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Baesso GMM, Venâncio AV, Barca LCV, Peppi PF, Faria CA, Machado JPC, Murgas LDS, Bicudo ÁJDA, Lima EMMD, Barreto-Vianna ARDC. Exploring the effects of eugenol, menthol, and lidocaine as anesthetics on zebrafish glucose homeostasis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109784. [PMID: 37935341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely employed as an experimental model in various scientific fields. The investigation of glucose metabolism dysfunctions has gained recent significant prominence. Considering that certain anesthetics may impact glycemic levels, it is imperative to carefully select an anesthetic that does not induce such side effects, thereby mitigating potential adverse influences on research outcomes. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate potential glucose alterations and induction and recovery times resulting from the use of eugenol, menthol and lidocaine as anesthetics in zebrafish. A total of 150 adult male and female zebrafish were divided into ten groups, comprising a control group euthanized by rapid chilling, and three groups anesthetized with low (40 mg/L eugenol, 60 mg/L menthol, 100 mg/L lidocaine), intermediate (60 mg/L eugenol, 90 mg/L menthol, 225 mg/L lidocaine), and high (80 mg/L eugenol, 120 mg/L menthol, 350 mg/L lidocaine) anesthetic concentrations. Glucose levels and induction and recovery times were assessed. The findings reveal that eugenol and menthol did not cause glucose level alterations at any of the investigated concentrations, while lidocaine caused a non-concentration-dependent hyperglycemia. Eugenol and menthol also exhibited similar recovery times at different concentrations, while lidocaine recovery times were concentration-dependent. This study, therefore, concludes that eugenol and menthol are safe and satisfactory anesthetics for use in zebrafish research involving glucose analyses, while lidocaine use can cause biases due to altered glucose levels and safety concerns. Researchers should, therefore, carefully consider anesthetic selection to ensure reliable results in zebrafish assessments.
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Jiang N, Li X, Wang Q, Baihetiyaer B, Fan X, Li M, Sun H, Yin X, Wang J. Ecological risk assessment of environmentally relevant concentrations of propofol on zebrafish (Danio rerio) at early life stage: Insight into physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137846. [PMID: 36646180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic injection extensively used in clinic, which has been proved to be neurotoxic in humans. Improper use and disposal of propofol may lead to its release into the aquatic environment, but the potential ecological risk of propofol to aquatic organisms remains poorly understood. For this study, we comprehensively explored the ecotoxicological effects and potential mechanisms of propofol (0.04, 0.2 and 2 mg L-1) on 120 hpf zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. The results showed that propofol has moderate toxicity on zebrafish embryos (96 h LC50 = 4.260 mg L-1), which could significantly reduce the hatchability and delay the development. Propofol can trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA) and DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG). The glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity of zebrafish embryos in 0.04 and 0.2 mg L-1 propofol treatment group was activated in response to oxidative damage, while activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and GPX in zebrafish treated with 2 mg L-1 was significant inhibited compared with the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the expression of antioxidant genes and related pathways was inhibited. Apoptosis was investigated at genes level and histochemistry. Molecular docking confirmed that propofol could change in the secondary structure of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and competitively inhibited acetylcholine (ACh) binding to AChE, which may disturb the nervous system. These results described toxic response and molecular mechanism in zebrafish embryos, providing multiple aspects about ecological risk assessment of propofol in water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Xianxu Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Baikerouzi Baihetiyaer
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Xiaoteng Fan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Mingsheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Huimin Sun
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China
| | - Xianqiang Yin
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712000, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271000, PR China.
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Guidi C, Martínez-López E, Oliver JA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Vera LM. Behavioural response to toxic elements, detoxification and organ accumulation are time-of-day-dependent in zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 316:137862. [PMID: 36642134 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxic elements, such as mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As), are major pollutants in aquatic environments, posing ecological threats to living organisms due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation. This paper investigated whether zebrafish response to Hg and As displayed day/night differences. Fish were exposed to either 35 μg/L of mercury chloride for 6 h or 65 mg/L of sodium arsenate for 4 h, at two different times of the day: mid-light (day; ML) and mid-darkness (night; MD). Fish were video-recorded to investigate their behavioural response and at the end of each trial, gills and liver samples were collected for gene expression measurement. Gills, liver and brain samples were also obtained to determine Hg and As concentration. A control group (non-exposed) was video-recorded and sampled too. The effect of Hg and As on zebrafish swimming activity and the expression of antioxidant and metallothionein genes was time-of-day-dependent, with a stronger response being observed during the day than at night. However, the neurobehavioural effect of Hg was more affected by the time of exposure than the effect of As. In addition, Hg concentration in the gills was significantly higher in zebrafish exposed at ML than at MD. Altogether, these findings suggest that zebrafish response to Hg and As is time-of-day-dependent and remark the importance of considering toxicity rhythms when using this fish species as a model in toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain; Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José A Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Luisa M Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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Mocho JP, von Krogh K. A FELASA Working Group Survey on Fish Species Used for Research, Methods of Euthanasia, Health Monitoring, and Biosecurity in Europe, North America, and Oceania. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091259. [PMID: 36138738 PMCID: PMC9495953 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary An international survey was conducted regarding species used for research, methods of euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity in fish laboratories. A total of 145 facilities from 23 countries contributed. Over 80 different species were reported to be used for research, of which zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the most common by far. Anesthetic overdose was the preferred method for euthanasia for adults, fry, and larvae not capable of independent feeding. For all developmental stages, the most popular anesthetic compound was tricaine. Around half of the respondents did not perform a completion method to ensure death. One-quarter of the responding facilities did not have a health monitoring system in place. Only a small fraction reported quarantine routines to ensure reliable biological barriers. There was little consensus amongst facilities in how to perform biosecurity measures. Abstract An international survey was conducted regarding species used for research, methods of euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity in fish laboratories. A total of 145 facilities from 23 countries contributed. Collectively, over 80 different species (or groups of species) were reported to be used for research, of which zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the most common by far. About half of the participating laboratories used multiple species. Anesthetic overdose was the preferred method for euthanasia for adult, fry (capable of independent feeding), and larval (not capable of independent feeding) fish. For all developmental stages, the most popular anesthetic compound was tricaine (MS-222), a substance associated with distress and aversion in several species. Moreover, around half of the respondents did not perform a completion method to ensure death. One-quarter of the responding facilities did not have a health monitoring system in place. While most respondents had some form of quarantine process for imported fish, only a small fraction reported quarantine routines that ensure reliable biological barriers. Furthermore, less than one in five screened fish for pathogens while in quarantine. In sum, there was little consensus amongst facilities in how to perform biosecurity measures. Regarding euthanasia, health monitoring, and biosecurity processes, there is a need for updated and universal guidelines and for many laboratories to adjust their practices.
