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Ding H, Zhu G, Lin H, Chu J, Yuan D, Yao Y, Gao Y, Chen F, Liu X. Screening of Potential Circulating Diagnostic Biomarkers and Molecular Mechanisms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Related Myocardial Infarction by Integrative Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3119-3134. [PMID: 37520666 PMCID: PMC10378693 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s404066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it is of great clinical value to identify potential molecular mechanisms and diagnostic markers of AMI associated with SLE by analyzing public database data and transcriptome sequencing data. Methods AMI and SLE-related sequencing datasets GSE62646, GSE60993, GSE50772 and GSE81622 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and divided into prediction and validation cohorts. To identify the key genes associated with AMI related to SLE, WGCNA and DEGs analysis were performed for the prediction and validation cohorts, respectively. The related signaling pathways were identified by GO/KEGG enrichment analysis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with AMI were collected for transcriptome sequencing to validate the expression of key genes in patients with AMI. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was applied to screen diagnostic biomarkers. The diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers was validated by ROC analysis, and the CIBERSORTx platform was used to analyze the composition of immune cells in AMI and SLE. Results A total of 108 genes closely related to AMI and SLE were identified in the prediction cohort, and GO/KEGG analysis showed significantly enriched signaling pathways. The results of differential analysis in validation cohort were consistent with them. By transcriptional sequencing of PBMCs from peripheral blood of AMI patients, combined with the results of prediction and validation cohort analysis, seven genes were finally screened out. LASSO analysis finally identifies DYSF, LRG1 and CSF3R as diagnostic biomarkers of SLE-related-AMI. CIBERSORTx analysis revealed that the biomarkers were highly correlated with neutrophils. Conclusion Neutrophil degranulation and NETs formation play important roles in SLE-related AMI, and DYSF, LRG1 and CSF3R were identified as important diagnostic markers for the development and progression of SLE-related AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deqiang Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi’an Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Moura RA, Fonseca JE. B Cells on the Stage of Inflammation in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Leading or Supporting Actors in Disease Pathogenesis? Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:851532. [PMID: 35449805 PMCID: PMC9017649 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.851532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a term that collectively refers to a group of chronic childhood arthritides, which together constitute the most common rheumatic condition in children. The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria define seven categories of JIA: oligoarticular, polyarticular rheumatoid factor (RF) negative (RF-), polyarticular RF positive (RF+), systemic, enthesitis-related arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and undifferentiated arthritis. The ILAR classification includes persistent and extended oligoarthritis as subcategories of oligoarticular JIA, but not as distinct categories. JIA is characterized by a chronic inflammatory process affecting the synovia that begins before the age of 16 and persists at least 6 weeks. If not treated, JIA can cause significant disability and loss of quality of life. Treatment of JIA is adjusted according to the severity of the disease as combinations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), synthetic and/ or biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Although the disease etiology is unknown, disturbances in innate and adaptive immune responses have been implicated in JIA development. B cells may have important roles in JIA pathogenesis through autoantibody production, antigen presentation, cytokine release and/ or T cell activation. The study of B cells has not been extensively explored in JIA, but evidence from the literature suggests that B cells might have indeed a relevant role in JIA pathophysiology. The detection of autoantibodies such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), RF and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in JIA patients supports a breakdown in B cell tolerance. Furthermore, alterations in B cell subpopulations have been documented in peripheral blood and synovial fluid from JIA patients. In fact, altered B cell homeostasis, B cell differentiation and B cell hyperactivity have been described in JIA. Of note, B cell depletion therapy with rituximab has been shown to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment in children with JIA, which further supports B cell intervention in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Moura
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Effect of LPS on Cytokine Secretion from Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-Associated Uveitis Patients with Positive Antinuclear Antibody. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6691681. [PMID: 34056011 PMCID: PMC8112907 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6691681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity is a key finding in JIA-associated uveitis (JIAU), but there are quite a few patients with negative ANA. There is no relevant report on the difference of their clinical manifestations. Previous animal model studies have found that the occurrence of uveitis is related to macrophage activation. In this article, our goal is to investigate changes in the morphology and cytokines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in uveitis patients testing positive or negative for ANAs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Methods A total of 30 patients were included in this study (10 in each group). They were divided into three groups (the ANA-positive [ANA+] group, ANA-negative [ANA-] group, and control group). There were ten patients (6 females and 4 males) in each group. Peripheral venous blood was collected into a heparinized tube, and PBMCs were isolated as soon as possible by the Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation method. Isolated cells were mixed with RPMI-1640 medium, and the cell concentration was adjusted to ensure that each patient had the same number of cells entering the study. After putting the extracted PBMC into the culture plate, LPS was added carefully to the plate. The cell culture supernatants were collected at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after LPS stimulation to detect the concentrations of IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and IL-10. Immunofluorescence was used to discover the deformation of macrophages after LPS stimulation. Results The newly isolated cells were approximately round. 6 h after LPS stimulation, the ratio of noncircular cells/circular cells was the highest in the ANA+ group. Unlike IL-10 that has been rising during the observation period, IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α peaked at 6 h after LPS stimulation. Conclusion With LPS motivation, cytokines in the ANA+ group increased the most violently.
