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de Mello MT, Stieler E, Grade I, Filho AFC, Mendes G, Ituassu N, Silva A. The Sleep Parameters of Olympic Athletes: Characteristics and Assessment Instruments. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:715-723. [PMID: 38113920 DOI: 10.1055/a-2233-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to identify the sleep parameters of Olympic athletes and the instruments used to assess and monitor the sleep of these athletes. The search was conducted until February 2023 and was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. This systematic review has included studies that investigated at least one of the following sleep parameters: total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency (SE), awakenings after sleep onset (WASO), quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype; the participants were Olympic athletes. The search returned a total of 280 studies. After screening based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, 11 studies were included. The main results demonstrate that Olympic athletes have TST of 06:10 h, SE of 84%, SOL of 28 min, and WASO of 49 min. The most predominant chronotype is indifferent; over half of the athletes have poor sleep quality and complaints. Furthermore, actigraphy was the most used method to assess sleep. It is concluded that Olympic athletes have TST, SE, and WASO poor than the recommended values. In addition, sleep complaints and poor sleep quality were also observed. Among the objective sleep assessment methods, actigraphy was the method most frequently used in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Stieler
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isadora Grade
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Mendes
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natália Ituassu
- Physiotherapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Sports, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Acute Sleep Deprivation Impairs Motor Inhibition in Table Tennis Athletes: An ERP Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060746. [PMID: 35741631 PMCID: PMC9221109 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Excellent response inhibition is the basis for outstanding competitive athletic performance, and sleep may be an important factor affecting athletes’ response inhibition. This study investigates the effect of sleep deprivation on athletes’ response inhibition, and its differentiating effect on non-athlete controls’ performance, with the aim of helping athletes effectively improve their response inhibition ability through sleep pattern manipulation. Behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) data were collected from 36 participants (16 table tennis athletes and 20 general college students) after 36 h of sleep deprivation using ERP techniques and a stop-signal task. Sleep deprivation’s different effects on response inhibition in the two groups were explored through repeated-measures ANOVA. Behavioral data showed that in a baseline state, stop-signal response time was significantly faster in table tennis athletes than in non-athlete controls, and appeared significantly longer after sleep deprivation in both groups. ERP results showed that at baseline state, N2, ERN, and P3 amplitudes were lower in table tennis athletes than in non-athlete controls, and corresponding significant decreases were observed in non-athlete controls after 36 h of sleep deprivation. Table tennis athletes showed a decrease in P3 amplitude and no significant difference in N2 and ERN amplitudes, after 36 h of sleep deprivation compared to the baseline state. Compared to non-athlete controls, table tennis athletes had better response inhibition, and the adverse effects of sleep deprivation on response inhibition occurred mainly in the later top-down motor inhibition process rather than in earlier automated conflict detection and monitoring.
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3
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Jorquera-Aguilera C, Barahona-Fuentes G, Pérez Peña MJ, Yeomans Cabrera MM, Huerta Ojeda Á. Sleep Quality in Chilean Professional Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115866. [PMID: 34072595 PMCID: PMC8198782 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that good sleep quality has a positive effect on physical performance. However, sleep quality in Chilean professional soccer players is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine sleep quality in Chilean professional soccer players. It was a cross-sectional, explanatory study with observable variables. The sample consisted of 94 Chilean male soccer players belonging to four professional clubs. The main variable was the Sleep Quality Index, evaluated through the Pittsburgh questionnaire (Spanish version). After estimating sleep quality individually, the four professional soccer clubs’ comparison was performed through a one-factor ANOVA. The Pearson test was used to relate the questionnaire variables; the significance level was p < 0.05. In the global analysis of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a value of 4.75 ± 2.29 on a scale of 0–21 was observed, with no significant differences between the clubs evaluated (p > 0.05). Based on the results obtained, Chilean male professional soccer players present good sleep quality. However, the high values of “sleep latency” and “sleep disturbances” are indicators that should be worked on by the multidisciplinary team of each professional club. They should develop strategies to improve sleep hygiene, encourage good sleep, and fall asleep efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, sede Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile;
| | - María José Pérez Peña
