1
|
Brück P, Wasser D, Soppa J. One Advantage of Being Polyploid: Prokaryotes of Various Phylogenetic Groups Can Grow in the Absence of an Environmental Phosphate Source at the Expense of Their High Genome Copy Numbers. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2267. [PMID: 37764113 PMCID: PMC10536925 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic DNA has high phosphate content; therefore, monoploid prokaryotes need an external phosphate source or an internal phosphate storage polymer for replication and cell division. For two polyploid prokaryotic species, the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803, it has been reported that they can grow in the absence of an external phosphate source by reducing the genome copy number per cell. To unravel whether this feature might be widespread in and typical for polyploid prokaryotes, three additional polyploid prokaryotic species were analyzed in the present study, i.e., the alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis, the gammaproteobacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, and the haloarchaeon Halobacterium salinarum. Polyploid cultures were incubated in the presence and in the absence of external phosphate, growth was recorded, and genome copy numbers per cell were quantified. Limited growth in the absence of phosphate was observed for all three species. Phosphate was added to phosphate-starved cultures to verify that the cells were still viable and growth-competent. Remarkably, stationary-phase cells grown in the absence or presence of phosphate did not become monoploid but stayed oligoploid with about five genome copies per cell. As a negative control, it was shown that monoploid Escherichia coli cultures did not exhibit any growth in the absence of phosphate. Taken together, all five polyploid prokaryotic species that have been characterized until now can grow in the absence of environmental phosphate by reducing their genome copy numbers, indicating that cell proliferation outperforms other evolutionary advantages of polyploidy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jörg Soppa
- Biocentre, Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany (D.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu L, Li JT, Li SH, Liu LP, Wu B, Wang YW, Yang SH, Chen CH, Tan FR, He MX. The potential use of Zymomonas mobilis for the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4134-4154. [PMID: 36345974 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2139221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is a gram-negative facultative anaerobic spore, which is generally recognized as a safe. As a promising ethanologenic organism for large-scale bio-ethanol production, Z. mobilis has also shown a good application prospect in food processing and food additive synthesis for its unique physiological characteristics and excellent industrial characteristics. It not only has obvious advantages in food processing and becomes the biorefinery chassis cell for food additives, but also has a certain healthcare effect on human health. Until to now, most of the research is still in theory and laboratory scale, and further research is also needed to achieve industrial production. This review summarized the physiological characteristics and advantages of Z. mobilis in food industry for the first time and further expounds its research status in food industry from three aspects of food additive synthesis, fermentation applications, and prebiotic efficacy, it will provide a theoretical basis for its development and applications in food industry. This review also discussed the shortcomings of its practical applications in the current food industry, and explored other ways to broaden the applications of Z. mobilis in the food industry, to promote its applications in food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ting Li
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Hao Li
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Pei Liu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Han Chen
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Tan
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Xiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, P.R. China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Institute of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, P.R. China
- Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos Ferreira JDA, Sampaio ICF, da Cruz Hora CE, Torres Lima Matos JB, de Almeida PF, Chinalia FA. Culturing strategy for producing levan by upcycling oil produced water effluent as base medium for Zymomonas mobilis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Nisar A, Gongye X, Huang Y, Khan S, Chen M, Wu B, He M. Genome-Wide Analyses of Proteome and Acetylome in Zymomonas mobilis Under N 2-Fixing Condition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:740555. [PMID: 34803957 PMCID: PMC8600466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.740555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis, a promising candidate for industrial biofuel production, is capable of nitrogen fixation naturally without hindering ethanol production. However, little is known about the regulation of nitrogen fixation in Z. mobilis. We herein conducted a high throughput analysis of proteome and protein acetylation in Z. mobilis under N2-fixing conditions and established its first acetylome. The upregulated proteins mainly belong to processes of nitrogen fixation, motility, chemotaxis, flagellar assembly, energy production, transportation, and oxidation–reduction. Whereas, downregulated proteins are mainly related to energy-consuming and biosynthetic processes. Our acetylome analyses revealed 197 uniquely acetylated proteins, belonging to major pathways such as nitrogen fixation, central carbon metabolism, ammonia assimilation pathway, protein biosynthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Further, we observed acetylation in glycolytic enzymes of central carbon metabolism, the nitrogenase complex, the master regulator NifA, and the enzyme in GS/GOGAT cycle. These findings suggest that protein acetylation may play an important role in regulating various aspects of N2-metabolism in Z. mobilis. This study provides new knowledge of specific proteins and their associated cellular processes and pathways that may be regulated by protein acetylation in Z. mobilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Nisar
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxu Gongye
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxiong He
