1
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Liang X, He C, Shen H. Programmable stopped-flow injection analysis: A comparative study on the effects of adenosine and its aptamer on respiratory burst of salivary and circulatory neutrophils. Talanta 2024; 271:125672. [PMID: 38295446 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity by releasing ROS through respiratory bursts to neutralize various pathogenic factors. However, excessive ROS release can cause tissue damage. Adenosine is an endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule inhibiting respiratory burst to protect the host. Adenosine aptamers with antibody-like properties and good stability are expected to act as adenosine antagonists with functional modulation capability. This study compares the effects of adenosine and its aptamer on the respiratory bursts of salivary polymorphonuclear leukocytes and circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes using a programmable stopped-flow injection approach, ensuring rapid and efficient analysis while maintaining the neutrophils' viability. The results show that primed salivary polymorphonuclear leukocytes exhibit specificities that differ from circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Adenosine aptamer can function as an inhibitory antagonist that distinguishes between physiologically controlled and excessive priming of neutrophils, showing potential application prospects in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Liang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Zhejiang University 310058, China.
| | - Chaoman He
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China; Qiantang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hong Shen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Zhejiang University 310058, China.
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2
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Sixt S, Gruber M, Kolle G, Galla T, Bitzinger D. The Effect of Local Anesthetics on Neutrophils in the Context of Different Isolation Techniques. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2170. [PMID: 37626667 PMCID: PMC10452207 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Various functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are related to diseases and postoperative plasma changes. The influence of some local anesthetics (LAs) on PMNs obtained by conventional isolation methods and their functions has already been demonstrated. This study investigates the effect of selected LAs on PMNs, comparing a new isolation method with conventional ones. To obtain the PMNs, we performed either gelafundin sedimentation, hypotonic lysis or density gradient centrifugation. Subsequently, PMNs were mixed with different concentrations of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, lidocaine or ropivacaine. Live cell imaging and flow cytometry were performed to quantify the migration, ROS production, NETosis and antigen expression of PMNs. We found the inhibition of chemotaxis and ROS production by LAs. PMNs showed a strong reduction in time to half maximal NETosis in response to bupivacaine and lidocaine, but not to levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. We also found distinct differences in survival time and migration duration between the isolation methods. This suggests that the careful selection of LAs has a short-term impact on in vitro PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sixt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Guo M, Yu X, Zhu YZ, Yu Y. From Bench to Bedside: What Do We Know about Imidazothiazole Derivatives So Far? Molecules 2023; 28:5052. [PMID: 37446714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidazothiazole derivatives are becoming increasingly important in therapeutic use due to their outstanding physiological activities. Recently, applying imidazothiazole as the core, researchers have synthesized a series of derivatives with biological effects such as antitumor, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this review, we summarize the main pharmacological effects and pharmacological mechanisms of imidazothiazole derivates; the contents summarized herein are intended to advance the research and rational development of imidazothiazole-based drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xiangbin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation, Fuzhou 350122, China
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4
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Skurk T, Krämer T, Marcinek P, Malki A, Lang R, Dunkel A, Krautwurst T, Hofmann TF, Krautwurst D. Sweetener System Intervention Shifted Neutrophils from Homeostasis to Priming. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051260. [PMID: 36904259 PMCID: PMC10005247 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are part of personalized nutrition strategies supporting healthy glycemic control. In contrast, the consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners has been related to person-specific and microbiome-dependent glycemic impairments. Reports on the effects of NNS on our highly individual cellular immune system are sparse. The recent identification of taste receptor expression in a variety of immune cells, however, suggested their immune-modulatory relevance. METHODS We studied the influence of a beverage-typical NNS system on the transcriptional profiling of sweetener-cognate taste receptors, selected cytokines and their receptors, and on Ca2+ signaling in isolated blood neutrophils. We determined plasma concentrations of saccharin, acesulfame-K, and cyclamate by HPLC-MS/MS, upon ingestion of a soft drink-typical sweetener surrogate. In an open-labeled, randomized intervention study, we determined pre- versus post-intervention transcript levels by RT-qPCR of sweetener-cognate taste receptors and immune factors. RESULTS Here we show that the consumption of a food-typical sweetener system modulated the gene expression of cognate taste receptors and induced the transcriptional regulation signatures of early homeostasis- and late receptor/signaling- and inflammation-related genes in blood neutrophils, shifting their transcriptional profile from homeostasis to priming. Notably, sweeteners at postprandial plasma concentrations facilitated fMLF (N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe)-induced Ca2+ signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the notion of sweeteners priming neutrophils to higher alertness towards their adequate stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Core Facility Human Studies, TUM School for Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tamara Krämer
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Patrick Marcinek
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Agne Malki
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Roman Lang
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tiffany Krautwurst