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Kárpáti É, Papp A, Schneider AE, Hajnal D, Cserhalmi M, Csincsi ÁI, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. Interaction of the Factor H Family Proteins FHR-1 and FHR-5 With DNA and Dead Cells: Implications for the Regulation of Complement Activation and Opsonization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32765490 PMCID: PMC7378360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement plays an essential role in the opsonophagocytic clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells. Dysregulation of this process may lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Factor H (FH), a major soluble complement inhibitor, binds to dead cells and inhibits excessive complement activation on their surface, preventing lysis, and the release of intracellular material, including DNA. The FH-related (FHR) proteins share common ligands with FH, due to their homology with this complement regulator, but they lack the domains that mediate the complement inhibitory activity of FH. Because their roles in complement regulation is controversial and incompletely understood, we studied the interaction of FHR-1 and FHR-5 with DNA and dead cells and investigated whether they influence the regulatory role of FH and the complement activation on DNA and dead cells. FH, FHR-1, and FHR-5 bound to both plasmid DNA and human genomic DNA, where both FHR proteins inhibited FH-DNA interaction. The FH cofactor activity was inhibited by FHR-1 and FHR-5 due to the reduced binding of FH to DNA in the presence of the FHRs. Both FHRs caused increased complement activation on DNA. FHR-1 and FHR-5 bound to late apoptotic and necrotic cells and recruited monomeric C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3, and vice versa. Interactions of the FHRs with pentraxins resulted in enhanced activation of both the classical and the alternative complement pathways on dead cells when exposed to human serum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that FHR-1 and FHR-5 are competitive inhibitors of FH on DNA; moreover, FHR-pentraxin interactions promote opsonization of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Schneider
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Hajnal
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Cserhalmi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Csincsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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5
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Yang F, He Y, Zhai Z, Sun E. Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3638562. [PMID: 31871956 PMCID: PMC6913273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3638562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by excessive inflammatory and immune responses and tissue damage. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important role of programmed cell death in SLE pathogenesis. When apoptosis encounters with defective clearance, accumulated apoptotic cells lead to secondary necrosis. Different forms of lytic cell death, including secondary necrosis after apoptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, contribute to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and autoantigens, resulting in triggering immunity and tissue damage in SLE. However, the role of autophagy in SLE pathogenesis is in dispute. This review briefly discusses different forms of programmed cell death pathways and lay particular emphasis on inflammatory cell death pathways such as NETosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis and their roles in the inflammatory and immune responses in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sohrabian A, Parodis I, Carlströmer-Berthén N, Frodlund M, Jönsen A, Zickert A, Sjöwall C, Bengtsson AA, Gunnarsson I, Rönnelid J. Increased levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies in immune complexes before treatment with belimumab associate with clinical response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:259. [PMID: 31783909 PMCID: PMC6884768 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune complexes are of importance in systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis, and autoantibodies are believed to participate in immune complex formation. Quantification of autoantibody levels in circulating IC might be of prognostic value. METHODS A C1q-binding-eluting technique was applied to purify immune complexes from 55 belimumab-treated systemic lupus erythematosus patients during a 24-month follow-up. Autoantibodies in serum and in solubilized immune complexes were quantified using addressable laser bead immunoassay. We investigated whether levels of autoantibodies in immune complexes associate with disease activity and response to belimumab treatment. RESULTS High baseline anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-histone levels in immune complexes associated with attainment of zero scores in clinical systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 during the 24-month follow-up (p = 0.003 and p = 0.048, respectively). Low complement levels associated with high serum anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-ribosomal P levels (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008, respectively) and high anti-double-stranded DNA (p = 0.002) but not anti-ribosomal P levels in immune complexes. Anti-SSA/SSB serum levels were lower in patients attaining lupus low disease activity state at month 6; these associations were stronger for corresponding immune complex levels. Serum levels of most autoantibodies had declined at month 3, whereas autoantibody levels in immune complexes, except for anti-double-stranded DNA, showed a more gradual decline over 1-2 years. Serum anti-double-stranded DNA levels decreased in all patients irrespective of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000=0 attainment, whereas immune complex levels decreased only in achievers. CONCLUSION Immune complex levels of autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and the SSA/SSB complex show more specific associations with treatment outcome compared with serum levels in belimumab-treated systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Characterization of autoantibody content in circulating immune complexes could prove useful in treatment evaluation in systemic lupus erythematosus and other immune complex-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Sohrabian