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lynch KM, Wilkinson S, Daenen L, Arendt EK. An update on water kefir: Microbiology, composition and production. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 345:109128. [PMID: 33751986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Water kefir is a sparkling, slightly acidic fermented beverage produced by fermenting a solution of sucrose, to which dried fruits have been added, with water kefir grains. These gelatinous grains are a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast embedded in a polysaccharide matrix. Lactic acid bacteria, yeast and acetic acid bacteria are the primary microbial members of the sugary kefir grain. Amongst other contributions, species of lactic acid bacteria produce the exopolysaccharide matrix from which the kefir grain is formed, while yeast assists the bacteria by a nitrogen source that can be assimilated. Exactly which species predominate within the grain microbiota, however, appears to be dependent on the geographical origin of the grains and the fermentation substrate and conditions. These factors ultimately affect the characteristics of the beverage produced in terms of aroma, flavour, and acidity, for example, but can also be controlled and exploited in the production of a beverage of desired characteristics. The production of water kefir has traditionally occurred on a small scale and the use of defined starter cultures is not commonly practiced. However, as water kefir increases in popularity as a beverage - in part because of consumer lifestyle trends and in part due to water kefir being viewed as a health drink with its purported health benefits - the need for a thorough understanding of the biology and dynamics of water kefir, and for defined and controlled production processes, will ultimately increase. The aim of this review is to provide an update into the current knowledge of water kefir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran M Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Stuart Wilkinson
- Global Innovation & Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luk Daenen
- Global Innovation & Technology Centre, Anheuser-Busch InBev nv/sa, Brouwerijplein 1, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Ethanologenic Bacterium Zymomonas mobilis Divides Asymmetrically and Exhibits Heterogeneity in DNA Content. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02441-20. [PMID: 33452021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02441-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alphaproteobacterium Zymomonas mobilis exhibits extreme ethanologenic physiology, making this species a promising biofuel producer. Numerous studies have investigated its biology relevant to industrial applications and mostly at the population level. However, the organization of single cells in this industrially important polyploid species has been largely uncharacterized. In the present study, we characterized basic cellular behavior of Z. mobilis strain Zm6 under anaerobic conditions at the single-cell level. We observed that growing Z. mobilis cells often divided at a nonmidcell position, which contributed to variant cell size at birth. However, the cell size variance was regulated by a modulation of cell cycle span, mediated by a correlation of bacterial tubulin homologue FtsZ ring accumulation with cell growth. The Z. mobilis culture also exhibited heterogeneous cellular DNA content among individual cells, which might have been caused by asynchronous replication of chromosome that was not coordinated with cell growth. Furthermore, slightly angled divisions might have resulted in temporary curvatures of attached Z. mobilis cells. Overall, the present study uncovers a novel bacterial cell organization in Z. mobilis IMPORTANCE With increasing environmental concerns about the use of fossil fuels, development of a sustainable biofuel production platform has been attracting significant public attention. Ethanologenic Z. mobilis species are endowed with an efficient ethanol fermentation capacity that surpasses, in several respects, that of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the most-used microorganism for ethanol production. For development of a Z. mobilis culture-based biorefinery, an investigation of its uncharacterized cell biology is important, because bacterial cellular organization and metabolism are closely associated with each other in a single cell compartment. In addition, the current work demonstrates that the polyploid bacterium Z. mobilis exhibits a distinctive mode of bacterial cell organization, likely reflecting its unique metabolism that does not prioritize incorporation of nutrients for cell growth. Thus, another significant result of this work is to advance our general understanding in the diversity of bacterial cell architecture.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Metabolic engineering is crucial in the development of production strains for platform chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biomaterials from renewable resources. The central carbon metabolism (CCM) of heterotrophs plays an essential role in the conversion of biomass to the cellular building blocks required for growth. Yet, engineering the CCM ultimately aims toward a maximization of flux toward products of interest. The most abundant dissimilative carbohydrate pathways amongst prokaryotes (and eukaryotes) are the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathways, which build the basics for heterotrophic metabolic chassis strains. Although the EMP is regarded as the textbook example of a carbohydrate pathway owing to its central role in production strains like Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis, it is either modified, complemented or even replaced by alternative carbohydrate pathways in different organisms. The ED pathway also plays key roles in biotechnological relevant bacteria, like Zymomonas mobilis and Pseudomonas putida, and its importance was recently discovered in photoautotrophs and marine microorganisms. In contrast to the EMP, the ED pathway and its variations are not evolutionary optimized for high ATP production and it differs in key principles such as protein cost, energetics and thermodynamics, which can be exploited in the construction of unique metabolic designs. Single ED pathway enzymes and complete ED pathway modules have been used to rewire carbon metabolisms in production strains and for the construction of cell-free enzymatic pathways. This review focuses on the differences of the ED and EMP pathways including their variations and discusses the use of alternative pathway strategies for in vivo and cell-free metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kopp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martins GN, Ureta MM, Tymczyszyn EE, Castilho PC, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Technological Aspects of the Production of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis. Front Nutr 2019; 6:78. [PMID: 31214595 PMCID: PMC6554340 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides (FOS and GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties that can be incorporated into a wide number of products. This review details the general outlines for the production of FOS and GOS, both by enzymatic synthesis using disaccharides or other substrates, and by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Special emphasis is laid on technological aspects, raw materials, properties, and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo N. Martins
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Maria Micaela Ureta
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - E. Elizabeth Tymczyszyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Paula C. Castilho
- Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carreón-Rodríguez OE, Gutiérrez-Ríos RM, Acosta JL, Martinez A, Cevallos MA. Phenotypic and genomic analysis of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 mutants with enhanced ethanol tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 23:e00328. [PMID: 30984572 PMCID: PMC6444122 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Z. mobilis ER79ag and ER79ap ethanol mutants were obtained by adaptive evolution. ER79ap had a better cell viability than the WT and ER79ap under ethanol stress. Mutants shared SNVs in clpP and spoT/relA, in addition ER79ap has a SNP in clpB. Mutant allele spoT/relA of ER79ap seems to be more important to ethanol tolerance. Glucose consumption and ethanol production were not affected in mutant strains.
Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 is an ethanol-producing microbe that is constitutively tolerant to this solvent. For a better understanding of the ethanol tolerance phenomenon we obtained and characterized two ZM4 mutants (ER79ap and ER79ag) with higher ethanol tolerance than the wild-type. Mutants were evaluated in different ethanol concentrations and this analysis showed that mutant ER79ap was more tolerant and had a better performance in terms of cell viability, than the wild-type strain and ER79ag mutant. Genotyping of the mutant strains showed that both carry non-synonymous mutations in clpP and spoT/relA genes. A third non-synonymous mutation was found only in strain ER79ap, in the clpB gene. Considering that ER79ap has the best tolerance to added ethanol, the mutant alleles of this strain were evaluated in ZM4 and here we show that while all of them contribute to ethanol tolerance, mutation within spoT/relA gene seems to be the most important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia E Carreón-Rodríguez
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Gutiérrez-Ríos
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - José L Acosta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR)-Unidad, Blvd., Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes #250, 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Cevallos
- Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu B, Qin H, Yang Y, Duan G, Yang S, Xin F, Zhao C, Shao H, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Tan F, Hu G, He M. Engineered Zymomonas mobilis tolerant to acetic acid and low pH via multiplex atmospheric and room temperature plasma mutagenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:10. [PMID: 30627218 PMCID: PMC6321654 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulosic biofuels are sustainable compared to fossil fuels. However, inhibitors, such as acetic acid generated during lignocellulose pretreatment and hydrolysis, would significantly inhibit microbial fermentation efficiency. Microbial mutants able to tolerate high concentration of acetic acid are needed urgently to alleviate this inhibition. RESULTS Zymomonas mobilis mutants AQ8-1 and AC8-9 with enhanced tolerance against acetic acid were generated via a multiplex atmospheric and room temperature plasma (mARTP) mutagenesis. The growth and ethanol productivity of AQ8-1 and AC8-9 were both improved in the presence of 5.0-8.0 g/L acetic acid. Ethanol yield reached 84% of theoretical value in the presence of 8.0 g/L acetic acid (~ pH 4.0). Furthermore, a mutant tolerant to pH 3.5, named PH1-29, was generated via the third round of ARTP mutagenesis. PH1-29 showed enhanced growth and ethanol production under both sterilized/unsterilized conditions at pH 4.0 or 3.5. Intracellular NAD levels revealed that mARTP mutants could modulate NADH/NAD+ ratio to respond to acetic acid and low pH stresses. Moreover, genomic re-sequencing revealed that eleven single nucleic variations (SNVs) were likely related to acetic acid and low pH tolerance. Most SNVs were targeted in regions between genes ZMO0952 and ZMO0956, ZMO0152 and ZMO0153, and ZMO0373 and ZMO0374. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex mutagenesis strategy mARTP was efficient for enhancing the tolerance in Z. mobilis. The ARTP mutants generated in this study could serve as potential cellulosic ethanol producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Han Qin
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guowei Duan
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Shihui Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu Rd, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Section 2-1819, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, 610101 China
| | - Huanhuan Shao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, Section 2-1819, Chenglong Avenue, Chengdu, 610101 China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Qili Zhu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Furong Tan
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Guoquan Hu
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Mingxiong He
- Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Section 4-13, Renmin Rd. South, Chengdu, 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deletion of pyruvate decarboxylase gene in Zymomonas mobilis by recombineering through bacteriophage lambda red genes. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 151:111-117. [PMID: 29958909 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 is a gram negative ethanologenic bacterium used in several biotechnological applications. Metabolic engineering in this bacterium is limited because of the available genome engineering tools. In the present study, we report genome engineering in this bacterium using bacteriophage lambda Red genes. Stability of plasmid replicons RK2 (pSIM9) and pBBR1 (pSIM7) containing the lambda Red genes was found to be 78% and 74%, respectively. We demonstrate successful deletion of pyruvate decarboxylase gene by recombineering in Z. mobilis. The deletion was confirmed by PCR and by estimating the metabolites formed. Ethanol, which was the main product in wild type cells, was formed in almost negligible amount in the pdc-deleted mutant. The developed Δpdc Z. mobilis cells can be exploited for production of desired bioproducts by expression of suitable enzymes that can regenerate NAD+.
Collapse
|
12
|
Saha A, Johnston TG, Shafranek RT, Goodman CJ, Zalatan JG, Storti DW, Ganter MA, Nelson A. Additive Manufacturing of Catalytically Active Living Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13373-13380. [PMID: 29608267 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Living materials, which are composites of living cells residing in a polymeric matrix, are designed to utilize the innate functionalities of the cells to address a broad range of applications such as fermentation and biosensing. Herein, we demonstrate the additive manufacturing of catalytically active living materials (AMCALM) for continuous fermentation. A multi-stimuli-responsive yeast-laden hydrogel ink, based on F127-dimethacrylate, was developed and printed using a direct-write 3D printer. The reversible stimuli-responsive behaviors of the polymer hydrogel inks to temperature and pressure are critical, as they enabled the facile incorporation of yeast cells and subsequent fabrication of 3D lattice constructs. Subsequent photo-cross-linking of the printed polymer hydrogel afforded a robust elastic material. These yeast-laden living materials were metabolically active in the fermentation of glucose into ethanol for 2 weeks in a continuous batch process without significant reduction in efficiency (∼90% yield of ethanol). This cell immobilization platform may potentially be applicable toward other genetically modified yeast strains to produce other high-value chemicals in a continuous biofermentation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Saha
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Trevor G Johnston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Ryan T Shafranek