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Magíster en Nutrición para la Actividad Física y Deporte, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | | | - Álvaro Huerta Ojeda
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud, Actividad Física y Deporte ISAFYD, Universidad de Las Américas, sede Viña del Mar 2531098, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-77980432
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4
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Facundo LA, Albuquerque MR, Esteves AM, Driller MW, Grade I, De-Mello MT, Silva A. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of the Athlete Sleep Behavior Questionnaire. Sleep Sci 2021; 14:150-157. [PMID: 35082984 PMCID: PMC8764952 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Considering the specificity of the sporting context and the influence of sleep on athletic performance, the “athlete sleep behavior questionnare” (ASBQ) was developed to evaluate sleep behavior in English-speaking athletes. Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the ASBQ in Brazilian athletes. Methods: The cross-cultural adaptation was processed by procedures of translation and back-translation. Content validity was performed by 9 experts, calculating the coefficient of content validity for the equivalence of the individual items (Cvci) and the total global score (Cvct), in addition we conducted a pilot study using the translated version of the questionnaire. The next phase of the study included 52 athletes completing the translated ASBQ. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and by Cronbach’s alpha (α). Results: The ASBQ passed the process of cross-cultural adaptation, obtaining the Brazilian Version of the ASBQ (ASBQ-BR), and with acceptable values of Cvci (0.89-1.00) and Cvct (0.96). Additionally, the ASBQ-BR showed acceptable values of reliability (ICC=0.857; Cronbach’s α=0.78) and a SEM of 3.05 AU. Conclusion: The ASBQ was translated to a newly developed ASBQ-BR, resulting in acceptable values for content validity and reliability. The ASBQ-BR provides a valuable tool for monitoring sleep behaviors in Brazilian athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alves Facundo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Maicon Rodrigues Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil.,Centro de Treinamento Esportivo - CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Andrea Maculano Esteves
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Ciências Aplicadas - Limeira - São Paulo - Brazil
| | - Matthew W Driller
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport - Melbourne - Victoria - Australia
| | - Isadora Grade
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio De-Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil.,Centro de Treinamento Esportivo - CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil.,Centro de Treinamento Esportivo - CTE, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Esportes - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil
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5
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Lisbôa FD, Raimundo JA, Pereira GS, Ribeiro G, de Aguiar RA, Caputo F. Effects of Time of Day on Race Splits, Kinematics, and Blood Lactate During a 50-m Front Crawl Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:819-825. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dobrosielski DA, Sweeney L, Lisman PJ. The Association Between Poor Sleep and the Incidence of Sport and Physical Training-Related Injuries in Adult Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:777-793. [PMID: 33560506 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01416-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of achieving an adequate amount of sleep to optimize health and athletic performance is well recognized. Yet, a systematic evidence compilation of the risk for sport-related injury in adult athletic populations due to poor sleep does not exist. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between poor sleep and sport and physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases were searched using keywords relevant to sleep quantity and quality, and musculoskeletal injury and sport-related concussion (SRC). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Studies were included in this systematic review if they were comprised of adult athletic populations, reported measures of sleep quantity or quality, followed participants prospectively for injury, and reported an association between sleep and incidence of sport or physical training-related injury. STUDY APPRAISAL The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Cohort Studies. RESULTS From our review of 12 prospective cohort studies, we found limited evidence supporting an association between poor sleep and injury in adult athletic populations. Specifically, there is (a) insufficient evidence supporting the associations between poor sleep and increased risk of injury in specific groups of athletic adults, including professional or elite athletes, collegiate athletes, elite or collegiate dancers, and endurance sport athletes; and (b) limited evidence of an association between poor sleep and increased risk of SRC in collegiate athletes. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence does not support poor sleep as an independent risk factor for increased risk of sport or physical training-related injuries in adult athletic populations. Given the methodological heterogeneity and limitations across previous studies, more prospective studies are required to determine the association between sleep and injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon A Dobrosielski
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA. .,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.