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nellie Carlströmer-Berthén
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martina Frodlund
- Rheumatology/AIR, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jönsen
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agneta Zickert
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Rheumatology/AIR, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders A Bengtsson
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mahmud SA, Binstadt BA. Autoantibodies in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Prognosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3168. [PMID: 30693002 PMCID: PMC6339949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibody production occurs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and numerous other autoimmune diseases. In some conditions, the autoantibodies are clearly pathogenic, whereas in others the roles are less defined. Here we review various autoantibodies associated with JIA, with a particular focus on antinuclear antibodies and antibodies recognizing citrullinated self-antigens. We explore potential mechanisms that lead to the development of autoantibodies and the use of autoantibody testing in diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we compare and contrast JIA-associated autoantibodies with those found in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Mahmud
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bryce A Binstadt
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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8
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Ramirez GA, Efthymiou M, Isenberg DA, Cohen H. Under crossfire: thromboembolic risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 58:940-952. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Ramirez
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Efthymiou
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hannah Cohen
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Roberts NA, Adams BD, McCarthy NI, Tooze RM, Parnell SM, Anderson G, Kaech SM, Horsley V. Prdm1 Regulates Thymic Epithelial Function To Prevent Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:1250-1260. [PMID: 28701508 PMCID: PMC5544928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is largely prevented by medullary thymic epithelial cells (TECs) through their expression and presentation of tissue-specific Ags to developing thymocytes, resulting in deletion of self-reactive T cells and supporting regulatory T cell development. The transcription factor Prdm1 has been implicated in autoimmune diseases in humans through genome-wide association studies and in mice using cell type-specific deletion of Prdm1 in T and dendritic cells. In this article, we demonstrate that Prdm1 functions in TECs to prevent autoimmunity in mice. Prdm1 is expressed by a subset of mouse TECs, and conditional deletion of Prdm1 in either Keratin 14- or Foxn1-expressing cells in mice resulted in multisymptom autoimmune pathology. Notably, the development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells occurs normally in the absence of Blimp1. Importantly, nude mice developed anti-nuclear Abs when transplanted with Prdm1 null TECs, but not wild-type TECs, indicating that Prdm1 functions in TECs to regulate autoantibody production. We show that Prdm1 acts independently of Aire, a crucial transcription factor implicated in medullary TEC function. Collectively, our data highlight a previously unrecognized role for Prdm1 in regulating thymic epithelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Roberts
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Adams
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
- Investigative Medicine Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nicholas I McCarthy
- School of Immunity and Infection, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M Parnell
- School of Immunity and Infection, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- School of Immunity and Infection, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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10
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Wu H, Fu S, Zhao M, Lu L, Lu Q. Dysregulation of Cell Death and Its Epigenetic Mechanisms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Molecules 2016; 22:E30. [PMID: 28035990 PMCID: PMC6155917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs and tissues, which is characterized by the presence of excessive anti-nuclear autoantibodies. The pathogenesis of SLE has been intensively studied but remains far from clear. Increasing evidence has shown that the genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors-induced abnormalities in immune cells, dysregulation of apoptosis, and defects in the clearance of apoptotic materials contribute to the development of SLE. As the main source of auto-antigens, aberrant cell death may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research progress on different levels of cell death-including increasing rate of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and defects in clearance of dying cells-and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms, especially epigenetic modifications, which may provide new insight in the potential development of therapeutic strategies for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Siqi Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Center for Infection and Immunology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China.