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Cassandra J Goodman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Jesse G Zalatan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Duane W Storti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Mark A Ganter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang X, He Q, Yang Y, Wang J, Haning K, Hu Y, Wu B, He M, Zhang Y, Bao J, Contreras LM, Yang S. Advances and prospects in metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis. Metab Eng 2018; 50:57-73. [PMID: 29627506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biorefinery of biomass-based biofuels and biochemicals by microorganisms is a competitive alternative of traditional petroleum refineries. Zymomonas mobilis is a natural ethanologen with many desirable characteristics, which makes it an ideal industrial microbial biocatalyst for commercial production of desirable bioproducts through metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarize the metabolic engineering progress achieved in Z. mobilis to expand its substrate and product ranges as well as to enhance its robustness against stressful conditions such as inhibitory compounds within the lignocellulosic hydrolysates and slurries. We also discuss a few metabolic engineering strategies that can be applied in Z. mobilis to further develop it as a robust workhorse for economic lignocellulosic bioproducts. In addition, we briefly review the progress of metabolic engineering in Z. mobilis related to the classical synthetic biology cycle of "Design-Build-Test-Learn", as well as the progress and potential to develop Z. mobilis as a model chassis for biorefinery practices in the synthetic biology era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Qiaoning He
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Yongfu Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Katie Haning
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Yun Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mingxiong He
- Key Laboratory of Development and Application of Rural Renewable Energy, Biomass Energy Technology Research Centre, Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, South Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Jie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Shihui Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Santos VAQ, Cruz CHG. Zymomonas mobilis IMMOBILIZED ON LOOFA SPONGE AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE FOR LEVAN AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION USING REPEATED BATCH FERMENTATION. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170342s20150350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Ajit A, Sulaiman AZ, Chisti Y. Production of bioethanol by Zymomonas mobilis in high-gravity extractive fermentations. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Ojha S, Rana N, Mishra S. Fructo-oligosaccharide synthesis by whole cells of Microbacterium paraoxydans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Yang S, Fei Q, Zhang Y, Contreras LM, Utturkar SM, Brown SD, Himmel ME, Zhang M. Zymomonas mobilis as a model system for production of biofuels and biochemicals. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:699-717. [PMID: 27629544 PMCID: PMC5072187 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is a natural ethanologen with many desirable industrial biocatalyst characteristics. In this review, we will discuss work to develop Z. mobilis as a model system for biofuel production from the perspectives of substrate utilization, development for industrial robustness, potential product spectrum, strain evaluation and fermentation strategies. This review also encompasses perspectives related to classical genetic tools and emerging technologies in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Yang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Qiang Fei
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yaoping Zhang
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Lydia M Contreras
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sagar M Utturkar
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37919, USA
| | - Steven D Brown
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37919, USA.,BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael E Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Unconventional bacterial association for dough leavening. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:28-34. [PMID: 27541979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to obtain innovative yeast-free doughs leavened by Zymomonas mobilis and Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis. Z. mobilis, as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, produces an equimolar mixture of ethanol and CO2 through glucose, fructose or sucrose fermentation. In the present work, the inability of Z. mobilis to metabolize maltose has been circumvented by the addition of L. sanfranciscensis in the formulation. Indeed, L. sanfranciscensis, a heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium (LAB) typical of sourdough environment, hydrolyzes maltose releasing glucose which can be used by Z. mobilis for its metabolism. Biomass samples of Z. mobilis subs. mobilis DSM 424 and L. sanfranciscensis DSM 20663 were grown separately in liquid media and then associated in a model dough. Leavening trials set up by using three different microbial combinations (Lactobacillus:Zymomonas 80+80mg, 15+145mg and 145+15mg biomass, i.e. 1:1, 1:10 and 10:1 respectively on cell dry weight basis) evidenced CO2 production levels (mL) higher than the mathematical sum of CO2 produced by the single bacteria. In particular, when the biomass combination of L. sanfranciscensis and Z. mobilis was 1:1 (80+80mg cdw) and 10:1 (145+15mg cdw) a CO2 production of 46.3-41.4mL versus 26.7-28.5mL was achieved. The calculated productivity gain showed positive performances of the microbial combination up to 180-240min leavening. The subsequent efficiency loss may be due several factors, above all glucose shortage for Z. mobilis, as well as decrease of dough pH that can negatively affect both Lactobacillus and Zymomonas metabolism. As in traditional sourdoughs, L. sanfranciscensis was responsible for the souring activity with positive effects on both dough tasting and reduction of spoilage microbiota; Z. mobilis was instead responsible for most of the CO2 production. A bakery product leavened with the unconventional association Z. mobilis - L. sanfranciscensis will be addressed to people having adverse responses to the ingestion of bakery goods, thus providing innovation in the area of yeast-free leavened food.
Collapse
|
19
|
Roy A, Mukherjee RP, Howard L, Beitle R. Bio-based extraction and stabilization of anthocyanins. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:601-5. [PMID: 26996151 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a novel method of recovering anthocyanin compounds from highly-pigmented grapes via a fermentation based approach. It was hypothesized that batch growth of Zymomonas mobilis on simple medium would produce both ethanol and enzymes/biomass-acting materials, the combination of which will provide a superior extraction when compared to simple alcohol extraction. To examine this hypothesis, Z. mobilis was fermented in a batch consisting of mashed Vitis vinifera and glucose, and the recovered anthocyanin pool was compared to that recovered via extraction with ethanol. Data indicated higher amounts of anthocyanins were recovered when compared to simple solvent addition. Additionally, the percent polymeric form of the anthocyanins could be manipulated by the level of aeration maintained in the fermentation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:601-605, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Roy
- Medtronic, 18000 Devonshire St, Northridge, CA, 91325
| | - Rudra Palash Mukherjee
- Ralph.E.Martin Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701
| | - Luke Howard
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72704
| | - Robert Beitle