| | - Lisa Sweeney
- Department of Library Services, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Lisman
- Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD, 21252, USA.,Towson Research Academy of Collaborative Sport Science (TRACS), Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
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Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Attenuates Morning-Associated Decrements in Supramaximal Exercise Performance in Trained Sprinters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020412. [PMID: 33430250 PMCID: PMC7825729 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal fluctuations in power output have been well established with power loss typically occurring in morning (AM) times. Beetroot juice (BRJ) is a source of dietary nitrate that possess ergogenic properties, but it is unknown if ingestion can mitigate performance decrements in the morning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute BRJ supplementation on diurnal fluctuations in anaerobic performance in trained sprinters. Male Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sprinters (n = 10) participated. In a double-blinded crossover study design, participants completed three counterbalanced exercise trials under different conditions: Morning–placebo (8:00 HR, AM-PL), Morning–BRJ (8:00 HR, AM-BRJ), and Afternoon–no supplement (15:00 HR, PM). For each trial, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate anaerobic tests separated by 2 min of rest. Each trial was separated by a 72 h washout period. Mean power output (p = 0.043), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.023), and total work (p = 0.026) were significantly lower with the AM-PL condition compared to PM. However, BRJ supplementation prevented AM losses of mean power output (p = 0.994), anaerobic capacity (p = 0.941), and total work (p = 0.933) in the AM-BRJ compared to the PM condition. Rate of perceived exertion was not significantly different between any conditions (p = 0.516). Heart rate was significantly lower during the AM-BRJ condition compared to AM-PL (p = 0.030) and PM (p < 0.001). Findings suggest anaerobic capacity suffers during AM versus PM times in trained sprinters, but BRJ ingestion abolishes AM-associated decrements in performance.
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Simim MADM, Souza HDS, Cardoso Filho CA, Gianoni RLDS, Bezerra RR, Affonso HDO, Amadio AC, D’Almeida V, Serrão JC, Claudino JG. Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and definitions by systematic review. Sleep Sci 2020; 13:267-285. [PMID: 33564374 PMCID: PMC7856669 DOI: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we identify which instruments and parameters are used for sleep quality monitoring in individual sport athletes and which definitions were used for sleep quality parameters in this literature field. Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The initial search returned 3316 articles. After the removal of duplicate articles, eligibility assessment, 75 studies were included in this systematic review. Our main findings were that the most widely used measurement instruments were Actigraphy (25%), Rating Likert Scales (16%) and Sleep Diary (13%). On sleep quality parameters (Sleep duration = 14%; Wake after sleep onset = 14%; Sleep Quality = 12%; Sleep Effciency = 11% and Sleep Latency = 9%), the main point is that there are different definitions for the same parameters in many cases reported in the literature. We conclude that the most widely used instruments for monitoring sleep quality were Actigraphy, Likert scales and Sleep diary. Moreover, the definitions of sleep parameters are inconsistent in the literature, hindering the understanding of the sleep-sport performance relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Antônio de Moura Simim
- Federal University of Ceará, Institute of Physical Education and Sports - Fortaleza - Ceará - Brazil
- Federal University of Ceará, Master Program in Physioterapy and Functioning - Fortaleza - Ceará - Brazil
| | - Helton de Sá Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo -Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Volta Redonda - UniFOA, Curso de Educação Física - Volta Redonda - Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Luiz da Silva Gianoni
- Paulista University - UNIP
- LOAD CONTROL, Research and Development Department - Contagem - Minas Gerais - Brazil
- Peruíbe College - FPbe - UNISEPE
| | | | - Helvio de Oliveira Affonso
- Appto Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise, Nutrition and Sports Training, Espirito Santo - Vitoria - Espírito Santo - Brazil
- Vila Velha University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program - Vila Velha - Espírito Santo - Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Amadio
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
| | - Vânia D’Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia - São Paulo -Brazil
| | - Júlio Cerca Serrão
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
| | - João Gustavo Claudino
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics- Brazil
- LOAD CONTROL, Research and Development Department - Contagem - Minas Gerais - Brazil
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9
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Kentiba E, Legesse K, Mandal S, Gebrehiwot A, Tesfay A, Alemayehu M, Kebede R, George M. Relationship between chronotype preference and choice of sport participation and time of day of training: insights gained from the ninth all African university game players. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1748-1753. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1803904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Kentiba
- Department of Sports Science, Arba Minch College of Teachers’ Education, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Kesatie Legesse
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Soumitra Mandal
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Abraha Gebrehiwot
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Abraha Tesfay
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mihiretab Alemayehu
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Sports Science, Axum University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Axum, Ethiopia
| | - Reagan Kebede
- Department of Sports Science, Mekelle University College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Mala George