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Guidi C, Esteban MÁ, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Vera LM. Administration time-dependent effects of poly (I:C) on antioxidant and immune responses along the diurnal time scale in zebrafish. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1256-1267. [PMID: 35786237 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2093735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock of vertebrates regulates many biological processes, including the immune system. This paper investigated whether responsiveness to poly (I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA used as an immunostimulant, exhibits day/night differences in zebrafish. Fish were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or poly (I:C) at two different time points: "Zeitgeber Time" (ZT) 4 (day) and ZT16 (night). Then, 6 h later, fish were euthanized, and tissue samples (skin, liver and kidney) were collected. A control group (intact fish) was also sampled at the same time points. The effect of poly (I:C) on the expression of antioxidant and immune genes was time-of-day-dependent, and the response was stronger following poly (I:C) administration in the day than at night. Time-dependent differences were observed for some genes in the PBS and control groups. However, these differences were tissue-specific. In liver, almost all the genes were affected by time of day. In kidney, poly (I:C) affected the expression of all the gene markers regardless of administration time. These findings highlight the importance of considering the time to administer poly (I:C) when evaluating the fish immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Guidi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luisa M Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Elucidating Pathway and Anesthetic Mechanism of Action of Clove Oil Nanoformulations in Fish. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050919. [PMID: 35631505 PMCID: PMC9147060 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clove oil (CO), an essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum, has been reported as an anesthetic for many fish species. However, its insoluble properties require a suitable delivery system for its application. In the present study, nanoformulations of CO as a nanoemulsion (CO-NE), a self-microemulsifying drug-delivery system (CO-SMEDDS), and a self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system (CO-SNEDDS) were prepared for delivering CO. Zebrafish were used as a fish model to investigate oil pathways. The result shows fluorescence spots of fluorescence-labeled CO accumulate on the gills, skin, and brain. All CO nanoformulations significantly increased penetration flux compared to CO ethanolic solution. Investigation of the anesthetic mechanism of action using a rat brain γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABAA) receptor-binding test demonstrates that CO and its major compound, eugenol, modulate [3H]muscimol binding. CO-NE exhibited a concentration-dependent binding activity with an EC50 value of 175 µg/mL, significantly higher than CO solution in dimethyl sulfoxide. In conclusion, CO enters the fish through the skin and gills. The anesthetic mechanism of action of CO is based on modulation of [3H] muscimol binding to GABAA receptors. Among three nanoformulations tested, CO-NE is the most effective at increasing permeability and enhancing the receptor-binding activity of the oil.
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Mocho JP, Lang F, Valentin G, Bedu S, McKimm R, Ramos J, Saavedra Torres Y, Wheatley SE, Higgins J, Millington ME, Lundegaard PR, Chamorro Valverde R, Jenčič V, von Krogh K. A Multi-Site Assessment of Anesthetic Overdose, Hypothermic Shock, and Electrical Stunning as Methods of Euthanasia for Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Embryos and Larvae. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040546. [PMID: 35453745 PMCID: PMC9027676 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Euthanasia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) younger than 5 days post fertilization (dpf) is poorly described in the literature, and standardized protocols are lacking, most likely because larvae not capable of independent feeding are often not protected under national legislations. We assessed the euthanasia efficacy in laboratories in different countries of a one hour anesthetic overdose immersion with buffered lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L, with or without 50 mL/L of ethanol), buffered tricaine (1 g/L), clove oil (0.1%), benzocaine (1 g/L), or 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), as well as the efficacy of hypothermic shock (one hour immersion) and electrical stunning (for one minute), on zebrafish at <12 h post fertilization (hpf), 24 hpf, and 4 dpf. Based on the survival/recovery rates 24 h after treatment, the most effective methods were clove oil, lidocaine with ethanol, and electrical stunning. For 4 dpf larvae, signs of aversion during treatment demonstrated that all anesthetics, except lidocaine, induced aversive behavior. Therefore, the most suited euthanasic treatment was lidocaine hydrochloride 1 g/L, buffered with 2 g/L of sodium bicarbonate and mixed with 50 mL/L of ethanol, which euthanized both embryos and larvae in an efficient and stress-free manner. Electrical stunning also euthanized embryos and larvae efficiently and without signs of aversion; this method needs further assessment in other laboratories to draw firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Lang
- Center of PhenoGenomics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Guillaume Valentin
- Center of PhenoGenomics, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (F.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Sébastien Bedu
- Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3738, CNRS, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Robin McKimm
- Electro Fishing Services Ltd., Donaghadee BT21 0LN, UK;
| | - Juan Ramos
- Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | | | - Sarah E. Wheatley
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (Y.S.T.); (S.E.W.); (J.H.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Joseph Higgins
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (Y.S.T.); (S.E.W.); (J.H.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Mollie E. Millington
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; (Y.S.T.); (S.E.W.); (J.H.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Pia Rengtved Lundegaard
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Rubén Chamorro Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Vlasta Jenčič
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, University of Ljubljana-Veterinary Faculty, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Krylov VV. Influence of Geomagnetic Disturbances at Different Times of Day on Locomotor Activity in Zebrafish (Danio Rerio). Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:624-632. [PMID: 34940024 PMCID: PMC8700499 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of magnetic fields and natural geomagnetic storms on biological circadian rhythms are actively studied. This study reveals an impact of local natural perturbations in the geomagnetic field that occurred at different times of the day on circadian patterns of locomotor activity of zebrafish. A decrease in zebrafish swimming speed was observed during the geomagnetic disturbances before or after the fluctuations of diurnal geomagnetic variation. However, if the geomagnetic perturbations coincided with the fluctuations of diurnal geomagnetic variation, the decrease in zebrafish swimming speed was insignificant. This result suggests that the biological effects of geomagnetic disturbances may depend on synchronization with the diurnal geomagnetic variation. It implies that the previously published correlations between geomagnetic activity and medical or biological parameters could result from a disruption in circadian biorhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, 152742 Borok, Russia
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9
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Screening of Anaesthetics in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) for the Induction of Euthanasia by Overdose. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111133. [PMID: 34827125 PMCID: PMC8614824 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Although zebrafish are used in vast numbers in laboratories all over the world, no consensus has been reached in the scientific community on a humane, consistent, and effective method for euthanasia of this species. Here, we screened commonly used anaesthetic drugs to see if an overdose could induce loss of reflexes of adult zebrafish in a rapid and reliable manner, and without causing distress. The tested anaesthetics were isoeugenol, clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, tricaine, benzocaine, lidocaine hydrochloride, and etomidate. We found that lidocaine hydrochloride, buffered with sodium bicarbonate and ethanol to increase its efficacy, induces loss of reflexes in a fast, predictable, and relatively peaceful manner. We recommend its use for adult zebrafish euthanasia. Abstract Zebrafish are often euthanized by overdose of anaesthesia. However, fish may have aversion towards some anaesthetics, and protocol efficacy varies between species. Using wild type adult Danio rerio, we assessed time to loss of opercular beat, righting, and startle reflexes during induction of anaesthetic overdose by either tricaine (0.5 g/L or 1 g/L), benzocaine (1 g/L), 2-phenoxyethanol (3 mL/L), clove oil (0.1%), isoeugenol (540 mg/L), lidocaine hydrochloride (1 g/L), or etomidate (50 mg/L). Initial screening demonstrated that benzocaine and buffered lidocaine hydrochloride achieved the fastest loss of reflexes. The rapid induction times were confirmed when retesting using larger batches of fish. The fastest induction was obtained with 1 g/L lidocaine hydrochloride buffered with 2 g/L NaHCO3, in which all adult zebrafish lost reflexes in less than 2 min. Next, we monitored signs of distress during benzocaine or buffered lidocaine hydrochloride overdose induction. The results indicated that buffered lidocaine hydrochloride caused significantly less aversive behaviors than benzocaine. Finally, we tested several buffers to refine the lidocaine hydrochloride immersion. The most efficient buffer for euthanasia induction using 1g/L lidocaine hydrochloride was 2 g/L NaHCO3 with 50 mL/L 96% ethanol, inducing immobility in less than 10 s and with only 2% of adult zebrafish displaying aversive behaviors during treatment.