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11
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Gatto M, Iaccarino L, Ghirardello A, Punzi L, Doria A. Clinical and pathologic considerations of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of lupus nephritogenic autoantibodies: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2016; 69:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Martin M, Leffler J, Smoląg KI, Mytych J, Björk A, Chaves LD, Alexander JJ, Quigg RJ, Blom AM. Factor H uptake regulates intracellular C3 activation during apoptosis and decreases the inflammatory potential of nucleosomes. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:903-11. [PMID: 26768663 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Factor H (FH) binds apoptotic cells to limit the inflammatory potential of complement. Here we report that FH is actively internalized by apoptotic cells to enhance cathepsin L-mediated cleavage of endogenously expressed C3, which results in increased surface opsonization with iC3b. In addition, internalized FH forms complexes with nucleosomes, facilitates their phagocytosis by monocytes and induces an anti-inflammatory biased cytokine profile. A similar cytokine response was noted for apoptotic cells coated with FH, confirming that FH diminishes the immunogenic and inflammatory potential of autoantigens. These findings were supported by in vivo observations from CFH(-/-) MRL-lpr mice, which exhibited higher levels of circulating nucleosomes and necrotic cells than their CFH(+/+) littermates. This unconventional function of FH broadens the established view of apoptotic cell clearance and appears particularly important considering the strong associations with genetic FH alterations and diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martin
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Leffler
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K I Smoląg
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Mytych
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - A Björk
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L D Chaves
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - J J Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - R J Quigg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A M Blom
- Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Fraser LD, Zhao Y, Lutalo PMK, D'Cruz DP, Cason J, Silva JS, Dunn‐Walters DK, Nayar S, Cope AP, Spencer J. Immunoglobulin light chain allelic inclusion in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2409-19. [PMID: 26036683 PMCID: PMC5102633 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The principles of allelic exclusion state that each B cell expresses a single light and heavy chain pair. Here, we show that B cells with both kappa and lambda light chains (Igκ and Igλ) are enriched in some patients with the systemic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but not in the systemic autoimmune disease control granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Detection of dual Igκ and Igλ expression by flow cytometry could not be abolished by acid washing or by DNAse treatment to remove any bound polyclonal antibody or complexes, and was retained after two days in culture. Both surface and intracytoplasmic dual light chain expression was evident by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We observed reduced frequency of rearrangements of the kappa-deleting element (KDE) in SLE and an inverse correlation between the frequency of KDE rearrangement and the frequency of dual light chain expressing B cells. We propose that dual expression of Igκ and Igλ by a single B cell may occur in some patients with SLE when this may be a consequence of reduced activity of the KDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise D. Fraser
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - David P. D'Cruz
- Louise Coote Lupus Unit Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - John Cason
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Joselli S. Silva
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Saba Nayar
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew P. Cope
- Academic Department of RheumatologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Programme in Infection and ImmunobiologyKing's College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Abstract
The inclusion of 'the anti-DNA antibody' by the ACR and the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) as a criterion for systemic lupus erythematosus does not convey the diverse origins of these antibodies, whether their production is transient or persistent (which is heavily influenced by the nature of the inducing antigens), the specificities exerted by these antibodies or their clinical impact-or lack thereof. A substantial amount of data not considered in clinical medicine could be added from basic immunology evidence, which could change the paradigms linked to what 'the anti-DNA antibody' is, in a pathogenic, classification or diagnostic context.
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15
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Luo J, Niu X, Zhang M, Zhang K, Chen M, Deng S. Inhibition of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 reduces the production of autoantibody and alleviates symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:80-6. [PMID: 25347333 PMCID: PMC4389764 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.976627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is an important transcription factor for the maintenance of antigen-specific immune responses, and it is crucial in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to investigate the role of Blimp-1 in the development of SLE and autoimmune-like symptoms. Lentivirus-mediated Blimp-1 siRNA was constructed and injected into MRL-Fas(lpr) lupus mice. The expression levels of Blimp-1, J-chain, C-myc, XBP-1 and BCMA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) were determined by RT-PCR. Anti-dsDNA autoantibody levels were detected using ELISA. The expression levels of Blimp-1 in liver, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes of mice were also detected by Western blot. The 24-h urinary protein was monitored weekly. Our results demonstrated that in MRL-Fas(lpr) lupus mice, Blimp-1 was upregulated in PMBCs, liver, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes. Administration of Blimp-1 siRNA reduced the expression of Blimp-1 and the anti-dsDNA level by 78 and 28%, respectively, in the peripheral blood, and the expression of XBP-1, J-chain and BCMA was also decreased. Although the Blimp-1 level in liver showed no significant changes, the levels of Blimp-1 in kidney, spleen and lymph nodes were dramatically decreased by 95, 72 and 47%, respectively. Kidney diseases induced by SLE in lupus mice were mitigated, and urinary protein levels were significantly decreased. These results indicate that Blimp-1 plays an important role in promoting the progression of SLE. Therefore, Blimp-1 may provide a new therapeutic target in the treatment of SLE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/genetics
- B-Cell Maturation Antigen/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/immunology
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/immunology
- Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- X-Box Binding Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochang Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kejun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Address for correspondence: Shaoli Deng, MD and Ming Chen, MD, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10 Chang Jiang Zhi Road, Chongqing 400042, China. E-mail address: (S.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Shaoli Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Address for correspondence: Shaoli Deng, MD and Ming Chen, MD, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, 10 Chang Jiang Zhi Road, Chongqing 400042, China. E-mail address: (S.D.); (M.C.)