- Ralph.E.Martin Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 3202 Bell Engineering Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The ecology of Zymomonas: a review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:385-92. [PMID: 26803757 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Zymomonas mobilis is a Gram-negative bacterium studied primarily as a spoilage organism and ethanol producer. As with many bacteria, much remains to be learned about its ecology. It can serve as a model organism for examining microbial interactions, as well as interactions between plants and bacteria. Better understanding of its ecology can help with biotechnological applications, such as process improvement, new uses of the bacterium, and the search for new strains.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fei Q, O’Brien M, Nelson R, Chen X, Lowell A, Dowe N. Enhanced lipid production by Rhodosporidium toruloides using different fed-batch feeding strategies with lignocellulosic hydrolysate as the sole carbon source. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:130. [PMID: 27340432 PMCID: PMC4918137 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial biotechnology that is able to provide environmentally friendly bio-based products has attracted more attention in replacing petroleum-based industries. Currently, most of the carbon sources used for fermentation-based bioprocesses are obtained from agricultural commodities that are used as foodstuff for human beings. Lignocellulose-derived sugars as the non-food, green, and sustainable alternative carbon sources have great potential to avoid this dilemma for producing the renewable, bio-based hydrocarbon fuel precursors, such as microbial lipid. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulose-based sugars into lipids is one of the critical parameters for industrial application. Therefore, the fed-batch cultivation, which is a common method used in industrial applications, was investigated to achieve a high cell density culture along with high lipid yield and productivity. RESULTS In this study, several fed-batch strategies were explored to improve lipid production using lignocellulosic hydrolysates derived from corn stover. Compared to the batch culture giving a lipid yield of 0.19 g/g, the dissolved-oxygen-stat feeding mode increased the lipid yield to 0.23 g/g and the lipid productivity to 0.33 g/L/h. The pulse feeding mode further improved lipid productivity to 0.35 g/L/h and the yield to 0.24 g/g. However, the highest lipid yield (0.29 g/g) and productivity (0.4 g/L/h) were achieved using an automated online sugar control feeding mode, which gave a dry cell weight of 54 g/L and lipid content of 59 % (w/w). The major fatty acids of the lipid derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysates were predominately palmitic acid and oleic acid, which are similar to those of conventional oilseed plants. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the fed-batch feeding strategy can strongly influence the lipid production. The online sugar control feeding mode was the most appealing strategy for high cell density, lipid yield, and lipid productivity using lignocellulosic hydrolysates as the sole carbon source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fei
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049 China
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Marykate O’Brien
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Robert Nelson
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Andrew Lowell
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- />KBI Biopharma, 2500 Central Ave, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
| | - Nancy Dowe
- />National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raga-Carbajal E, Carrillo-Nava E, Costas M, Porras-Dominguez J, López-Munguía A, Olvera C. Size product modulation by enzyme concentration reveals two distinct levan elongation mechanisms inBacillus subtilislevansucrase. Glycobiology 2015; 26:377-85. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
23
|
Lorenzetti MFS, Moro MR, García-Cruz CH. Alginate/PVA Beads for Levan Production by Z
ymomonas mobilis. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina F. S. Lorenzetti
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences; Department of Engineering and Food Technology; São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”; Av. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP:15054-000 - São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marina R. Moro
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences; Department of Engineering and Food Technology; São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”; Av. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP:15054-000 - São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Crispin H. García-Cruz
- Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences; Department of Engineering and Food Technology; São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”; Av. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP:15054-000 - São José do Rio Preto São Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seibel J, Jördening HJ, Buchholz K. Extending synthetic routes for oligosaccharides by enzyme, substrate and reaction engineering. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 120:163-93. [PMID: 20182930 DOI: 10.1007/10_2009_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The integration of all relevant tools for bioreaction engineering has been a recent challenge. This approach should notably favor the production of oligo- and polysaccharides, which is highly complex due to the requirements of regio- and stereoselectivity. Oligosaccharides (OS) and polysaccharides (PS) have found many interests in the fields of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to different specific properties. Food, sweeteners, and food ingredients represent important sectors where OS are used in major amounts. Increasing attention has been devoted to the sophisticated roles of OS and glycosylated compounds, at cell or membrane surfaces, and their function, e.g., in infection and cancer proliferation. The challenge for synthesis is obvious, and convenient approaches using cheap and readily available substrates and enzymes will be discussed. We report on new routes for the synthesis of oligosaccharides (OS), with emphasis on enzymatic reactions, since they offer unique properties, proceeding highly regio- and stereoselective in water solution, and providing for high yields in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
So LY, Chen WY, Lacap-Bugler DC, Seemann M, Watt RM. pZMO7-Derived shuttle vectors for heterologous protein expression and proteomic applications in the ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:68. [PMID: 24629064 PMCID: PMC4004385 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis has attracted considerable scientific and commercial interest due to its exceptional physiological properties. Shuttle vectors derived from native plasmids have previously been successfully used for heterologous gene expression in this bacterium for a variety of purposes, most notably for metabolic engineering applications. RESULTS A quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach was used to determine the copy numbers of two endogenous double stranded DNA plasmids: pZMO1A (1,647 bp) and pZMO7 (pZA1003; 4,551 bp) within the NCIMB 11163 strain of Z. mobilis. Data indicated pZMO1A and pZMO7 were present at ca. 3-5 and ca. 1-2 copies per cell, respectively. A ca. 1,900 bp fragment from plasmid pZMO7 was used to construct two Escherichia coli - Z. mobilis shuttle vectors (pZ7C and pZ7-184). The intracellular stabilities and copy numbers of pZ7C and pZ7-184 were characterized within the NCIMB 11163, ATCC 29191 and (ATCC 10988-derived) CU1 Rif2 strains of Z. mobilis. Both shuttle vectors could be stably maintained within the ATCC 29191 strain (ca. 20-40 copies per cell), and the CU1 Rif2 strain (ca. 2-3 copies per cell), for more than 50 generations in the absence of an antibiotic selectable marker. A selectable marker was required for shuttle vector maintenance in the parental NCIMB 11163 strain; most probably due to competition for replication with the endogenous pZMO7 plasmid molecules. N-terminal glutathione S-transferase (GST)-fusions of four endogenous proteins, namely the acyl-carrier protein (AcpP); 2-dehydro-3-deoxyphosphooctonate aldolase (KdsA); DNA polymerase III chi subunit (HolC); and the RNA chaperone protein Hfq; were successfully expressed from pZ7C-derived shuttle vectors, and their protein-protein binding interactions were analyzed in Z. mobilis ATCC 29191. Using this approach, proteins that co-purified with AcpP and KdsA were identified. CONCLUSIONS We show that a shuttle vector-based protein affinity 'pull-down' approach can be used to probe protein interaction networks in Z. mobilis cells. Our results demonstrate that protein expression plasmids derived from pZMO7 have significant potential for use in future biological or biotechnological applications within Z. mobilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rory M Watt