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Anand T, Anbukkarasi M, Thomas PA, Geraldine P. A comparison between plain eugenol and eugenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for prevention of in vitro selenite-induced cataractogenesis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Saputra F, Lai YH, Fernandez RAT, Macabeo APG, Lai HT, Huang JC, Hsiao CD. Acute and Sub-Chronic Exposure to Artificial Sweeteners at the Highest Environmentally Relevant Concentration Induce Less Cardiovascular Physiology Alterations in Zebrafish Larvae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:548. [PMID: 34207293 PMCID: PMC8233861 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are widely used food ingredients in beverages and drinks to lower calorie intake which in turn helps prevent lifestyle diseases such as obesity. However, as their popularity has increased, the release of artificial sweetener to the aquatic environment has also increased at a tremendous rate. Thus, our study aims to systematically explore the potential cardiovascular physiology alterations caused by eight commercial artificial sweeteners, including acesulfame-K, alitame, aspartame, sodium cyclamate, dulcin, neotame, saccharine and sucralose, at the highest environmentally relevant concentration on cardiovascular performance using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system. Embryonic zebrafish were exposed to the eight artificial sweeteners at 100 ppb and their cardiovascular performance (heart rate, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, stroke volume, cardiac output, heartbeat variability, and blood flow velocity) was measured and compared. Overall, our finding supports the safety of artificial sweetener exposure. However, several finding like a significant increase in the heart rate and heart rate variability after incubation in several artificial sweeteners are noteworthy. Biomarker testing also revealed that saccharine significantly increase the dopamine level in zebrafish larvae, which is might be the reason for the cardiac physiology changes observed after saccharine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Saputra
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Rey Arturo T. Fernandez
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana St., Manila 1015, Philippines; (R.A.T.F.); (A.P.G.M.)
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Espana St., Manila 1015, Philippines; (R.A.T.F.); (A.P.G.M.)
| | - Hong-Thih Lai
- Department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600355, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Chin Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 90003, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan;
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
- Research Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
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12
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Gao Y, Chen Z, Yao W, Li D, Fu X. Gentamicin Combined With Hypoionic Shock Rapidly Eradicates Aquaculture Bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641846. [PMID: 33889141 PMCID: PMC8055967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are a major cause of infectious diseases in aquatic animals. The abuse of antibiotics in the aquatic industry has led to the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. It is therefore essential to develop more effective and safer strategies to increase the efficacy and extend the life span of the antibiotics used in aquaculture. In this study, we show that six aquaculture bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio fluvialis) in the stationary phase can be rapidly killed after immersion in gentamicin- or neomycin-containing, ion-free solutions for a few minutes. Such hypoionic shock treatment enhances the bacterial uptake of gentamicin in an ATP-dependent manner. Importantly, we demonstrate, as a proof of concept, that gentamicin under hypoionic shock conditions can effectively kill A. hydrophila in vivo in a skin infection model of zebrafish (Danio rerio), completely curing the infected fish. Given that pathogenic bacteria generally adhere to the skin surface and gills of aquatic animals, our strategy is of potential significance for bacterial infection control, especially for small-scale economic fish farming and ornamental fish farming. Further, the combined treatment can be completed within 5 min with a relatively small volume of solution, thus minimizing the amount of residual antibiotics in both animals and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Gao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinmiao Fu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Identification of Individual Zebrafish ( Danio rerio): A Refined Protocol for VIE Tagging Whilst Considering Animal Welfare and the Principles of the 3Rs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030616. [PMID: 33652779 PMCID: PMC7996851 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquatic ecology, studies have commonly employed a tagging technique known as visible implant elastomer (VIE). This method has not been widely adopted by the zebrafish research community and also lacks refinement with regard to animal welfare. The current paper introduces a new VIE tagging protocol, with the aim of improving existing tagging techniques by placing particular emphasis on the Three Rs. To improve animal welfare and fish survival, we added the use of an analgesic compound (lidocaine) through the marking procedure, followed by after-treatment with antiseptics (melaleuca, aloe vera, and PVP-I as active ingredients) to improve tissue regeneration and healing. The newly improved protocol has been quantitatively evaluated on different populations and age groups of zebrafish. This study will be useful to the scientific zebrafish community and to the wider field including biologist and aquarists, especially in consideration of animal welfare, where tagging techniques are considered as a potential noxious stimulus for fish.