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16
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Liang Y, Xu WD, Yang XK, Fang XY, Liu YY, Ni J, Qiu LJ, Hui P, Cen H, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Association of signaling transducers and activators of transcription 1 and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:141-5. [PMID: 24437638 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.873415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex autoimmune disease which involves various facets of the immune system. Signaling transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) belongs to the family of STAT transcription factors that mediate various biological responses. Recently, studies in both experimental animal models of lupus and patients with SLE have revealed expression and activation of STAT1 is closely associated with the pathogenesis of SLE. Moreover, increased production of interferons (IFNs) and aberrant activation of IFNs signaling, which is mechanistically linked to increased level of STAT1, are crucial for the development of SLE. Therefore, we will focus on the association of STAT1 and SLE based on recent understandings to render more information about the mechanisms of STAT1 might perform in. Hopefully, the information obtained will lead to a better understanding of the development and pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, as well as its clinical implications and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , PR China
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17
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Senejani AG, Liu Y, Kidane D, Maher SE, Zeiss CJ, Park HJ, Kashgarian M, McNiff JM, Zelterman D, Bothwell ALM, Sweasy JB. Mutation of POLB causes lupus in mice. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1-8. [PMID: 24388753 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A replication study of a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) suggested that a SNP linked to the POLB gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This SNP is correlated with decreased expression of Pol β, a key enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. To determine whether decreased Pol β activity results in SLE, we constructed a mouse model of POLB that encodes an enzyme with slow DNA polymerase activity. We show that mice expressing this hypomorphic POLB allele develop an autoimmune pathology that strongly resembles SLE. Of note, the mutant mice have shorter immunoglobulin heavy-chain junctions and somatic hypermutation is dramatically increased. These results demonstrate that decreased Pol β activity during the generation of immune diversity leads to lupus-like disease in mice, and suggest that decreased expression of Pol β in humans is an underlying cause of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza G Senejani
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dawit Kidane
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stephen E Maher
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Caroline J Zeiss
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hong-Jae Park
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
| | - Jennifer M McNiff
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
| | - Daniel Zelterman
- School of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8034, USA
| | - Alfred L M Bothwell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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18
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Dwivedi N, Radic M. Citrullination of autoantigens implicates NETosis in the induction of autoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:483-91. [PMID: 24291655 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance blocks the expression of autoantibodies, whereas autoimmunity promotes it. How tolerance breaks and autoantibody production begins thus are crucial questions for understanding and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Evidence implicates cell death and autoantigen modifications in the initiation of autoimmune reactions. One form of neutrophil cell death called NETosis deserves attention because it requires the post-translational modification of histones and results in the extracellular release of chromatin. NETosis received its name from NET, the acronym given to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap. The extracellular chromatin incorporates histones in which arginines have been converted to citrullines by peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PAD4). The deiminated chromatin may function to capture or 'trap' bacterial pathogens, thus generating an extracellular complex of deiminated histones and bacterial cell adjuvants. The complex of bacterial antigens and deiminated chromatin may be internalised by host phagocytes during acute inflammatory conditions, as arise during bacterial infections or chronic autoinflammatory disorders. The uptake and processing of deiminated chromatin together with bacterial adjuvants by phagocytes may induce the presentation of modified histone epitopes and co-stimulation, thus yielding a powerful stimulus to break tolerance. Autoantibodies to deiminated histones are prevalent in Felty's syndrome patients and are present in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These observations clearly