- Oral Biosciences Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zymomonas mobilis culture protects against sepsis by modulating the inflammatory response, alleviating bacterial burden and suppressing splenocyte apoptosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
27
|
de Melo FCBC, Zaia CTBV, Celligoi MAPC. Levan from Bacillus subtilis Natto: its effects in normal and in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1613-9. [PMID: 24031993 PMCID: PMC3769048 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Levan is an exopolysaccharide of fructose primarily linked by β-(2→6) glycosidic bonds with some β-(2→1) branched chains. Due to its chemical properties, levan has possible applications in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bacillus subtilis is a promising industrial levan producer, as it ferments sucrose and has a high levan-formation capacity. A new strain of B. subtilis was recently isolated from Japanese food natto, and it has produced levan in large quantities. For future pharmaceutical applications, this study aimed to investigate the effects of levan produced by B. subtilis Natto, mainly as potential hypoglycemic agent, (previously optimized with a molecular weight equal to 72.37 and 4,146 kDa) in Wistar male rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin and non-diabetic rats and to monitor their plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. After 15 days of experimentation, the animals were sacrificed, and their blood samples were analyzed. The results, compared using analysis of variance, demonstrated that for this type of levan, a hypoglycemic effect was not observed, as there was no improvement of diabetes symptoms during the experiment. However, levan did not affect any studied parameters in normal rats, indicating that the exopolysaccharide can be used for other purposes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Aita GM, Kim M. Pretreatment Technologies for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials to Bioethanol. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1058.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna M. Aita
- Audubon Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 3845 Hwy. 75, St. Gabriel, LA 70776
| | - Misook Kim
- Audubon Sugar Institute, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 3845 Hwy. 75, St. Gabriel, LA 70776
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Mohagheghi A, Evans K, Finkelstein M, Zhang M. Cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose by mixed cultures of two genetically engineered Zymomonas mobilis strains. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 70-72:285-99. [PMID: 18575998 DOI: 10.1007/bf02920145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cofermentation of xylose and arabinose, in addition to glucose, is critical for complete bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural residues and herbaceous energy crops, to ethanol. A factorial design experiment was used to evaluate the cofermentation of glucose, xylose, and arabinose with mixed cultures of two genetically engineered Zymomonas mobilis strains (one ferments xylose and the other arabinose). The pH range studied was 5.0-6.0, and the temperature range was 30-37 degrees C. The individual sugar concentrations used were 30 g/L glucose, 30 g/L xylose, and 20 g/L arabinose. The optimal cofermentation conditions obtained by data analysis, using Design Expert software, were pH 5.85 and temperature 31.5 degrees C. The cofermentation process yield at optimal conditions was 72.5% of theoretical maximum. The results showed that neither the arabinose strain nor arabinose affected the performance of the xylose strain; however, both xylose strain and xylose had a significant effect on the performance of the arabinose strain. Although cofermentation of all three sugars is achieved by the mixed cultures, there is a preferential order of sugar utilization. Glucose is used rapidly, then xylose, followed by arabinose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mohagheghi
- Biotechnology Center for Fuels and Chemicals, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rodríguez-Alegría ME, Enciso-Rodríguez A, Ortiz-Soto ME, Cassani J, Olvera C, Munguía AL. Fructooligosaccharide production by a truncatedLeuconostoc citreuminulosucrase mutant. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10242420903388819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
32
|
Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse by Zymomonas mobilis Using Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Process. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 161:93-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
33
|
Karuppaiya M, Sasikumar E, Viruthagiri T, Vijayagopal V. OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS CONDITIONS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (RSM) FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE CASHEW APPLE JUICE BYZYMOMONAS MOBILIS. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440902938972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
34
|
Kralj S, Buchholz K, Dijkhuizen L, Seibel J. Fructansucrase enzymes and sucrose analogues: A new approach for the synthesis of unique fructo-oligosaccharides. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701789478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Yang S, Tschaplinski TJ, Engle NL, Carroll SL, Martin SL, Davison BH, Palumbo AV, Rodriguez M, Brown SD. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of Zymomonas mobilis during aerobic and anaerobic fermentations. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:34. [PMID: 19154596 PMCID: PMC2651186 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 (ZM4) produces near theoretical yields of ethanol with high specific productivity and recombinant strains are able to ferment both C-5 and C-6 sugars. Z. mobilis performs best under anaerobic conditions, but is an aerotolerant organism. However, the genetic and physiological basis of ZM4's response to various stresses is understood poorly. RESULTS In this study, transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles for ZM4 aerobic and anaerobic fermentations were elucidated by microarray analysis and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. In the absence of oxygen, ZM4 consumed glucose more rapidly, had a higher growth rate, and ethanol was the major end-product. Greater amounts of other end-products such as acetate, lactate, and acetoin were detected under aerobic conditions and at 26 h there was only 1.7% of the amount of ethanol present aerobically as there was anaerobically. In the early exponential growth phase, significant differences in gene expression were not observed between aerobic and anaerobic conditions via microarray analysis. HPLC and GC analyses revealed minor differences in extracellular metabolite profiles at the corresponding early exponential phase time point. Differences in extracellular metabolite profiles between conditions became greater