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14
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Krylov VV, Izvekov EI, Pavlova VV, Pankova NA, Osipova EA. Circadian rhythms in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour and the sources of their variability. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:785-797. [PMID: 33331134 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades, changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) behaviour have become popular quantitative indicators in biomedical studies. The circadian rhythms of behavioural processes in zebrafish are known to enable effective utilization of energy and resources, therefore attracting interest in zebrafish as a research model. This review covers a variety of circadian behaviours in this species, including diurnal rhythms of spawning, feeding, locomotor activity, shoaling, light/dark preference, and vertical position preference. Changes in circadian activity during zebrafish ontogeny are reviewed, including ageing-related alterations and chemically induced variations in rhythmicity patterns. Both exogenous and endogenous sources of inter-individual variability in zebrafish circadian behaviour are detailed. Additionally, we focus on different environmental factors with the potential to entrain circadian processes in zebrafish. This review describes two principal ways whereby diurnal behavioural rhythms can be entrained: (i) modulation of organismal physiological state, which can have masking or enhancing effects on behavioural endpoints related to endogenous circadian rhythms, and (ii) modulation of period and amplitude of the endogenous circadian rhythm due to competitive relationships between the primary and secondary zeitgebers. In addition, different peripheral oscillators in zebrafish can be entrained by diverse zeitgebers. This complicated orchestra of divergent influences may cause variability in zebrafish circadian behaviours, which should be given attention when planning behavioural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav V Krylov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Evgeny I Izvekov
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Vera V Pavlova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Natalia A Pankova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
| | - Elena A Osipova
- I.D. Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouz, Yaroslavl Oblast, 152742, Russia
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15
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Katz EM, Chu DK, Casey KM, Jampachaisri K, Felt SA, Pacharinsak C. The Stability and Efficacy of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222) Solution After Long-Term Storage. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32532365 PMCID: PMC7338872 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS222) is widely used for the anesthesia and euthanasia of laboratory zebrafish. Fresh solutions have been recommended for each use; however, researchers often mix and store concentrated stock solutions for convenience and to reduce occupational exposure and environmental waste. While this is common practice, published guidelines are often inconsistent. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the stability and anesthetic efficacy of MS222 after long-term storage and to develop specific storage parameters. Stock solutions (100 mg/mL MS222) were mixed and stored in amber jars at 4 °C and -20 °C for 2- and 6-mo. Stability of the solutions was analyzed using liquid chromatography-ion trapmass spectrometry and compared with fresh MS222. Fifty adult (30 male, 20 female) wildtype AB zebrafish (Danio rerio) wererandomly anesthetized with 150 mg/L of one of the following MS222 solutions to evaluate anesthetic efficacy: 1) freshly prepared(0m); 2) 2 mo at 4 °C (2m4); 3) 2 mo at -20 °C (2m-20); 4) 6 mo at 4 °C (6m4); 5) 6 mo at -20 °C (6m-20). Time to cessation of swimming, loss of equilibrium, lack of response to von Frey (VF) stimulation, return of equilibrium, and resumption of swimming were compared between groups. Two fish from each group were euthanized at 24-h and 2-wk after anesthesia, and histopathology was performed. All solutions were determined to be stable under all storage conditions. No clinically significant differences were observed between the fresh and stored stock groups during anesthetic testing. No evidence ofanesthetic-related histologic changes were noted in the gills, skin, kidneys, muscle, and central nervous system. Hepatic megalocytosis and a reduction in hepatic vacuolation were seen to varying degrees across all groups, but did not follow a treatment-related trend. Therefore, 100 mg/mL solutions of MS222 can be stored in amber jars at 4 °C or -20 °C for 6 mo and still used to effectively anesthetize zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Katz
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - David K Chu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kerriann M Casey
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Stephen A Felt
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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16
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Choi CY, Lee TH. Effects of green light on circadian rhythm of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus anaesthetised with clove oil. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1764180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, National Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Lee
- Division of Marine BioScience, National Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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17
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Gallardo-Rodríguez J, Astuya-Villalón A, Avello V, Llanos-Rivera A, Krock B, Agurto-Muñoz C, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F. Production of extracts with anaesthetic activity from the culture of Heterosigma akashiwo in pilot-scale photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Qian W, Sun Z, Wang T, Yang M, Liu M, Zhang J, Li Y. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and its effect on biofilms. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103924. [PMID: 31837416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary study found that eugenol expressed an antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the mechanism of action of eugenol against K. pneumoniae still remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the antibacterial effect of eugenol against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) and possible mode of action. Here, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eugenol against CRKP strains was determined using the agar dilution method. Moreover, variations in intracellular ATP concentration, intracellular pH (pHin), membrane potential and membrane integrity were measured to evaluate the effect of eugenol on cell membrane. Besides, changes in cell structure and biofilm formation of CRKP as well as biofilm-associated cell damage were determined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Finally, gene expression of biofilm-related biosynthesis was investigated. The results showed that MICs of eugenol against four tested CRKP were 0.2 mg/mL. Eugenol damaged the cell membrane of CRKP, as evidenced by decreased intracellular ATP concentration, reduced pHin and cell membrane hyperpolarization, coupled with enhanced membrane permeability. Furthermore, eugenol compromised cell structure and induced loss of intracellular components of CRKP. Additionally, eugenol inhibited biofilm formation and inactivated biofilm CRKP cells. Finally, eugenol presented strong inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and biofilm-associated gene expression, and inactivated CRKP cells growing in biofilms. These findings suggest that eugenol exhibits antimicrobial effect against CRKP strains and could be potentially used to control CRKP-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Zhaohuan Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, PR China.
