydrolysis activity altered obviously. Subsequently, the purified BgaQ or BgaQ-8012 was added to sterilized milk inoculated with 2 starters from Strep. thermophilus SDMCC050237 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus ATCC11842. The GOS yields with added BgaQ or BgaQ-8012 rose to 5.8 and 8.3 g/L, respectively, compared with a yield of 3.7 g/L without enzymes added. Meanwhile, the addition of the BgaQ or BgaQ-8012 reduced the lactose content by 49.3% and 54.4% in the fermented yogurt and shortened the curd time. Therefore, this study provided a site-directed mutation strategy for improvement of the transgalactosylation activity of β-galactosidase from Strep. thermophilus for GOS-enriched yogurt making.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Y L Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - X Y Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - X N Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - T T Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - J Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China.
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Inhibitory Effects of CaCl2 and Pectin Methylesterase on Fruit Softening of Raspberry during Cold Storage. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quality of raspberry fruit experiences a rapid decline after harvest due to its vulnerable texture and high moisture content. Application of calcium chloride (CaCl2) combined with pectin methylesterase (PME) is efficient in delaying fruit softening. In this study, the effects of exogenous CaCl2 alone or in combination with PME on the structure of the cell wall, the molecular properties of pectin, and the amount of free water of raspberry during postharvest storage were investigated. The results showed that CaCl2 combined with PME treatment could maintain fruit firmness and inhibit weight loss. The treatment of CaCl2+PME maintained the cell wall structure via sustaining middle lamella integrity and reducing the activities of cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, β-galactosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, and β-xylosidase. In addition, CaCl2+PME treatment could effectively increase the content of chelate-soluble pectin (CSP) and develop a cross-linked structure between Ca2+ and CSP. Moreover, CaCl2+PME treatment was of benefit in maintaining free water content. CaCl2 in combination with PME treatment could be a promising method for inhibiting softening and maintaining the quality of postharvest raspberry during cold storage.
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Flores SS, Clop PD, Barra JL, Argaraña CE, Perillo MA, Nolan V, Sánchez JM. His-tag β-galactosidase supramolecular performance. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106739. [PMID: 34923392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase is an important biotechnological enzyme used in the dairy industry, pharmacology and in molecular biology. In our laboratory we have overexpressed a recombinant β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This enzyme differs from its native version (β-GalWT) in that 6 histidine residues have been added to the carboxyl terminus in the primary sequence (β-GalHis), which allows its purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). In this work we compared the functionality and structure of both proteins and evaluated their catalytic behavior on the kinetics of lactose hydrolysis. We observed a significant reduction in the enzymatic activity of β-GalHis with respect to β-GalWT. Although, both enzymes showed a similar catalytic profile as a function of temperature, β-GalHis presented a higher resistance to the thermal inactivation compared to β-GalWT. At room temperature, β-GalHis showed a fluorescence spectrum compatible with a partially unstructured protein, however, it exhibited a lower tendency to the thermal-induced unfolding with respect to β-GalWT. The distinctively supramolecular arranges of the proteins would explain the effect of the presence of His-tag on the enzymatic activity and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Flores
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro D Clop
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José L Barra
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Av. Haya de la Torre s/N° Ciudad Universitaria CP, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológicas de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos E Argaraña
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Av. Haya de la Torre s/N° Ciudad Universitaria CP, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológicas de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María A Perillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Verónica Nolan
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Julieta M Sánchez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, ICTA and Departamento de Química, Cátedra de Química Biológica, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, 5016 Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina.
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37
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Deutch CE, Farden AM, DiCesare ES. Characterization of β-galactosidase and α-galactosidase activities from the halophilic bacterium Gracilibacillus dipsosauri. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Gracilibacillus dipsosauri strain DD1 is a salt-tolerant Gram-positive bacterium that can hydrolyze the synthetic substrates o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (β-ONP-galactose) and p-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranoside (α-PNP-galactose). The goals of this project were to characterize the enzymes responsible for these activities and to identify the genes encoding them.
Methods
G. dipsosauri strain DD1 was grown in tryptic soy broth containing various carbohydrates at 37 °C with aeration. Enzyme activities in cell extracts and whole cells were measured colorimetrically by hydrolysis of synthetic substrates containing nitrophenyl moieties. Two enzymes with β-galactosidase activity and one with α-galactosidase activity were partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel-filtration chromatography from G. dipsosauri. Coomassie Blue-stained bands corresponding to each activity were excised from nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels and subjected to peptide sequencing after trypsin digestion and HPLC/MS analysis.
