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Nakamura S, Inada E, Saitoh I, Sato M. Recent Genome-Editing Approaches toward Post-Implanted Fetuses in Mice. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020037. [PMID: 37218754 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing, as exemplified by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has recently been employed to effectively generate genetically modified animals and cells for the purpose of gene function analysis and disease model creation. There are at least four ways to induce genome editing in individuals: the first is to perform genome editing at the early preimplantation stage, such as fertilized eggs (zygotes), for the creation of whole genetically modified animals; the second is at post-implanted stages, as exemplified by the mid-gestational stages (E9 to E15), for targeting specific cell populations through in utero injection of viral vectors carrying genome-editing components or that of nonviral vectors carrying genome-editing components and subsequent in utero electroporation; the third is at the mid-gestational stages, as exemplified by tail-vein injection of genome-editing components into the pregnant females through which the genome-editing components can be transmitted to fetal cells via a placenta-blood barrier; and the last is at the newborn or adult stage, as exemplified by facial or tail-vein injection of genome-editing components. Here, we focus on the second and third approaches and will review the latest techniques for various methods concerning gene editing in developing fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho-shi 501-0296, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Aherrahrou Z, Schlossarek S, Stoelting S, Klinger M, Geertz B, Weinberger F, Kessler T, Aherrahrou R, Moreth K, Bekeredjian R, Hrabě de Angelis M, Just S, Rottbauer W, Eschenhagen T, Schunkert H, Carrier L, Erdmann J. Knock-out of nexilin in mice leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial fibroelastosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 111:6. [PMID: 26659360 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0522-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is one of the most common causes of chronic heart failure worldwide. Mutations in the gene encoding nexilin (NEXN) occur in patients with both hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms and relevance of NEXN to these disorders. Here, we evaluated the functional role of NEXN using a constitutive Nexn knock-out (KO) mouse model. Heterozygous (Het) mice were inter-crossed to produce wild-type (WT), Het, and homozygous KO mice. At birth, 32, 46, and 22 % of the mice were WT, Het, and KO, respectively, which is close to the expected Mendelian ratio. After postnatal day 6, the survival of the Nexn KO mice decreased dramatically and all of the animals died by day 8. Phenotypic characterizations of the WT and KO mice were performed at postnatal days 1, 2, 4, and 6. At birth, the relative heart weights of the WT and KO mice were similar; however, at day 4, the relative heart weight of the KO group was 2.3-fold higher than of the WT group. In addition, the KO mice developed rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation and wall thinning and decreased cardiac function. At day 6, the KO mice developed a fulminant DCM phenotype characterized by dilated ventricular chambers and systolic dysfunction. At this stage, collagen deposits and some elastin deposits were observed within the left ventricle cavity, which resembles the features of endomyocardial fibroelastosis (EFE). Overall, these results further emphasize the role of NEXN in DCM and suggest a novel role in EFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany. .,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany. .,University Heart Center Luebeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Saskia Schlossarek
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stoelting
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Geertz
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Weinberger
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Redouane Aherrahrou
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Moreth
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingostädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Just
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Lucie Carrier
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck/Hamburg, Germany.,University Heart Center Luebeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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Lo ASY, Liew CT, Ngai SM, Tsui SKW, Fung KP, Lee CY, Waye MMY. Developmental regulation and cellular distribution of human cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1). J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:763-73. [PMID: 15565635 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human cyotsolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) is important in transporting NADH equivalents across the mitochondrial membrane, controlling tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pool size and providing contractile function. Cellular localization studies indicate that MDH1 mRNA expression has a strong tissue-specific distribution, being expressed primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle and in the brain, at intermediate levels in the spleen, kidney, intestine, liver, and testes and at low levels in lung and bone marrow. The observed MDH1 localizations reflect the role of NADH in the support of a variety of functions in different organs. These functions are primarily related to aerobic energy production for muscle contraction, neuronal signal transmission, absorption/resorption functions, collagen-supporting functions, phagocytosis of dead cells, and processes related to gas exchange and cell division. During neonatal development, MDH1 is expressed in human embryonic heart as early as the 3rd month and then is over-expressed from the 5th month until the birth. The expression of MDH1 is maintained in the adult heart but is not present in levels as high as in the fetus. Finally, over-expression of MDH1 is found in left ventricular cardiac muscle of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients when contrasted to the diseased non-DCM and normal heart muscle by in situ hybridization and Western blot. These observations are compatible with the activation of glucose oxidation in relatively hypoxic environments of fetal and hypertrophied myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Shuk-Yee Lo