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19
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Ehrlich O, Karamalakis A, Krylov AJ, Dudczig S, Hassell KL, Jusuf PR. Clove Oil and AQUI-S Efficacy for Zebrafish Embryo, Larva, and Adult Anesthesia. Zebrafish 2019; 16:451-459. [PMID: 31188070 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the use of the zebrafish Danio rerio genetic model organism within the scientific research community continues to grow rapidly, continued procedural refinement to support high-quality, reproducible research and improve animal welfare remains an important focus. As such, anesthesia remains one of the most frequent procedures conducted. Here, we compared the effectiveness of clove oil (active ingredient eugenol) and AQUI-S (active ingredient iso-eugenol) with the currently most commonly used tricaine/MS-222 (ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate) and benzocaine anesthesia. We focused on embryos (1 day postfertilization), larvae (5 days postfertilization), and adults (9-11 months) and for the first time used exposure times that are the most relevant in research settings by using zebrafish as a genetic model system. For each age, tricaine and benzocaine achieved the most reproducible, robust anesthesia with the quickest induction and recovery. For some experimental procedures, specific clove oil concentrations in embryos and larvae may represent suitable alternatives. Although different aquatic species at specific ages respond differentially to these agents, the systematic study of comparable effective dosages for procedures most commonly employed represent an important step toward refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophelia Ehrlich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | - Stefanie Dudczig
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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20
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Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, López-Olmeda JF, Vera LM, Migaud H, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM. Environmental Cycles, Melatonin, and Circadian Control of Stress Response in Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:279. [PMID: 31244768 PMCID: PMC6579845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish have evolved a biological clock to cope with environmental cycles, so they display circadian rhythms in most physiological functions including stress response. Photoperiodic information is transduced by the pineal organ into a rhythmic secretion of melatonin, which is released into the blood circulation with high concentrations at night and low during the day. The melatonin rhythmic profile is under the control of circadian clocks in most fish (except salmonids), and it is considered as an important output of the circadian system, thus modulating most daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. Lighting conditions (intensity and spectrum) change in the underwater environment and affect fish embryo and larvae development: constant light/darkness or red lights can lead to increased malformations and mortality, whereas blue light usually results in best hatching rates and growth performance in marine fish. Many factors display daily rhythms along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis that controls stress response in fish, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh) and its binding protein (Crhbp), proopiomelanocortin A and B (Pomca and Pomcb), and plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate. Many of these circadian rhythms are under the control of endogenous molecular clocks, which consist of self-sustained transcriptional-translational feedback loops involving the cyclic expression of circadian clock genes (clock, bmal, per, and cry) which persists under constant light or darkness. Exposing fish to a stressor can result in altered rhythms of most stress indicators, such as cortisol, glucose, and lactate among others, as well as daily rhythms of most behavioral and physiological functions. In addition, crh and pomca expression profiles can be affected by other factors such as light spectrum, which strongly influence the expression profile of growth-related (igf1a, igf2a) genes. Additionally, the daily cycle of water temperature (warmer at day and cooler at night) is another factor that has to be considered. The response to any acute stressor is not only species dependent, but also depends on the time of the day when the stress occurs: nocturnal species show higher responses when stressed during day time, whereas diurnal fish respond stronger at night. Melatonin administration in fish has sedative effects with a reduction in locomotor activity and cortisol levels, as well as reduced liver glycogen and dopaminergic and serotonergic activities within the hypothalamus. In this paper, we are reviewing the role of environmental cycles and biological clocks on the entrainment of daily rhythms in the HPI axis and stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luisa Maria Vera
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Antonio López-Patiño
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Míguez
- Laboratory Animal Physiology, Department Biology and Health Science, Faculty of Biology and Centro Singular de Investigación Mariña-ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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21
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Le Q, Hu J, Cao X, Kuang S, Zhang M, Yu N, Zheng H, Wang Y, Liu H, Yan X. Transcriptomic and cortisol analysis reveals differences in stress alleviation by different methods of anesthesia in Crucian carp (Carassius auratus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:1170-1179. [PMID: 30366089 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress response has negative effect on fish in aquaculture and research, which can be alleviated with anesthetic. To determine the optimal anesthetic, we investigated the physiological response of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) treated with three different anti-stress treatments: MS-222, eugenol and percussive stunning. Stress responses were evaluated by analyzing serum cortisol level and gene expression in blood. We determined the optimal concentrations of MS-222 (100 mg L-1) and eugenol (20 mg L-1) by dose selection. We found that the control group had significantly higher cortisol levels (172.78 ± 19.95 ng mL-1) compared to the MS-222 treated group (46.85 ± 3.22 ng mL-1), the eugenol treated group (72.78 ± 9.07 ng mL-1), and the stunning treatment group (82.78 ± 8.16 ng mL-1). Transcriptome analysis revealed 1572 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 155 DEGs related to the stress response, mainly involved in oxidative-stress response, heat shock proteins, and cold shock domain-containing protein. The heat shock protein genes were the primary DEGs in response to stress. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed differential expression of Hsps. We analyzed the function of the DEGs, which were enriched in genes involved in cellular response to stress and antigen processing and presentation. Combining the results from biochemical, transcriptome, and gene expression analysis, our data suggest that eugenol is more effective than MS-222 and percussive stunning in alleviating stress in crucian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Le
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technical Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaohuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Siwen Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huakun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Hanwei Liu
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technical Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, China; Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Development Research Platform, Ningbo, China.
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22
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Yang M, Ren B, Qiao L, Ren B, Hu Y, Zhao R, Ren Z, Du J. Behavior responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to aquatic environmental stresses in the characteristic of circadian rhythms. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:129-138. [PMID: 29986218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As behavior shows a distinct circadian rhythm, it is hypothesized that circadian rhythms based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior responses could be affected by contaminants in this study, and then the behavior strength of zebrafish exposed to 0.005 mg/L Cadmium chloride (CdCl2), 0.01 mg/L Dibasic Sodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4), 0.002 mg/L deltamethrin, and 0.003 mg/L atrazine for 6 days is used to illustrate the possibility of behavior circadian rhythms as an indicator in the environmental stress assessment. Statistical analysis with p < 0.01 shows that a clear difference between average values of BS during dark period (AVD) and those during light period (AVL) could be observed, and 24 h circadian rhythms do exist in zebrafish behavior responses. Both BS values and circadian rhythms of zebrafish can be affected in the aspect of periodicity with clear time delay, which were 1 h delay in CdCl2, 4 h delay in Na2HPO4, 4 h delay in deltamethrin, and 1 h delay in atrazine. Behavior circadian rhythms were disturbed according to the repetitive cycles after autocorrelation analysis, and the toxic effects of different chemicals could be reflected by the profiles of the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), which indicated the circadian rhythm disorder in different degrees. These results deduced from the statistical analysis, autocorrelation and SOM strongly supported that circadian rhythms based on zebrafish BS could be used as an indicator in the environmental stress assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyi Yang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Baigang Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China; School of Physics and Electronic Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Qiao