implicate histone deimination as an epigenetic mark that can act as an autoantibody stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Dwivedi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Di Caro V, Phillips B, Engman C, Harnaha J, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Retinoic acid-producing, ex-vivo-generated human tolerogenic dendritic cells induce the proliferation of immunosuppressive B lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:302-17. [PMID: 23865694 PMCID: PMC3828834 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While much is known about tolerogenic dendritic cell effects on forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)⁺ regulatory T cells, virtually nothing is known about their effects on another arm of immunoregulation that is mediated by a subpopulation of immunosuppressive B cells. These cells suppress rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease in mice, and functional defects have been reported in human lupus. We show that co-stimulation-impaired tolerogenic dendritic cells that prevent and reverse type 1 diabetes mellitus induce the proliferation of human immunosuppressive B cells in vitro. We also show that the suppressive properties of these B cells concentrate inside the CD19⁺ CD24⁺ B cell population and more specifically inside the CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD38⁺ regulatory B cell population. We discovered that B cell conversion into suppressive cells in vitro is partially dependent on dendritic cell production of retinoic acid and also that CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD38⁺ B regulatory cells express retinoic acid receptors. Taken together, our data suggest a model whereby part of the immunosuppressive properties of human tolerogenic dendritic cells could be mediated by retinoic acid which, in addition to its known role in favouring T cell differentiation to FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells, acts to convert B cells into immunosuppressive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Caro
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; RiMed Foundation, Palermo, Italy
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20
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Bozzolo EP, Ramirez GA, Bonavida G, Lanzani C, Scotti R, Dell’Antonio G, Baldissera E, Canti V, Manfredi AA, Rovere-Querini P, Sabbadini MG. Efficacy and toxicity of treatments for nephritis in a series of consecutive lupus patients. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:537-46. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.817560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Al-Shobaili HA, Rasheed Z. Physicochemical and immunological studies on mitochondrial DNA modified by peroxynitrite: implications of neo-epitopes of mitochondrial DNA in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2013; 22:1024-37. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203313498803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Recent evidence has demonstrated that mitochondria possess their own nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) and can produce endogenous reactive-nitrogen-species (RNS) including peroxynitrite (ONOO–). This study was undertaken to investigate the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage by ONOO– in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) autoimmunity. Methods MtDNA was isolated from fresh goat liver and modified by ONOO–, generated by synergistic action of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O–2) donors. Modifications occurring in mtDNA were characterized by physicochemical techniques. SLE patients ( n = 50) with varying disease activity according to the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and healthy controls ( n = 34) were evaluated for antibodies to native and ONOO–-modified mtDNA by immunoassays. Gel retardation assays were performed to cross-examine the immunoassay results using affinity-purified SLE immunoglobulin G (IgG). Nitrosative stress in SLE patients was studied by measuring nitrotyrosine and inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Results The ONOO– caused extensive damage to mtDNA as evident by ultraviolet (UV) hyperchromicity and loss of florescence intensity. Thermal melting studies, agarose gel electrophoresis and nuclease S1 digestibility clearly indicate structural perturbation in mtDNA by ONOO–. Quenching studies with specific NO or O–2 quenchers confirmed that the damaging agent was ONOO–. SLE autoantibodies exhibited enhanced binding with ONOO–-mtDNA as compared to their native analog. Interestingly, not only was there an increased number of subjects positive for ONOO–-mtDNA, but also the levels of anti-ONOO–-mtDNA antibodies were statistically significantly higher among SLE patients whose SLEDAI scores were ≥ 20 as compared with SLE patients with lower SLEDAI scores (SLEDAI < 20). Normal healthy controls showed negligible binding with either antigen. Furthermore, SLE patients had higher levels of nitrotyrosine and iNOS compared with their respective healthy controls. Conclusions Our novel results provide an important insight into the immunological basis of anti-DNA autoantibody generation in SLE. Our data conclude that modification of mtDNA by ONOO– causes structural perturbations, resulting in the generation of neo-epitopes, and making it a potential immunogen in SLE. The mtDNA modified by ONOO– may be useful in evaluating the progression of SLE and in elucidating the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- HA Al-Shobaili