as the fermentations progressed. GC-MS analysis of stationary phase intracellular metabolites indicated that ZM4 contained lower levels of amino acids such as alanine, valine and lysine, and other metabolites like lactate, ribitol, and 4-hydroxybutanoate under anaerobic conditions relative to aerobic conditions. Stationary phase microarray analysis revealed that 166 genes were significantly differentially expressed by more than two-fold. Transcripts for Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway genes (glk, zwf, pgl, pgk, and eno) and gene pdc, encoding a key enzyme leading to ethanol production, were at least 30-fold more abundant under anaerobic conditions in the stationary phase based on quantitative-PCR results. We also identified differentially expressed ZM4 genes predicted by The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) that were not predicted in the primary annotation. CONCLUSION High oxygen concentrations present during Z. mobilis fermentations negatively influence fermentation performance. The maximum specific growth rates were not dramatically different between aerobic and anaerobic conditions, yet oxygen did affect the physiology of the cells leading to the buildup of metabolic byproducts that ultimately led to greater differences in transcriptomic profiles in stationary phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Yang
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Relationship between the cell surface hydrophobicity and survival of bacteria Zymomonas mobilis after exposures to ethanol, freezing or freeze-drying. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
37
|
Vertès AA, Inui M, Yukawa H. Technological options for biological fuel ethanol. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 15:16-30. [PMID: 18349547 DOI: 10.1159/000111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm to produce biotechnological ethanol is to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment sugars derived from starch or sugar crops such as maize, sugar cane or sugar beet. Despite its current success, the global impact of this manufacturing model is restricted on the one hand by limits on the availability of these primary raw materials, and on the other hand by the maturity of baker's yeast fermentation technologies. Revisiting the technical, economic, and value chain aspects of the biotechnological ethanol industry points to the need for radical innovation to complement the current manufacturing model. Implementation of lignocellulosic materials is clearly a key enabler to the billion-ton biofuel vision. However, realization of the full market potential of biofuels will be facilitated by the availability of an array of innovative technological options, as the flexibility generated by these alternative processes will not only enable the exploitation of heretofore untapped local market opportunities, but also it will confer to large biorefinery structures numerous opportunities for increased process integration as well as optimum reactivity to logistic and manufacturing challenges. In turn, all these factors will interplay in synergy to contribute in shifting the economic balance in favor of the global implementation of biotechnological ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain A Vertès
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zikmanis P, Shakirova L, Auzina L, Andersone I. Hydrophobicity of bacteria Zymomonas mobilis under varied environmental conditions. Process Biochem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
39
|
Rogers PL, Jeon YJ, Lee KJ, Lawford HG. Zymomonas mobilis for fuel ethanol and higher value products. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 108:263-88. [PMID: 17522816 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High oil prices, increasing focus on renewable carbohydrate-based feedstocks for fuels and chemicals, and the recent publication of its genome sequence, have provided continuing stimulus for studies on Zymomonas mobilis. However, despite its apparent advantages of higher yields and faster specific rates when compared to yeasts, no commercial scale fermentations currently exist which use Z. mobilis for the manufacture of fuel ethanol. This may change with the recent announcement of a Dupont/Broin partnership to develop a process for conversion of lignocellulosic residues, such as corn stover, to fuel ethanol using recombinant strains of Z. mobilis. The research leading to the construction of these strains, and their fermentation characteristics, are described in the present review. The review also addresses opportunities offered by Z. mobilis for higher value products through its metabolic engineering and use of specific high activity enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P L Rogers
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, 2052 Sydney, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The ethanol-producing bacterium Zymomonas mobilis can serve as a model organism for the study of rapid catabolism and inefficient energy conversion in bacteria. Some basic aspects of its physiology still remain poorly understood. Here, the energy-spilling pathways during uncoupled growth, the structure and function of electron transport chain, and the possible reasons for the inefficient oxidative phosphorylation are analysed. Also, the interaction between ethanol synthesis and respiration is considered. The search for mechanisms of futile transmembrane proton cycling, as well as identification of respiratory electron transport complexes, like the energy-coupling NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and the cyanide-sensitive terminal oxidase(s), are outlined as the key problems for further research of Z. mobilis energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uldis Kalnenieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chair of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda boulv. 4, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ozimek LK, Kralj S, van der Maarel MJEC, Dijkhuizen L. The levansucrase and inulosucrase enzymes of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 catalyse processive and non-processive transglycosylation reactions. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:1187-1196. [PMID: 16549681 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial fructosyltransferase (FTF) enzymes synthesize fructan polymers from sucrose. FTFs catalyse two different reactions, depending on the nature of the acceptor, resulting in: (i) transglycosylation, when the growing fructan chain (polymerization), or mono- and oligosaccharides (oligosaccharide synthesis), are used as the acceptor substrate; (ii) hydrolysis, when water is used as the acceptor. Lactobacillus reuteri 121 levansucrase (Lev) and inulosucrase (Inu) enzymes are closely related at the amino acid sequence level (86 % similarity). Also, the eight amino acid residues known to be involved in catalysis and/or sucrose binding are completely conserved. Nevertheless, these enzymes differ markedly in their reaction and product specificities, i.e. in β(2→6)- versus β(2→1)-glycosidic-bond specificity (resulting in levan and inulin synthesis, respectively), and in the ratio of hydrolysis versus transglycosylation activities [resulting in glucose and fructooligosaccharides (FOSs)/polymer synthesis, respectively]. The authors report a detailed characterization of the transglycosylation reaction products synthesized by the Lb. reuteri 121 Lev and Inu enzymes from sucrose and related oligosaccharide substrates. Lev mainly converted sucrose into a large levan polymer (processive reaction), whereas Inu synthesized mainly a broad range of FOSs of the inulin type (non-processive reaction). Interestingly, the two FTF enzymes were also able to utilize various inulin-type FOSs (1-kestose, 1,1-nystose and 1,1,1-kestopentaose) as substrates, catalysing a disproportionation reaction; to the best of our knowledge, this has not been reported for bacterial FTF enzymes. Based on these data, a model is proposed for the organization of the sugar-binding subsites in the two Lb. reuteri 121 FTF enzymes. This model also explains the catalytic mechanism of the enzymes, and differences in their product specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz K Ozimek