Result
Formation of β-galactosidase and α-galactosidase activities was repressed by d-glucose and not induced by lactose or d-melibiose. β-Galactosidase I had hydrolytic and transgalactosylation activity with lactose as the substrate but β-galactosidase II showed no activity towards lactose. The α-galactosidase had hydrolytic and transgalactosylation activity with d-melibiose but not with d-raffinose. β-Galactosidase I had a lower Km with β-ONP-galactose as the substrate (0.693 mmol l−1) than β-galactosidase II (1.662 mmol l−1), was active at more alkaline pH, and was inhibited by the product d-galactose. β-Galactosidase II was active at more acidic pH, was partially inhibited by ammonium salts, and showed higher activity with α-PNP-arabinose as a substrate. The α-galactosidase had a low Km with α-PNP-galactose as the substrate (0.338 mmol l−1), a pH optimum of about 7, and was inhibited by chloride-containing salts. β-Galactosidase I activity was found to be due to the protein A0A317L6F0 (encoded by gene DLJ74_04930), β-galactosidase II activity to the protein A0A317KZG3 (encoded by gene DLJ74_12640), and the α-galactosidase activity to the protein A0A317KU47 (encoded by gene DLJ74_17745).
Conclusions
G. dipsosauri forms three intracellular enzymes with different physiological properties which are responsible for the hydrolysis of β-ONP-galactose and α-PNP-galactose. BLAST analysis indicated that similar β-galactosidases may be formed by G. ureilyticus, G. orientalis, and G. kekensis and similar α-galactosidases by these bacteria and G. halophilus.
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Moroz OV, Blagova E, Lebedev AA, Sánchez Rodríguez F, Rigden DJ, Tams JW, Wilting R, Vester JK, Longhin E, Hansen GH, Krogh KBRM, Pache RA, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Multitasking in the gut: the X-ray structure of the multidomain BbgIII from Bifidobacterium bifidum offers possible explanations for its alternative functions. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1564-1578. [PMID: 34866612 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose; as an alternative reaction, some β-galactosidases also catalyse the formation of galactooligosaccharides by transglycosylation. Both reactions have industrial importance: lactose hydrolysis is used to produce lactose-free milk, while galactooligosaccharides have been shown to act as prebiotics. For some multi-domain β-galactosidases, the hydrolysis/transglycosylation ratio can be modified by the truncation of carbohydrate-binding modules. Here, an analysis of BbgIII, a multidomain β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum, is presented. The X-ray structure has been determined of an intact protein corresponding to a gene construct of eight domains. The use of evolutionary covariance-based predictions made sequence docking in low-resolution areas of the model spectacularly easy, confirming the relevance of this rapidly developing deep-learning-based technique for model building. The structure revealed two alternative orientations of the CBM32 carbohydrate-binding module relative to the GH2 catalytic domain in the six crystallographically independent chains. In one orientation the CBM32 domain covers the entrance to the active site of the enzyme, while in the other orientation the active site is open, suggesting a possible mechanism for switching between the two activities of the enzyme, namely lactose hydrolysis and transgalactosylation. The location of the carbohydrate-binding site of the CBM32 domain on the opposite site of the module to where it comes into contact with the catalytic GH2 domain is consistent with its involvement in adherence to host cells. The role of the CBM32 domain in switching between hydrolysis and transglycosylation modes offers protein-engineering opportunities for selective β-galactosidase modification for industrial purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Moroz
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Blagova
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey A Lebedev
- CCP4, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Filomeno Sánchez Rodríguez
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Elena Longhin
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Roland A Pache
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Keith S Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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de Albuquerque TL, de Sousa M, Gomes E Silva NC, Girão Neto CAC, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis: Characterization, production, immobilization and applications - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:881-898. [PMID: 34571129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A review on the enzyme β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis is presented, from the perspective of its structure and mechanisms of action, the main catalyzed reactions, the key factors influencing its activity, and selectivity, as well as the main techniques used for improving the biocatalyst functionality. Particular attention was given to the discussion of hydrolysis, transglycosylation, and galactosylation reactions, which are commonly mediated by this enzyme. In addition, the products generated from these processes were highlighted. Finally, biocatalyst improvement techniques are also discussed, such as enzyme immobilization and protein engineering. On these topics, the most recent immobilization strategies are presented, emphasizing processes that not only allow the recovery of the biocatalyst but also deliver enzymes that show better resistance to high temperatures, chemicals, and inhibitors. In addition, genetic engineering techniques to improve the catalytic properties of the β-galactosidases were reported. This review gathers information to allow the development of biocatalysts based on the β-galactosidase enzyme from K. lactis, aiming to improve existing bioprocesses or develop new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marylane de Sousa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Mustafa F, Liebich S, Andreescu S. Nanoparticle-based amplification for sensitive detection of β-galactosidase activity in fruits. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1186:339129. [PMID: 34756270 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of fast and sensitive assays for enzyme activity detection has received a great deal of attention because of the wide spread applications in measurements of numerous clinical, food and environmental processes. Herein, a novel amplification approach to enhance the sensitivity of colorimetric assays for detection of β-galactosidase (β-Gal) activity is proposed. β-Gal detection is important in biomedical applications and in food industry, where it is associated with the ripening process of fruits. The method is based on the use of multivalent cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) which catalyze the oxidation of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) produced in the hydrolysis process of the 4-aminophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside substrate (4-APG) by β-Gal, thus enhancing detection sensitivity of β-Gal in the visible range. The developed assay is highly sensitive and easy to use. Using the optimized procedure, a limit of detection of 0.06 mU/mL was obtained with a linearity range up to 2.0 mU/mL. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated for detection of β-Gal activity in fruits and the results were compared with the conventional assay, providing over a 30-fold amplification as compared to a commercially available β-Gal protocol. The advantage of the presented assay is its biocatalytic event amplified by a secondary reaction, which enables much more sensitive detection of the enzymatic product. The sensing platform can be applied broadly to a variety of applications that rely on β-Gal activity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mustafa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, USA
| | - Steve Liebich
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, USA
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, USA.