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Baixiang Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yongyuan Hu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Ruibin Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, Shandong, China
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23
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Castro TFD, da Silva Souza JG, de Carvalho AFS, de Lima Assis I, Palmieri MJ, Vieira LFA, Marcussi S, Machado MRF, Murgas LDS. Anxiety-associated behavior and genotoxicity found in adult Danio rerio exposed to tebuconazole-based commercial product. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:140-146. [PMID: 30025356 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different concentrations of commercial product based on tebuconazole, on adults of Danio rerio, were evaluated through novel tank diving test and micronucleus and comet assay tests. A total of 320 adult D. rerio were divided into eight tanks and exposed to concentrations of 0; 100; 200 and 300 μg/L the commercial product based on tebuconazole, with their respective replicates at 24, 72 and 96 h. The results showed a behavioral deviation of zebrafish and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in DNA damage as a function of exposed time and different concentrations of the commercial product in relation to the negative control. The results obtained in this study allow to conclude that tebuconazole has effects on adults of Danio rerio, inducing genotoxicity and mutagenicity, as well as altering neurological functions related to the change in the behavior of adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Flávia Dias Castro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - José Gilmar da Silva Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Aline Ferreira Souza de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Isadora de Lima Assis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcel José Palmieri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Fonseca Andrade Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Marcussi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Monica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus university city, BR 364, Km 195, nº 3800, CEP: 75801-615, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Luis David Solis Murgas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology Sector, Federal University of Lavras, CP: 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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24
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Fortes-Silva R, Valle SVD, Lopéz-Olmeda JF. Daily rhythms of swimming activity, synchronization to different feeding times and effects on anesthesia practice in an Amazon fish species (Colossoma macropomum). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1713-1722. [PMID: 30141973 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1509078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the existence of day-night differences in the time for anesthesia and recovery in tambaqui exposed to the anesthetic eugenol and the influence of feeding time. Thus, we evaluated: (1) swimming activity; (2) food anticipatory activity (FAA) as a synchronizer of swimming activity and change to susceptibility to anesthetic; and (3) the effects of diurnal/nocturnal anesthesia exposure of fish feeding in the mid-light phase: 12:00 h (ML) and fish feeding in the mid-dark phase: 00:00 h (MD). Our findings revealed strictly nocturnal activity for tambaqui (94.2%), known as diurnal fish to date. Moreover, FAA was observed in tambaqui fed at MD, which showed a sustained increase in activity that began 2 h before feeding time and lasted until feeding. In contrast, no FAA was observed in fish fed at ML. Regarding anesthesia by day or night, the tambaqui treated with eugenol exhibited no difference in induction time. However, differences were observed in recovery times, with fish anesthetized at day recovering in 1-2 min and fish anesthetized at night recovering in 5-7 min. In short, our findings revealed for the first time the nocturnal behavior of tambaqui. These results indicated that recovery by day/night by eugenol in tambaqui has a strong dependence of behavioral patterns and the time of day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- a Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological(CCAAB) , Federal University of Bahia (UFRB) , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Silvan Vianna Do Valle
- a Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological(CCAAB) , Federal University of Bahia (UFRB) , Bahia , Brazil
| | - Jose Fernando Lopéz-Olmeda
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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Guerra-Santos B, López-Olmeda JF, Pereira DSP, Ruiz CE, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Esteban MÁ, Cerqueira RB, Fortes-Silva R. Daily rhythms after vaccination on specific and non-specific responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1477791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartira Guerra-Santos
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Denise Soledade Peixoto Pereira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cristóbal Espinossa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Robson Bahia Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
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Martins T, Diniz E, Félix LM, Antunes L. Evaluation of anaesthetic protocols for laboratory adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197846. [PMID: 29787611 PMCID: PMC5963751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in biomedical research has increased. Anaesthesia is daily used in fish during experimental procedures to avoid discomfort, stress or pain. Also, fish welfare and the reliability of results can be compromised if an unsuitable anaesthetic protocol is used. Therefore, we aimed to refine anaesthetic protocols to be used in adult zebrafish by evaluating the efficacy of different anaesthetics, used alone or in combination. For that, zebrafish were randomly assigned to 8 different groups: 100 μg/mLMS-222 (MS); 0.2 μg/mL etomidate (E); 0.2 μg/mL etomidate + 100 μg/mL lidocaine (E+L); 1.25 μg/mL propofol (P); 1.25 μg/mL propofol + 100 μg/mL lidocaine (P+L); 100 μg/mL ketamine (K); 100 μg/mL ketamine + 1.25 μg/mL medetomidine (K+M); and 100 μg/mL ketamine + 1.25 μg/mL medetomidine/3.125 μg/mL atipamezole (K+M/A). The animals were placed in an anaesthetic water bath, then, the following parameters were registered: time for equilibrium loss and anaesthesia induction, loss of sensitivity to soft and painful stimuli, respiratory rate, recovery time, and activity after recovery. The combined forms of E+L, P+L and K+M were the fastest to induce a surgical anaesthetic stage. Nevertheless, E+L induced respiratory depression, while K+M was shown to have the longer recovery time compared to MS-222, even when atipamezole was added. In conclusion, the P+L combination was shown to provide good anaesthesia with analgesia, without causing a major respiratory depression, providing as well a quick recovery, similar to MS-222.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Enoque Diniz
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Departamento de Sanidade Animal (DSA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV), Universidade José Eduardo dos Santos (UJES), Huambo, Angola
| | - Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Antunes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Vera LM, Bello C, Paredes JF, Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Ethanol toxicity differs depending on the time of day. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190406. [PMID: 29293684 PMCID: PMC5749790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most commonly abused drugs and consequently its toxic and psychoactive effect has been widely investigated, although little is known about the time-dependent effects of this drug. In the present research zebrafish was used to assess daily rhythms in ethanol toxicity and behavioural effects, as well as the temporal pattern of expression of key genes involved in ethanol detoxification in the liver (adh8a, adh5, aldh2.1 and aldh2.2). Our results showed marked differences in the mortality rate of zebrafish larvae depending on the time of day of the exposure to 5% ethanol for 1h (82% and 6% mortality in the morning and at night, respectively). A significant daily rhythm was detected with the acrophase located at "zeitgeber" time (ZT) = 04:22 h. Behavioural tests exposing zebrafish to 1% ethanol provoked a major decrease in swimming activity (68-84.2% reduction) at ZT2, ZT6 and ZT10. In contrast, exposure at ZT18 stimulated swimming activity (27% increase). During the day fish moved towards the bottom of the tank during ethanol exposure, whereas at night zebrafish increased their activity levels right after the exposure to ethanol. Genes involved in ethanol detoxification failed to show significant daily rhythms in LD, although all of them exhibited circadian regulation in constant darkness (DD) with acrophases in phase and located at the end of the subjective night. Taken altogether, this research revealed the importance of considering the time of day when designing and carrying out toxicological and behavioural tests to investigate the effects of ethanol, as the adverse effects of this drug were more marked when fish were exposed in the morning than at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M. Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Bello