- Department of Biochemistry, Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics and The Hong Kong Bioinformatics Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Eckhart AD, Fentzke RC, Lepore J, Lang R, Lin H, Lefkowitz RJ, Koch WJ, Leiden JM. Inhibition of betaARK1 restores impaired biochemical beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness but does not rescue CREB(A133) induced cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:669-77. [PMID: 12054854 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2002.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The myocardial beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) system plays a key role in dysfunctional signaling and physiology of the failing heart. Recently we described a murine model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) produced by cardiac-specific expression of a dominant negative form of the CREB transcription factor (CREB(A133) mice). CREB(A133) mice display abnormalities within the betaAR signaling system including loss of inotropic reserve. Rapid desensitization of betaARs is mediated by the betaAR kinase (betaARK1), which is upregulated during heart failure. Inhibition of betaARK1 activity in the heart via expression of a peptide inhibitor (betaARKct) has been shown to enhance myocardial function and to "rescue" several animal models of heart failure. To determine the role of betaAR dysfunction in the progression of DCM in the CREB(A133) mice, we interbred them with mice expressing the betaARKct. Concurrent expression of the betaARKct peptide and CREB(A133) in mouse hearts resulted in the normalization of elevated betaARK1 levels. This biochemical change resulted in partial restoration of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity as well as improvement in fractional shortening in response to betaAR stimulation. Interestingly, the progression of DCM and premature mortality was not altered. Therefore, the pathogenesis of DCM in CREB(A133) mice does not appear to involve abnormal betaAR signaling as a key element in its pathological progression and accordingly, the restoration of betaAR signaling is not sufficient to prevent the development and progression of all forms of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Eckhart
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Palmiter KA, Tyska MJ, Haeberle JR, Alpert NR, Fananapazir L, Warshaw DM. R403Q and L908V mutant beta-cardiac myosin from patients with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy exhibit enhanced mechanical performance at the single molecule level. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2001; 21:609-20. [PMID: 11227787 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005678905119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a disease of the sarcomere. In the beta-myosin heavy chain gene, which codes for the mechanical enzyme myosin, greater than 40 point mutations have been found that are causal for this disease. We have studied the effect of two mutations, the R403Q and L908V, on myosin molecular mechanics. In the in vitro motility assay, the mutant myosins produced a 30% greater velocity of actin filament movement (v(actin)). At the single molecule level, v(actin) approximately d/t(on), where d is the myosin unitary step displacement and t(on) is the step duration. Laser trap studies were performed at 10 microM MgATP to estimate d and t(on) for the normal and mutant myosin molecules. The increase in v(actin) can be explained by a significant decrease in the average t(on)'s in both the R403Q and L908V mutants (approximately 30 ms) compared to controls (approximately 40 ms), while d was not different for all myosins tested (approximately 7 nm). Thus the mutations affect the kinetics of the cross-bridge cycle without any effect on myosin's inherent motion and force generating capacity. Based on these studies, the primary signal for the hypertrophic response appears to be an apparent gain in function of the individual mutant myosin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Palmiter
- University of Vermont, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Burlington, USA
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Fentzke RC, Korcarz CE, Lang RM, Lin H, Leiden JM. Dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative CREB transcription factor in the heart. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2415-26. [PMID: 9616213 PMCID: PMC508831 DOI: 10.1172/jci2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is a common primary myocardial disease of unknown etiology characterized by progressive biventricular failure, cardiac dilatation, and premature mortality. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of the CREB transcription factor (CREBA133) under the control of the cardiac myocyte-specific alpha-MHC promoter develop dilated cardiomyopathy that closely resembles many of the anatomical, physiological, and clinical features of human IDC. Between 2 and 20 wk of age, these mice develop four chamber cardiac dilatation, decreased systolic and diastolic left ventricular function, and attenuated contractile responses to the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. Histologically, the CREBA133 hearts demonstrated both atrophic and hypertrophied fibers as well as significant interstitial fibrosis. These anatomical and hemodynamic changes were associated with hepatic congestion and peripheral edema, intracardiac thrombi, and premature mortality. Taken together, these results implicate CREB as an important regulator of cardiac myocyte function and provide a genetic model of dilated cardiomyopathy which should facilitate studies of both the pathogenesis and therapy of this clinically important disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Fentzke
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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