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Sheng T, Guan X, Liu C, Su Y. De Novo Approach to Encapsulating Biocatalysts into Synthetic Matrixes: From Enzymes to Microbial Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52234-52249. [PMID: 34352175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts hold great promise in chemical and electrochemical reactions. However, biocatalysts are prone to inhospitable physiochemical conditions. Encapsulating biocatalysts into a synthetic host matrix can improve their stability and activity, and broaden their operational conditions. In this Review, we summarize the emerging de novo approaches to encapsulating biocatalysts into synthetic matrixes. Here, de novo means that embedding of biocatalysts and construction of matrixes take place simultaneously. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the de novo approach. On the basis of the nature of the biocatalysts and the synthetic frameworks, we specifically focus on two aspects: (1) encapsulation of enzymes (in vitro) in metal-organic frameworks and (2) encapsulation of microbial electrocatalysts (in vivo) on the electrode. For both cases, we discuss how the encapsulation improves biocatalysts' performance (stability, viability, activity, and etc.). We also highlight the benefit of encapsulation in facilitating the transport of charge carriers in microbial electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Sheng
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xun Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yude Su
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Hovorková M, Kulik N, Konvalinková D, Petrásková L, Křen V, Bojarová P. Mutagenesis of Catalytic Nucleophile of β‐Galactosidase Retains Residual Hydrolytic Activity and Affords a Transgalactosidase. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hovorková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 CZ-12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 136 CZ-37333 Nové Hrady Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Konvalinková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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Moorthy NSHN, Brás NF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Structure based virtual screening of natural product molecules as glycosidase inhibitors. In Silico Pharmacol 2021; 9:56. [PMID: 34722112 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-021-00115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective of the present investigation comprised of the application of in silico methods to discover novel natural product (NP) based potential inhibitors for carbohydrate mediated diseases. Structure based drug design studies (molecular docking and structure based pharmacophore analysis) were carried out on a series of natural product compounds to identify significant bioactive molecules to inhibit α-mannosidase (I and II) and β-galactosidase enzymes. Furthermore, protein ligand interaction fingerprint analysis, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular access system (MACCS) fingerprint analysis were performed to understand the binding behaviors of the studied molecules. The results derived from these analyses showed that the identified compounds exhibit significant binding interactions with the active site residues. The compounds, NP-51, NP-81 and NP-165 have shown significant docking score against the studied enzymes (α-mannosidases-I, α-mannosidases-II and β-galactosidases). The fingerprint studies showed that the presence of rings (aromatic or aliphatic) with sulfur atoms, nitrogen atoms, methyl groups, etc. have favorable effects on the α-mannosidase II inhibitory activity. However, the presence of halogen atoms substituted in the molecules have reduced inhibitory ability against α-mannosidase II. The compound, NP-165 has significant activity against both enzymes (α-mannosidases and β-galactosidases). These studies accomplished that the compounds identified through in silico methodologies can be used to develop semisynthetic derivatives of the glycosidase inhibitors and can be screened for the treatment of different carbohydrate mediated diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-021-00115-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hari Narayana Moorthy
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, MP 484887 India.,UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 6874169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F Brás
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 6874169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 6874169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 6874169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Recent advances in carbon nanotubes-based biocatalysts and their applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 297:102542. [PMID: 34655931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes have been incorporated into a wide variety of fields and industries as they catalyze many biochemical and chemical reactions. The immobilization of enzymes on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for generating nano biocatalysts with high stability and reusability is gaining great attention among researchers. Functionalized CNTs act as excellent support for effective enzyme immobilization. Depending on the application, the enzymes can be tailored using the various surface functionalization techniques on the CNTs to extricate the desirable characteristics. Aiming at the preparation of efficient, stable, and recyclable nanobiocatalysts, this review provides an overview of the methods developed to immobilize the various enzymes. Various applications of carbon nanotube-based biocatalysts in water purification, bioremediation, biosensors, and biofuel cells have been comprehensively reviewed.