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan F. Paredes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Greta Carmona-Antoñanzas
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Baldisserotto B, Parodi TV, Stevens ED. Lack of postexposure analgesic efficacy of low concentrations of eugenol in zebrafish. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 45:48-56. [PMID: 29239756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the postexposure analgesic efficacy of low doses of eugenol in zebrafish. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 76 large adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). METHODS Fish swimming behavior (median velocity, freeze time, high-speed swimming and distance moved in the vertical direction) was recorded in a 1.6 L video arena before and after exposure to eugenol (0, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg L-1). In a second experiment, fish were anesthetized with 2-phenoxy-ethanol and treated with an injection of 5% acetic acid (noxious stimulus), and then exposed to 0, 1, 2 and 5 mg L-1 eugenol. The fish swimming behavior was also recorded. RESULTS The higher doses (10 and 20 mg L-1) reduced the median velocity, high-speed swimming and distance moved in the vertical direction, and increased the freeze time. Zebrafish behavior was not altered by eugenol (1, 2 and 5 mg L-1) after noxious stimulation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The change in the behavior of zebrafish associated with a noxious stimulus can be monitored and is a good model for studying analgesia in fish. Eugenol (10 and 20 mg L-1) induced zebrafish sedation. The response after a noxious stimulus was not affected by postexposure to lower doses, and thus we cannot recommend its use as an analgesic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thaylise V Parodi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - E Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
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Carmona-Antoñanzas G, Santi M, Migaud H, Vera LM. Light- and clock-control of genes involved in detoxification. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1026-1041. [PMID: 28617195 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1336172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Circadian regulation of hepatic detoxification seems to be amongst the key roles of the biological clock. The liver is the major site for biotransformation, and in mammals, it contains several clock-controlled transcription factors such as proline and acidic amino acid-rich basic leucine zipper proteins (PAR bZIP) and basic-helix-loop-helix Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) family that act as circadian regulators of detoxification genes. This investigation explored the existence of daily and circadian expression of transcription factors involved in detoxification, as well as the temporal profile of a set of their target genes in zebrafish liver. In our study, zebrafish were able to synchronize to a light-dark (LD) cycle and displayed a diurnal pattern of activity. In addition, the expression of clock genes presented daily and circadian rhythmicity in liver. Apart from hlfa, the expression of PAR bZIP transcription factors also displayed daily rhythms, which appeared to be both light-dependent and clock-controlled, as circadian rhythms free-ran under constant conditions (continuous darkness, DD). Under LD, tefb, dbpa and dbpb expression peaked at the end of the darkness period whereas tefa showed peak levels of expression at the onset of the photophase. In addition, these four genes exhibited circadian expression under DD, with higher expression levels at the end of the subjective night. The expression of the bHLH-PAS transcription factor arh2 also showed circadian rhythmicity in zebrafish liver, peaking in the middle of the subjective night and approximately 3-4 h before peak expression of the PAR bZIP genes. Regarding the detoxification genes, the major target gene of AhR, cyp1a, showed daily and circadian expression with an acrophase 2 h after ahr2. Under LD, abcb4 also showed daily rhythmicity, with an acrophase 1-2 h after that of PAR bZIP factors during the transition between darkness and light phases, when zebrafish become active. However, the expression of six detoxification genes showed circadian rhythmicity under DD, including cyp1a and abcb4 as well as gstr1, mgst3a, abcg2 and sult2_st2. In all cases, the acrophases of these genes were found during the second half of the subjective night, in phase with the PAR bZIP transcription factors. This suggested that their expression is clock-controlled, either directly by core clock genes or through transcription factors. This study presents new data demonstrating that the process of detoxification is under circadian control in fish. Results showed that time of day should be considered when designing toxicological studies or administering drugs to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carmona-Antoñanzas
- a Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling , UK
| | - M Santi
- a Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling , UK.,b Life and Environmental Sciences Department , Marche Polytechnic University , Ancona , Italy
| | - H Migaud
- a Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling , UK
| | - L M Vera
- a Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling , Stirling , UK
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Cui J, Zhu B, Fang G, Smith E, Brauth SE, Tang Y. Effect of the Level of Anesthesia on the Auditory Brainstem Response in the Emei Music Frog (Babina daunchina). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169449. [PMID: 28056042 PMCID: PMC5215878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia is known to affect the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in mice, rats, birds and lizards. The present study investigated how the level of anesthesia affects ABR recordings in an amphibian species, Babina daunchina. To do this, we compared ABRs evoked by tone pip stimuli recorded from 35 frogs when Tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) anesthetic immersion times varied from 0, 5 and 10 minutes after anesthesia induction at sound frequencies between 0.5 and 6 kHz. ABR thresholds increased significantly with immersion time across the 0.5 kHz to 2.5 kHz frequency range, which is the most sensitive frequency range for hearing and the main frequency range of male calls. There were no significant differences for anesthetic levels across the 3 kHz to 6 kHz range. ABR latency was significantly longer in the 10 min group than in the 0 and 5 min groups at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 kHz, while ABR latency did not differ across the 3 kHz to 4 kHz range and at 2.0 kHz. Taken together, these results show that the level of anesthesia affects the amplitude, threshold and latency of ABRs in frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Cui
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Bicheng Zhu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangzhan Fang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ed Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Brauth
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Yezhong Tang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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31
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Vera LM, Migaud H. Hydrogen peroxide treatment in Atlantic salmon induces stress and detoxification response in a daily manner. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:530-42. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1131164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Vera
- Genetics and Reproduction Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - H. Migaud
- Genetics and Reproduction Group, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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López-Olmeda JF, Pujante IM, Costa LS, Galal-Khallaf A, Mancera JM, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Daily rhythms in the somatotropic axis of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): The time of day influences the response to GH administration. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:257-67. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. M. Pujante
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - L. S. Costa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A. Galal-Khallaf
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucia - CSIC, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J. M. Mancera
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F. J. Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Di Rosa V, Frigato E, López-Olmeda JF, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Bertolucci C. The Light Wavelength Affects the Ontogeny of Clock Gene Expression and Activity Rhythms in Zebrafish Larvae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132235. [PMID: 26147202 PMCID: PMC4492954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a key role in synchronizing rhythms and setting the phase of early development. However, to date, little is known about the impact of light wavelengths during the ontogeny of the molecular clock and the behavioural rhythmicity. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of light of different wavelengths (white, blue and red) on the onset of locomotor activity and clock gene (per1b, per2, clock1, bmal1 and dbp) expression rhythms. For this purpose, 4 groups of zebrafish embryo/larvae were raised from 0 to 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) under the following lighting conditions: three groups maintained under light:dark (LD) cycles with white (full visible spectrum, LDW), blue (LDB), or red light (LDR), and one group raised under constant darkness (DD). The results showed that lighting conditions influenced activity rhythms. Larvae were arrhythmic under DD, while under LD cycles they developed wavelength-dependent daily activity rhythms which appeared earlier under LDB (4 dpf) than under LDW or LDR (5 dpf). The results also revealed that development and lighting conditions influenced clock gene expression. While clock1 rhythmic expression appeared in all lighting conditions at 7 dpf, per1b, per2 and dbp showed daily variations already at 3 dpf. Curiously, bmal1 showed consistent rhythmic expression from embryonic stage (0 dpf). Summarizing, the data revealed that daily rhythms appeared earlier in the larvae reared under LDB than in those reared under LDW and LDR. These results emphasize the importance of lighting conditions and wavelengths during early development for the ontogeny of daily rhythms of gene expression and how these rhythms are reflected on the behavioural rhythmicity of zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Di Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain