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; and 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Z Rasheed
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; and 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Seredkina N, Van Der Vlag J, Berden J, Mortensen E, Rekvig OP. Lupus nephritis: enigmas, conflicting models and an emerging concept. Mol Med 2013; 19:161-9. [PMID: 23752208 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to components of chromatin, which include double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), histones and nucleosomes, are central in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. How anti-chromatin autoantibodies exert their nephritogenic activity, however, is controversial. One model assumes that autoantibodies initiate inflammation when they cross-react with intrinsic glomerular structures such as components of membranes, matrices or exposed nonchromatin ligands released from cells. Another model suggests glomerular deposition of autoantibodies in complex with chromatin, thereby inducing classic immune complex-mediated tissue damage. Recent data suggest acquired error of renal chromatin degradation due to the loss of renal DNaseI enzyme activity is an important contributing factor to the development of lupus nephritis in lupus-prone (NZBxNZW)F1 mice and in patients with lupus nephritis. Down-regulation of DNaseI expression results in reduced chromatin fragmentation and in deposition of extracellular chromatin-IgG complexes in glomerular basement membranes in individuals who produce IgG anti-chromatin autoantibodies. The main focus of the present review is to discuss whether exposed chromatin fragments in glomeruli are targeted by potentially nephritogenic anti-dsDNA autoantibodies or if the nephritogenic activity of these autoantibodies is explained by cross-reaction with intrinsic glomerular constituents or if both models coexist in diseased kidneys. In addition, the role of silencing of the renal DNaseI gene and the biological consequences of reduced chromatin fragmentation in nephritic kidneys are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Seredkina
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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23
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Zhang DM, Cheng LQ, Zhai ZF, Feng L, Zhong BY, You Y, Zhang N, Song ZQ, Yang XC, Chen FR, Hao F. Single-nucleotide Polymorphism and Haplotypes of TNIP1 Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Chinese Han Population. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:1535-44. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective.To determine the association of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the TNIP1 gene and compare the expression of this gene in cases and controls from a Chinese Han population in this replication study.Methods.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to genotype 19 SNP in TNIP1 in Chinese Han patients with SLE (n = 341) and controls (n = 356). Genotypes were analyzed by codominant, dominant, and recessive models. Analysis of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium was also performed. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to measure the expression of these genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE cases and controls.Results.Seven SNP loci were significantly associated with SLE in our population (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Two TNIP1 gene haplotypes (ATTGCGC and GTCCTAT) were associated with SLE (p = 0.0246 and p = 0.0024, respectively). Western blotting and qRT-PCR results provide evidence that patients with SLE had significantly reduced expression of TNIP1/ABIN-1 relative to controls.Conclusion.Analysis of SNP in the TNIP1 gene and expression of this gene in peripheral blood lymphocytes indicated these SNP were associated with the occurrence of SLE in Han Chinese patients. Future studies should examine the roles of these SNP in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Rasheed Z, Al-Shobaili HA, Al Robaee AA, Alzolibani AA, Wadi WIA, Khan MI, Al-Hamed HA. Preferential recognition of peroxynitrite damaged thymidine-monophosphate by anti-DNA autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 31:736-51. [PMID: 23067125 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2012.724135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the role of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) modified thymine-5'-monophosphate (TMP) in the generation of anti-DNA autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TMP was exposed to ONOO(-) in vitro and challenged in vivo. TMP and ONOO(-)-modified-TMP were found to be nonimmunogenic in rabbits. TMP-linked-BSA and ONOO(-)-modified-TMP-BSA induced high titer antibodies. Induced antibodies against ONOO(-)-TMP-BSA show crossreactions with nucleic acids conformers. A high degree of specific binding by SLE autoantibodies with ONOO(-)-TMP-BSA was observed. Our novel results provide an important insight into the immunological basis of anti-DNA autoantibodies generation in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia.