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Guerreiro RDC, Silva A, Andrade HDA, Biasibetti IG, Vital R, Silva HGVD, Silva FRD, Mello MTD. WAS POSTPONING THE TOKYO 2020 OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC GAMES A CORRECT DECISION? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT In December 2019, Wuhan, in China, attracted international attention due to a pneumonia outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Infection by 2019-nCoV is more likely in elderly people with comorbidities or with associated chronic diseases. Due to the high transmission rate among humans, this disease is rapidly disseminated, which led to several events being canceled, including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The aim of this article is to discuss the risk factors for Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as for spectators, that justify the decision to postpone the Tokyo Games 2020. Regular physical exercise is associated with health and the prevention of chronic diseases. Although athletes generally appear to be healthy and physically fit, this may not be true. The immune system, which protects the organism from invasive microorganisms, can be affected by the duration and quality of sleep, as well as by physical exercise which influences the quality of the immune response. High volumes of high-intensity physical exercise, as well as changes in sleep patterns during the pre-competition period and the impacts of jet lag on athletes traveling for the Tokyo Games in 2020 may lead to immune system suppression, making these groups more vulnerable to infection by 2019-nCoV. Moreover, during the period planned for the games in 2020 the pandemic may be subsiding in some countries and increasing in others, and this was also taken into consideration as a risk factor. Hence, the decision taken to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games until 2021 due to the 2019-nCoV was the correct one, and was extremely important to protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes, as well as spectators. Level of evidence V; expert opinion .
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11
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de Sousa Nogueira Freitas L, da Silva FR, Andrade HDA, Guerreiro RC, Paulo FV, de Mello MT, Silva A. Sleep debt induces skeletal muscle injuries in athletes: A promising hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109836. [PMID: 32422497 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a physiological state and it is fundamental for physical and cognitive recovery of athletes. Due to strenuous training and competitions, athletes may present sleep complaints compromising good quality and quantity of sleep. Studies have related sleep debt to the occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes, but the mechanisms that can lead to this are not entirely clear. Studies involving animals and humans have shown that poor sleep quality can cause significant changes in hormones and cytokines. Demonstrating that this hormones changes lead to a decrease of testosterone and growth hormone levels and increased cortisol levels, important hormones in the process of protein synthesis and degradation. In athletes, the sport itself is a risk factor of injuries, and sleep debt may result in overtraining syndrome associated with inflammatory markers and ultimately to immune system dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesize that athletes who have sleep debt are more susceptible to musculoskeletal injuries due to increased catabolic pathway signaling, i.e. protein degradation and decreased anabolic pathway signaling, compromising muscle integrity. In this sense, we indicate the relationship between musculoskeletal injuries and sleep debt involving new targets for immunological signaling pathways that start the reduction of the muscle recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Carvalho Guerreiro
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Viegas Paulo
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- Departamento de Esportes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Mello MTD, Simim MADM, Narciso FV, Rosa JPP, Rodrigues DF, Freitas LDSN, Bichara JJ, Pereira SRD, Silva SCD, Tufik S, Silva A. DURATION AND QUALITY OF SLEEP IN SPRINT AND RECOVERY PERFORMANCES AMONG ELITE SWIMMERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602220003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Circadian rhythms can impact athletes' sports performance, where the plateau occurs between 15 and 21 hours. Swimming is a peculiar case, as athletes perform training and final sessions in competitions at different times, as in the Rio2016 Olympic Games for example, where the semifinal and final competitions took place from ten o'clock at night. Objectives: (1) to present the protocol of an intervention performed with elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team during the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio; (2) to find out whether the time at which the competitions were held affected the swimming performances of these athletes during the competition. Materials and Methods: Fourteen athletes of the Brazilian swimming team (males: n= 10; 71% and females: n= 4; 29%) participated in the study. They were followed up during two preparation periods (baseline and intervention) for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio during June and July 2016. During the competition, we recorded the Reaction Time (RT) and Competition Time (CT) of each athlete in different modalities. The intervention strategies used were light therapy and sleep hygiene. The values of RT at the starting block and CT were registered and conferred with the official results. Results: The athletes showed a decrease in the total time awake (Δ = −13%; Effect size [ES] = 1.0) and sleep latency (Δ = −33%; ES = 0.7), and an increase in total sleep time (Δ = 13%; ES = 1.1; p = 0.04) between the baseline and the period of the intervention, pre-competition. We identified an improvement in the RT (Δ = −2.2% to −1.0%; ES = 0.2 to 0.5) during the competition only for the athletes who participated in the competition finals. Conclusion: We conclude that the intervention carried out was effective in mitigating any negative influence of competition time on the RT and CT of elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.