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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Knepp B, Ander BP, Jickling GC, Hull H, Yee AH, Ng K, Rodriguez F, Carmona-Mora P, Amini H, Zhan X, Hakoupian M, Alomar N, Sharp FR, Stamova B. Gene expression changes implicate specific peripheral immune responses to Deep and Lobar Intracerebral Hemorrhages in humans. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022; 3:155-176. [PMID: 36936603 PMCID: PMC10019834 DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral immune system response to Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) may differ with ICH in different brain locations. Thus, we investigated peripheral blood mRNA expression of Deep ICH, Lobar ICH, and vascular risk factor-matched control subjects (n = 59). Deep ICH subjects usually had hypertension. Some Lobar ICH subjects had cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Genes and gene networks in Deep ICH and Lobar ICH were compared to controls. We found 774 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2 co-expressed gene modules associated with Deep ICH, and 441 DEGs and 5 modules associated with Lobar ICH. Pathway enrichment showed some common immune/inflammatory responses between locations including Autophagy, T Cell Receptor, Inflammasome, and Neuroinflammation Signaling. Th2, Interferon, GP6, and BEX2 Signaling were unique to Deep ICH. Necroptosis Signaling, Protein Ubiquitination, Amyloid Processing, and various RNA Processing terms were unique to Lobar ICH. Finding amyloid processing pathways in blood of Lobar ICH patients suggests peripheral immune cells may participate in processes leading to perivascular/vascular amyloid in CAA vessels and/or are involved in its removal. This study identifies distinct peripheral blood transcriptome architectures in Deep and Lobar ICH, emphasizes the need for considering location in ICH studies/clinical trials, and presents potential location-specific treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodie Knepp
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P. Ander
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C. Jickling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Heather Hull
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alan H. Yee
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kwan Ng
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paulina Carmona-Mora
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hajar Amini
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Hakoupian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Noor Alomar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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6
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Zhuang Y, Wang L, Guo J, Sun D, Wang Y, Liu W, Xu HE, Zhang C. Molecular recognition of formylpeptides and diverse agonists by the formylpeptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1054. [PMID: 35217703 PMCID: PMC8881469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) mediate pattern recognition of formylated peptides derived from invading pathogens or mitochondria from dead host cells. They can also sense other structurally distinct native peptides and even lipid mediators to either promote or resolve inflammation. Pharmacological targeting of FPRs represents a novel therapeutic approach in treating inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FPR ligand recognition are elusive. We report cryo-EM structures of Gi-coupled FPR1 and FPR2 bound to a formylpeptide and Gi-coupled FPR2 bound to two synthetic peptide and small-molecule agonists. Together with mutagenesis data, our structures reveal the molecular mechanism of formylpeptide recognition by FPRs and structural variations of FPR1 and FPR2 leading to their different ligand preferences. Structural analysis also suggests that diverse FPR agonists sample a conserved activation chamber at the bottom of ligand-binding pockets to activate FPRs. Our results provide a basis for rational drug design on FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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7
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Mahmud F, Roy R, Mohamed MF, Aboonabi A, Moric M, Ghoreishi K, Bayat M, Kuzel TM, Reiser J, Shafikhani SH. Therapeutic evaluation of immunomodulators in reducing surgical wound infection. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22090. [PMID: 34907595 PMCID: PMC9058973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite many advances in infection control practices, including prophylactic antibiotics, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a significant cause of morbidity, prolonged hospitalization, and death worldwide. Our innate immune system possesses a multitude of powerful antimicrobial strategies which make it highly effective in combating bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. However, pathogens use various stealth mechanisms to avoid the innate immune system, which in turn buy them time to colonize wounds and damage tissues at surgical sites. We hypothesized that immunomodulators that can jumpstart and activate innate immune responses at surgical sites, would likely reduce infection at surgical sites. We used three immunomodulators; fMLP (formyl-Methionine-Lysine-Proline), CCL3 (MIP-1α), and LPS (Lipopolysaccharide), based on their documented ability to elicit strong inflammatory responses; in a surgical wound infection model with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to evaluate our hypothesis. Our data indicate that one-time topical treatment with these immunomodulators at low doses significantly increased proinflammatory responses in infected and uninfected surgical wounds and were as effective, (or even better), than a potent prophylactic antibiotic (Tobramycin) in reducing P. aeruginosa infection in wounds. Our data further show that immunomodulators did not have adverse effects on tissue repair and wound healing processes. Rather, they enhanced healing in both infected and uninfected wounds. Collectively, our data demonstrate that harnessing the power of the innate immune system by immunomodulators can significantly boost infection control and potentially stimulate healing. We propose that topical treatment with these immunomodulators at the time of surgery may have therapeutic potential in combating SSI, alone or in combination with prophylactic antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foyez Mahmud
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruchi Roy
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed F. Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anahita Aboonabi
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mario Moric
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran,Price Institute of Surgical Research, University of Louisville and Noveratech LLC. of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Timothy M. Kuzel
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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8