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25
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Sjöwall C, Olin AI, Skogh T, Wetterö J, Mörgelin M, Nived O, Sturfelt G, Bengtsson AA. C-reactive protein, immunoglobulin G and complement co-localize in renal immune deposits of proliferative lupus nephritis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:205-14. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.764992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Almqvist N, Mårtensson IL. The pre-B cell receptor; selecting for or against autoreactivity. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:256-62. [PMID: 22909069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies represent a crucial component of humoral immunity as protection against invading pathogens, to which they bind and thereby trigger mechanisms that lead to the disposal of the pathogen. Antibodies are assembled from Ig heavy chains (HCs) and light chains (LCs) and are found in both a secreted and a membrane-bound form, termed B cell receptors (BCRs), where the latter allows the 'right' B cell to respond upon recognition of its cognate antigen. The antibody repertoire is almost unlimited because of a process in which germ line V(D)J gene segments, encoding the variable (antigen-binding) region of the antibody HCs and LCs, are recombined. As this process is random, it is apparent that it results in a vast variety of antibodies, those that recognize foreign but also those that recognize self- (auto-) antigens. Control mechanisms are, therefore, in place to ensure that as few autoreactive B cells as possible are allowed to proceed in development. This counter-selection takes place through various mechanisms and at several stages as the cells develop from pre-B cells to antibody-secreting plasma cells. At the first major checkpoint, at the pre-BI to pre-BII cell transition, antibody HCs assemble with the invariant surrogate LC (SLC) forming a pre-BCR. Herein, we will discuss the role of the pre-BCR in the selection at this stage, how a dysfunctional pre-BCR affects selection and its effects on later stages, and whether the pre-BCR selects for or against autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Almqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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27
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Gatto M, Zen M, Ghirardello A, Bettio S, Bassi N, Iaccarino L, Punzi L, Doria A. Emerging and critical issues in the pathogenesis of lupus. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:523-36. [PMID: 23000207 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystemic, autoimmune disease, encompassing either mild or severe manifestations. SLE was originally labeled as being an immune complex-mediated disease, but further knowledge suggested its pathogenesis is motlier than that, involving complex interactions between predisposed individuals and their environment. People affected with SLE have their immune system skewed toward aberrant self-recognition usually after encountering a triggering agent. Defeats in early and late immune checkpoints contribute to tolerance breakdown and further generation and expansion of autoreactive cell-clones. B and T cells play a master role in SLE, however clues are emerging about other cell types and new light is being shed on SLE autoantibodies, since some of them display really harmful potential (pathogenic antibodies), while others are just connected with disease development (pathological antibodies) and may even be protective. Autoantibody generation is elicited by abnormal apoptosis and inefficient clearance of cellular debris causing intracellular autoantigens (e.g. nucleosomes) to persist in the extracellular environment, being further recognized by autoreactive cells. Here we explore the complexity of SLE pathogenesis through five core issues, i.e. genetic predisposition, B and T cell abnormalities, abnormal autoantigen availability, autoantibody generation and organ damage, relying on current knowledge and recent insights into SLE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariele Gatto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Shkandina T, Herrmann M, Bilyy R. Sweet kiss of dying cell: sialidase activity on apoptotic cell is able to act toward its neighbors. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:574-8. [PMID: 22928616 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.719951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells and subcellular microparticles expose increased sialidase activity on their surfaces, which results from caspase-3 dependent activation of plasma membrane associated Neuraminidase-1 (Neu1). Desialylation of dying cells is also known to promote efferocytosis. The intriguing question remained whether sialidase on the surface of dying cell merely acts on self targets (cis-action), or whether it can also cleave glycoepitopes of neighboring cells (trans-action). Here, we co-incubated human viable and apoptotic Jurkat lymphocytes or neutrophils with human erythrocytes and evaluated their glycoprofile for terminal sialic acids by agglutination assay, flow cytometry, ELISA and dot-blot analyses. Data suggest that erythrocytes were desialylated as soon as 3 hours after co-incubation with apoptotic cells, but not with viable ones. After co-incubation of L929 murine fibroblasts with viable or apoptotic murine L1210 cells the L929 cells gained a desialylated glycoprofile, only after co-incubation with apoptotic cells. Our data suggests that activated sialidase(s) on the surfaces of apoptotic cells are capable to desialylate neighboring cells in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Shkandina
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
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Bouts YM, Wolthuis DFGJ, Dirkx MFM, Pieterse E, Simons EMF, van Boekel AM, Dieker JW, van der Vlag J. Apoptosis and NET formation in the pathogenesis of SLE. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:597-601. [PMID: 22913420 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.719953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the formation of anti-nuclear autoantibodies, particularly anti-chromatin. Although the aetiology of the disease has not yet been fully elucidated, several mechanisms have been proposed to be involved. Due to an aberrant apoptosis or decreased removal of apoptotic cells, apoptotic blebs containing chromatin are released. During apoptosis, chromatin is modified that increases its immunogenicity. Myeloid dendritic cells (myDC) can take up apoptotic blebs and stimulate autoreactive T helper cells, and subsequently the formation of autoantibodies by autoreactive B cells. Immune complexes formed by anti-chromatin autoantibodies and modified chromatin deposit on basal membranes, and incite a local inflammation, but can also stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce IFN-α. In addition to apoptotic blebs, neutrophil extracellular traps released by dying neutrophils, in a process called NETosis, may serve as a source of autoantigens as well. In this review, we describe the role of both apoptosis and NETosis in the pathogenesis of SLE, and show how both processes may interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette M Bouts
- Nephrology Research Laboratory, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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