| | - Elena Frigato
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - José F. López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristiano Bertolucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Nordgreen J, Tahamtani FM, Janczak AM, Horsberg TE. Behavioural effects of the commonly used fish anaesthetic tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its relevance for the acetic acid pain test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92116. [PMID: 24658262 PMCID: PMC3962382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The pros and cons of using anaesthesia when handling fish in connection with experiments are debated. A widely adopted practice is to wait thirty minutes after anaesthesia before behavioural observations are initiated, but information about immediate effects of a treatment is then lost. This is pertinent for responses to acute stressors, such as acid injection in the acetic acid pain test. However, omission of anaesthetics in order to obtain data on immediate responses will compromise the welfare of fish and contribute to experimental noise due to stress. We therefore tested the effect of tricaine methanesulfonate on the behaviour of zebrafish. We predicted that tricaine (MS 222) would decrease swimming velocity and that the control fish would show an increased level of anxiety- and stress-related behaviours compared to the tricaine group. Following acclimatization to the test tank, baseline behaviour was recorded before immersion in either tricaine (168 mg l−1, treatment group, N = 8) or tank water (control group, N = 7). Latencies to lose equilibrium and to lose response to touch were registered. The fish was then returned to the test tank, and the latency to regain equilibrium was registered in anaesthetized fish. When equilibrium was regained, and at five, thirty and sixty minutes after the fish had been returned to the test tank, behaviour was recorded. The tricaine fish showed the following responses (mean ± sd): latency to lose equilibrium 22.6 s±3.9; latency to lose response to touch 101.9 s±26.8; latency to regain equilibrium 92.0 s±54.4. Contrary to our predictions, neither treatment caused a change in any of the behaviours registered. This indicates that tricaine has no effect on several commonly used behavioural parameters, and that it may be unnecessary to postpone behavioural observations to 30 min after anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Fernanda M. Tahamtani
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew M. Janczak
- Animal Welfare Research Group, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Einar Horsberg
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, NMBU School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Zheng JX, Li Y, Zhang H, Fan HJ, Lu CP. Identification and characterization of a novel hemolysis-related gene in Streptococcus suis serotype 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74674. [PMID: 24069329 PMCID: PMC3775796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcussuis serotype 2 (SS 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that has caused two major infectious outbreaks of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in China. A novel gene located in the 89K pathogenicity island (PAI) encoding a putative hemolysin-III-related protein (Hhly3) has been previously characterized. In this study, the SS2 deletion mutant of the exogenous gene hhly3 was constructed by homologous recombination. This protein was found to exhibit cytolytic activity, and hemolytic activity of the hhly3 gene knockout mutant (Δhhly3) was significantly lower than that in the wild-type strain ZY05719. In addition, qRT-PCR revealed that Hhly3 played an important role in the expression of the secreted hemolysin SLY, which may be the key reason for the decreased hemolytic activity. Consequently, compared with the WT strain, the infection and pathogenicity of Δhhly3 was also decreased, as evidenced by in vitro bacterial growth in whole blood and by the in vivo zebrafish test, suggesting that hhly3 is a novel exogenous hemolysis-related gene in SS2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-xi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-jie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Cheng-ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Vera LM, Montoya A, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ. Effectiveness of the anaesthetic MS-222 in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata: effect of feeding time and day-night variations in plasma MS-222 concentration and GST activity. Physiol Behav 2013; 110-111:51-7. [PMID: 23291569 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Feeding time is a potent zeitgeber capable of synchronising behavioural and physiological daily rhythms in fish. However, the effect of feeding time on the daily rhythm of drugs toxicity and/or effectiveness remains unexplored to date. In this paper we investigated the day/night variations in the effectiveness of an anaesthetic commonly used in fish (Tricaine, MS-222) in a teleost of great chronobiological and aquaculture interest (gilthead seabream). To this end, fish were kept under LD 12:12 and fed at mid-light (ML), mid-darkness (MD) or random times (RD). The time needed to induce anaesthesia (reduction of locomotor activity) during MS-222 exposure (65 mg/L) as well as the recovery period were investigated at ML and MD in the three experimental groups using specialised video tracking software. In addition, daily rhythms of GST activity in the liver (as an indicator of detoxification processes) and plasma MS-222 concentration (related to uptake) were determined. The results revealed that MS-222 effectiveness in the ML group was higher during the day than at night (significant reduction of activity after 3 min vs. 5 min) whereas in the MD group, the daily variation of MS-222 effectiveness was inverted (significant reduction of activity after 7 min at ML vs. 2 min at MD), suggesting that feeding time can shift the day-night variations in the effectiveness of MS-222. Hepatic GST also seemed to be affected by feeding time: in fish fed at MD or RD this enzyme activity showed significant differences during the day, and the highest levels were found at different times of the day in each group. Plasma MS-222 concentrations were higher at ML (142.4±12.8 ng/ml) than at MD (96.3±10.9 ng/ml) (t-Student, p<0.05). These results suggest that the daily variation in MS-222 concentration following exposure might be involved, among other factors, in the existence of day-night variations in the effectiveness of this anaesthetic. Furthermore, manipulation of the feeding schedule can be used to modify the daily variations in MS-222 effectiveness, which has basic as well applied implications for optimising anaesthesia protocols in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Vera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Spain.
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Effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). Theriogenology 2012; 77:1570-4. [PMID: 22289217 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the influence of the timing of hormonal induction, using gonadorelin or common carp pituitary extract (CPE), on the reproductive activity of female Astyanax bimaculatus. Fish (N = 44) were weighed, measured, and acclimatized to experimental conditions with a photoperiod of 12 h:12 h light:dark (L:D) for 10 days. Ovulation was induced with a single dose of CPE (6 mg/kg) or gonadorelin (80 μg/kg), given at 12:00 (halfway through the light phase (LP) or 24:00 (halfway through the dark phase (DP), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The time of ovulation was calculated in degree hours and daily motor activity was recorded using a photocell. The fish were killed and the liver and gonads were weighed for calculation of gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes, respectively. Absolute fecundity (AF), absolute fecundity relative to weight (AFRW) and length (AFRL), diameter of oocytes (mM), and percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position (PPGV) were recorded. All females responded (ovulated). The female Astyanax bimaculatus had twilight motor activity rhythm. Females given CPE at 12:00 had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position compared with the group that received gonadorelin in the same period (95 ± 6 vs. 79 ± 21%, mean ± SD). The absolute fecundity relative to weight was higher in groups induced at 12:00, regardless of the hormone used (LP: 805 ± 448 and 700 ± 214, for CPE and gonadorelin, respectively; dark phase: 580 ± 396 and 529 ± 105, P < 0.05). Both times used for hormonal induction with CPE and gonadorelin were suitable for inducing reproduction in lambari, although induction with CPE in LP had the best results.
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