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13
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Bellastella G, De Bellis A, Maiorino MI, Paglionico VA, Esposito K, Bellastella A. Endocrine rhythms and sport: it is time to take time into account. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1137-1147. [PMID: 30924095 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of time-related biological phenomena have contributed to establishing a new scientific discipline, the chronobiology, which considers biological phenomena in relation to time. Sports activity profoundly affects the temporal organization of the organism and endocrine rhythms play a key role in the chronoorganization of individuals and are particularly important for correct physical activity. Correctly reading rhythmic hormonal variations of the human organism opens new horizons to sports medicine. OBJECTIVE This review is aimed at clarifying the relationship between endocrine rhythms and sports activities on the basis of the latest data in the literature. METHOD Data acquisition was obtained from three databases (PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus), paying particular attention to reviews, meta-analysis, original and observational studies on this issue. RESULTS After the description of the general characteristics and parameters of biological rhythms, the main endocrine rhythms will be described, highlighting in particular the interrelationships with sports activity and focusing on the factors which can affect negatively their characteristics and consequently the psychophysical performances of the athletes. CONCLUSION Knowledge of this issue may allow establishing the best form of competitive or amateur activity, through the collaboration of an informed athlete and a sports physician attentive to biological rhythms. By taking into account that alteration of physiological rhythmic temporal organization can favour the onset of important diseases, including cancer, this will lead to the expected performances without impairing the correct chronoorganization of the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bellastella
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - A De Bellis
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - M I Maiorino
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - V A Paglionico
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - K Esposito
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - A Bellastella
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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14
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Reinberg A, Reinberg O, Mechkouri M, Touitou Y, Smolensky MH. Daily, weekly and annual patterns in children's accidental sport injuries. Chronobiol Int 2019; 35:597-616. [PMID: 29851522 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1459664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Details of serious injuries to children ≤16 yrs. of age that necessitated urgent surgical intervention by the Department of Pediatric Surgery of the University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland were recorded into a database registry. Some 15 110 entries listed the precise time of injury, and 3114 (20.6%) of these resulted from participating in sport-associated activities. Time-of-day, day-of-week and month-of-year differences in the total number of children's accidental sport injuries (CASI) were validated. Time-of-day patterns were substantiated for "All Sports", for both boys and girls 5-16 yrs. of age, with more boys than girls experiencing incidents at almost every clock hour. Moreover, they were substantiated for this age group for each of the six different considered individual and team CASI categories - Physical Exercises at School; Bicycle Riding; Roller Skating and Skateboarding; Snow Skiing, Sledding, and Tobogganing; Soccer; and Basketball - for which sample sizes were sufficiently large (n > 230) to perform statistical assessment by ANOVA, t-test and/or cosinor analyses. CASI happened primarily between 06:00 and 17:00 h and rarely evening or overnight. Features - specific clock-time and number of peaks and troughs - of the CASI daily curve pattern of the individual six sport categories differed somewhat; nonetheless, excess or greatest number of CASI typically happened between 12:00 and 14:00 h, even when summertime and other scheduled school and family vacation periods were taken into account. Time-of-day and day-of-week patterns in the boy/girl sex ratio were also validated, with midday and Friday/Saturday peaks, respectively. We hypothesize the prominent 24 h patterns of CASI of 5-16 yr. olds, in particular, are representative of a combination of several determinants. These include exogenous periodic and cyclic environmental and sociocultural phenomena, genetic sex-related traits, plus endogenous circadian cognitive and physiologic rhythms, with the common midday injury excess of many sport categories, at least in part, the consequence of the well-documented midday dip in attention and vigilance of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Reinberg
- a Chronobiology Unit , Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild , Paris , France
| | - Olivier Reinberg
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Mechkouri
- a Chronobiology Unit , Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild , Paris , France
| | - Yvan Touitou
- a Chronobiology Unit , Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild , Paris , France
| | - Michael H Smolensky
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Texas at Austin, Cockrell College of Engineering , Austin , Texas , USA
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15