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, Haren, The Netherlands
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing (CCB), TNO-University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, Haren, The Netherlands
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing (CCB), TNO-University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J E C van der Maarel
- Innovative Ingredients and Products, TNO Quality of Life, Rouaanstraat 27, 9723 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing (CCB), TNO-University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, Haren, The Netherlands
- Centre for Carbohydrate Bioprocessing (CCB), TNO-University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Christogianni A, Douka E, Koukkou AI, Hatziloukas E, Drainas C. Transcriptional analysis of a gene cluster involved in glucose tolerance in Zymomonas mobilis: evidence for an osmoregulated promoter. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:5179-88. [PMID: 16030211 PMCID: PMC1196045 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.15.5179-5188.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exponentially growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis normally exhibit a lag period of up to 3 h when they are transferred from a liquid medium containing 2% glucose to a liquid medium containing 10% glucose. A mutant of Z. mobilis (CU1) exhibited a lag period of more than 20 h when it was grown under the same conditions, whereas it failed to grow on a solid medium containing 10% glucose. The glucose-defective phenotype of mutant CU1 was due to a spontaneous insertion in a putative gene (ORF4) identified as part of an operon (glc) which includes three additional putative genes (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) with no obvious involvement in the glucose tolerance mechanism. The common promoter controlling glc operon transcription, designated P(glc), was found to be osmoregulated and stimulated by the putative product of ORF4 in an autoregulated fashion, as indicated by expression of the gfp reporter gene. Additionally, reverse transcriptase PCR analysis showed that the gene cluster produces a single mRNA, which verified the operon organization of this transcription unit. Further transcriptional analysis demonstrated that glc operon expression is regulated by the concentration of glucose, which supported the hypothesis that this operon is directly involved in the uncharacterized glucose tolerance mechanism of Z. mobilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Christogianni
- Sector of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fuhrer T, Fischer E, Sauer U. Experimental identification and quantification of glucose metabolism in seven bacterial species. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:1581-90. [PMID: 15716428 PMCID: PMC1064017 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.5.1581-1590.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally conserved and ubiquitous pathways of central carbon metabolism provide building blocks and cofactors for the biosynthesis of cellular macromolecules. The relative uses of pathways and reactions, however, vary widely among species and depend upon conditions, and some are not used at all. Here we identify the network topology of glucose metabolism and its in vivo operation by quantification of intracellular carbon fluxes from 13C tracer experiments. Specifically, we investigated Agrobacterium tumefaciens, two pseudomonads, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Zymomonas mobilis, and Paracoccus versutus, which grow on glucose as the sole carbon source, represent fundamentally different metabolic lifestyles (aerobic, anaerobic, photoheterotrophic, and chemoheterotrophic), and are phylogenetically distinct (firmicutes, gamma-proteobacteria, and alpha-proteobacteria). Compared to those of the model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, metabolisms of the investigated species differed significantly in several respects: (i) the Entner-Doudoroff pathway was the almost exclusive catabolic route; (ii) the pentose phosphate pathway exhibited exclusively biosynthetic functions, in many cases also requiring flux through the nonoxidative branch; (iii) all aerobes exhibited fully respiratory metabolism without significant overflow metabolism; and (iv) all aerobes used the pyruvate bypass of the malate dehydrogenase reaction to a significant extent. Exclusively, Pseudomonas fluorescens converted most glucose extracellularly to gluconate and 2-ketogluconate. Overall, the results suggest that metabolic data from model species with extensive industrial and laboratory history are not representative of microbial metabolism, at least not quantitatively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fuhrer
- Institute of Biotechnology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Biocatalytic membrane reactor with continuous removal of organic acids by electrodialysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-5193(03)80015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
47
|
Amutha R, Gunasekaran P. Production of ethanol from liquefied cassava starch using co-immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces diastaticus. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
A personal computer-based on-line monitoring and controlling system was developed for the fermentation of microorganism. The on-line HPLC system for the analysis of glucose and ethanol in the fermentation broth was connected to the fermenter via an auto-sampling equipment, which could perform the pipetting, filtration and dilution of the sample and final injection onto the HPLC through automation based on a programmed procedure. The A/D and D/A interfaces were equipped in order to process the signals from electrodes and from the detector of HPLC, and to direct the feed pumps, the motor of stirrer and gas flow-rate controller. The software that supervised the control of the stirring speed, gas flow-rate, pH value, feed flow-rate of medium, and the on-line measurement of glucose and ethanol concentration was programmed by using Microsoft Visual Basic under Microsoft Windows. The signal for chromatographic peaks from on-line HPLC was well captured and processed using an RC filter and a smoothing algorithm. This monitoring and control system was demonstrated to be effective in the ethanol fermentation of Zymomonas mobilis operated in both batch and fed-batch modes. In addition to substrate and product concentrations determined by on-line HPLC, the biomass concentration in Z. mobilis fermentation could also be on-line estimated by using the pH control and an implemented software sensor. The substrate concentration profile in the fed-back fermentation followed well the set point profile due to the fed-back action of feed flow-rate control.
Collapse
|
49
|
Zikmanis P, Kruce R, Auzina L. Molar growth yields ofZymomonas mobilis on glucose after the transition from anaerobic to aerobic continuous growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370190111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
50
|
Bekers M, Linde R, Danilevich A, Kaminska E, Upite D, Vigants A, Scherbaka R. Sugar beet diffusion juice and syrup as media for ethanol and levan production byZymomonas mobilis. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/08905439609549964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|