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45
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Recent developments in valorisation of bioactive ingredients in discard/seafood processing by-products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Yi F, Liu YC, Yang YJ, Ji XH, He ZK. Three-dimensional magnetic enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanocomplexes with high reusability and stability to obtain lactose-free products. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao X, Liu L, Cui L, Zheng T, Ji B, Liu K. Characterization of two β-galactosidases LacZ and WspA1 from Nostoc flagelliforme with focus on the latter's central active region. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18448. [PMID: 34531460 PMCID: PMC8445988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and characterization of new β-galactosidases will provide diverse candidate enzymes for use in food processing industry. In this study, two β-galactosidases, Nf-LacZ and WspA1, from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, followed by purification and biochemical characterization. Nf-LacZ was characterized to have an optimum activity at 40 °C and pH 6.5, different from that (45 °C and pH 8.0) of WspA1. Two enzymes had a similar Michaelis constant (Km = 0.5 mmol/liter) against the substrate o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside. Their activities could be inhibited by galactostatin bisulfite, with IC50 values of 0.59 µM for Nf-LacZ and 1.18 µM for WspA1, respectively. Gel filtration analysis suggested that the active form of WspA1 was a dimer, while Nf-LacZ was functional as a larger multimer. WspA1 was further characterized by the truncation test, and its minimum central region was found to be from residues 188 to 301, having both the glycosyl hydrolytic and transgalactosylation activities. Finally, transgenic analysis with the GFP reporter protein found that the N-terminus of WspA1 (35 aa) might play a special role in the export of WspA1 from cells. In summary, this study characterized two cyanobacterial β-galactosidases for potential applications in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China. .,School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Litao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Tao Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ke Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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Wang H, Wang X, Li P, Dong M, Yao SQ, Tang B. Fluorescent probes for visualizing ROS-associated proteins in disease. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11620-11646. [PMID: 34659698 PMCID: PMC8442704 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of proteins, including catalytic and expression dysfunction, is directly related to the development of various diseases in living organisms. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) could regulate protein expression by redox modification or cellular signal pathway and thus influence the development of disease. Determining the expression level and activity of these ROS-associated proteins is of considerable importance in early-stage disease diagnosis and the identification of new drug targets. Fluorescence imaging technology has emerged as a powerful tool for specific in situ imaging of target proteins by virtue of its non-invasiveness, high sensitivity and good spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we summarize advances made in the past decade for the design of fluorescent probes that have contributed to tracking ROS-associated proteins in disease. We envision that this review will attract significant attention from a wide range of researchers in their utilization of fluorescent probes for in situ investigation of pathological processes synergistically regulated by both ROS and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Mingyan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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Prots S, Passos ML, Lapa RA, Saraiva MLM. Added value of ionic liquids in a biocatalytic process: An automatic approach. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Yi Y, Li J, Zong Z, Liu X, Song H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li Y. Cloning, expression, and characteristic analysis of the novel β-galactosidase from silkworm, Bombyx mori. Genesis 2021; 59:e23446. [PMID: 34449115 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
β-Galactosidase is a critical exoglycosidase involved in the hydrolysis of lactose, the modification and degradation of glycoprotein in vivo. In this study, the β-galactosidase gene of silkworm (BmGal), whose cDNA comprises 11 exons and contains an intact ORF of 1,821 bp, was cloned. The protein sequence of BmGal showed high similarity with other known insect β-galactosidases. No activity of the BmGal expressed in Escherichia coli or Pichia pastoris was detected while it was successfully expressed with high enzyme activity in baculovirus expression system in silkworm, and the electrophoresis result revealed that the BmGal showed activity in oligomer mode. Enzyme activity assay showed that its optimum pH was 8.4 and its optimum temperature was 40 °C. What is more, we found that iron ions can stimulate the activity of the enzyme while cobalt, nickel, or lead ions can inhibit its activity significantly. Besides, the temporal-spatial transcription pattern of the BmGal mRNA level was analyzed, which showed that BmGal was transcribed at the highest level in the fifth larval instar but relatively low level in the pupal and adult stage, and the highest transcriptional level of BmGal was found in testis among all the tissues concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhu Yi
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Zong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhi Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haining Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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