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Richard NA, Koehle MS. Optimizing recovery to support multi-evening cycling competition performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:811-823. [PMID: 30589619 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1560506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Road criterium and track bicycle racing occur at high speeds, demand repeated high power outputs, last 10-90 min, and offer little chance for recovery after the event. Consecutive evenings of criterium and track racing are respectively known as speed-week or six-day events and take place in evening hours over the course of a week. Given the schedule and timing of these competitions, return to homeostasis can be compromised. No recommendations exist on how to optimize recovery for cyclists participating in these types of repeated evening competitions. Criterium and track cyclists spend considerable time, near and above the individual lactate threshold and therefore mostly utilize carbohydrate as their chief energy substrate. Henceforth, pre - and post-race nutrition and hydration is examined and recommendations are brought forward for carbohydrate, protein, and fluid intake. As evening high-intensity exercise perturbs sleep, strategies to optimize sleep are discussed and recommendations for an optimal sleep environment are given. Active recovery is examined, and the benefits of a short duration low intensity exercise reviewed. Passive recovery methods such as compression garments and cold water immersion are recommended, while evidence for massage, pneumatic compression devices, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation is still lacking. Optimizing recovery strategies will facilitate a return to the resting state following strenuous night competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand A Richard
- a Ministry of Health , HealthLink BC Physical Activity Services , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- b School of Kinesiology , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada.,c Division of Sports Medicine , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
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16
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Rosa JPP, Silva A, Rodrigues DF, Simim MA, Narciso FV, Tufik S, Bichara JJ, Pereira SRD, Da Silva SC, de Mello MT. Effect of bright light therapy on delayed sleep/wake cycle and reaction time of athletes participating in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1095-1103. [PMID: 29658807 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1459660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of using an artificial bright light on the entrainment of the sleep/wake cycle as well as the reaction times of athletes before the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. A total of 22 athletes from the Brazilian Olympic Swimming Team were evaluated, with the aim of preparing them to compete at a time when they would normally be about to go to bed for the night. During the 8-day acclimatization period, their sleep/wake cycles were assessed by actigraphy, with all the athletes being treated with artificial light therapy for between 30 and 45 min (starting at day 3). In addition, other recommendations to improve sleep hygiene were made to the athletes. In order to assess reaction times, the Psychomotor Vigilance Test was performed before (day 1) and after (day 8) the bright light therapy. As a result of the intervention, the athletes slept later on the third (p = 0.01), seventh (p = 0.01) and eighth (p = 0.01) days after starting bright light therapy. Regarding reaction times, when tested in the morning the athletes showed improved average (p = 0.01) and minimum reaction time (p = 0.03) when comparing day 8 to day 1. When tested in the evening, they showed improved average (p = 0.04), minimum (p = 0.03) and maximum reaction time (p = 0.02) when comparing day 8 to day 1. Light therapy treatment delayed the sleep/wake cycles and improved reaction times of members of the swimming team. The use of bright light therapy was shown to be effective in modulating the sleep/wake cycles of athletes who had to perform in competitions that took place late at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo P Rosa
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Andressa Silva
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Dayane F Rodrigues
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mário Antônio Simim
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Narciso
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- b Departamento de Psicobiologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marco Tulio de Mello
- a Departamento de Esportes, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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17
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Abstract
Adequate sleep can easily become compromised as student-athletes try to balance the multiple demands on their time. People with sleep deficiency are at increased risk for acute illnesses, traumatic sports injuries, and development of chronic diseases. Training sessions or competitions during extremely early or late hours can interfere with circadian and homeostatic rhythms. Adjusting the training schedule to improve sleep duration has a significantly positive impact on several aspects of athletic performance. Pediatricians should increase the time dedicated in well-child visits for sleep hygiene and evaluate for sleep disorders at all ages. Parents, coaching staff, teachers, and pediatricians should advocate for improved education on the importance of sleep during adolescence. Future sleep research specific to adolescent athletes can further delineate requirements specific to sport, gender, training times, and surrounding competitions. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(3):e106-e111.].
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