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Nguyen TH, Cheung GYC, Rigby KM, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Sturdevant DE, Villaruz AE, Liu R, Piewngam P, Porter AR, Firdous S, Chiou J, Park MD, Hunt RL, Almufarriji FMF, Tan VY, Asiamah TK, McCausland JW, Fisher EL, Yeh AJ, Bae JS, Kobayashi SD, Wang JM, Barber DL, DeLeo FR, Otto M. Rapid pathogen-specific recruitment of immune effector cells in the skin by secreted toxins. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:62-72. [PMID: 34873293 PMCID: PMC8732318 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swift recruitment of phagocytic leucocytes is critical in preventing infection when bacteria breach through the protective layers of the skin. According to canonical models, this occurs via an indirect process that is initiated by contact of bacteria with resident skin cells and which is independent of the pathogenic potential of the invader. Here we describe a more rapid mechanism of leucocyte recruitment to the site of intrusion of the important skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus that is based on direct recognition of specific bacterial toxins, the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), by circulating leucocytes. We used a combination of intravital imaging, ear infection and skin abscess models, and in vitro gene expression studies to demonstrate that this early recruitment was dependent on the transcription factor EGR1 and contributed to the prevention of infection. Our findings refine the classical notion of the non-specific and resident cell-dependent character of the innate immune response to bacterial infection by demonstrating a pathogen-specific high-alert mechanism involving direct recruitment of immune effector cells by secreted bacterial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan H Nguyen
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Rigby
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- miRagen Therapeutics, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Amer E Villaruz
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adeline R Porter
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Saba Firdous
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Chlamydia Pathogenesis Section, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Graduate School in Biomedical Science, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Park
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachelle L Hunt
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbial Pathogenesis Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fawaz M F Almufarriji
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Vee Y Tan
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Tuberculosis Research Section, NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Titus K Asiamah
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua W McCausland
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anthony J Yeh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Justin S Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Kobayashi
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer and Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Barber
- T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frank R DeLeo
- Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Pallikkuth S, Mendez R, Russell K, Sirupangi T, Kvistad D, Pahwa R, Villinger F, Banerjee S, Pahwa S. Age Associated Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites Modulation and Its Association With Systemic Inflammation in a Rhesus Macaque Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748397. [PMID: 34737748 PMCID: PMC8560971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declining immunity and inflammation as well as alterations in the gut microbiome with a decrease of beneficial microbes and increase in pathogenic ones. The aim of this study was to investigate the age associated gut microbiome in relation to immunologic and metabolic profile in a non-human primate (NHP) model. 12 geriatric (age 19-24 years) and 4 young adult (age 3-4 years) Rhesus macaques were included in this study. Immune cell subsets were characterized in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by flow cytometry and plasma cytokines levels were determined by bead based multiplex cytokine analysis. Stool samples were collected by ileal loop and investigated for microbiome analysis by shotgun metagenomics. Serum, gut microbial lysate, and microbe-free fecal extract were subjected to metabolomic analysis by mass-spectrometry. Our results showed that the gut microbiome in geriatric animals had higher abundance of Archaeal and Proteobacterial species and lower Firmicutes than the young adults. Highly abundant microbes in the geriatric animals showed a direct association with plasma biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation such as neopterin, CRP, TNF, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ. Significant enrichment of metabolites that contribute to inflammatory and cytotoxic pathways was observed in serum and feces of geriatric animals compared to the young adults. We conclude that aging NHP undergo immunosenescence and age associated alterations in the gut microbiome that has a distinct metabolic profile. Aging NHP can serve as a model for investigating the relationship of the gut microbiome to particular age-associated comorbidities and for strategies aimed at modulating the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Roberto Mendez
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kyle Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Tirupataiah Sirupangi
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Daniel Kvistad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Miami Integrative Metabolomics Research Center (MIMRC), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Center for Scientific Review, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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10
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Hamilton J, Mohamed M, Witt B, Wimmer M, Shafikhani S. Therapeutic assessment of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in reducing periprosthetic joint infection. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 42:122-138. [PMID: 34435345 PMCID: PMC8459619 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v042a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many preventive measures, including prophylactic antibiotics, periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a devastating complication following arthroplasty, leading to pain, suffering, morbidity and substantial economic burden. Humans have a powerful innate immune system that can effectively control infections, if alerted quickly. Unfortunately, pathogens use many mechanisms to dampen innate immune responses. The study hypothesis was that immunomodulators that can jumpstart and direct innate immune responses (particularly neutrophils) at the surgical site of implant placement would boost immune responses and reduce PJI, even in the absence of antibiotics. To test this hypothesis, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) (a potent chemoattractant for phagocytic leukocytes including neutrophils) was used in a mouse model of PJI with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Mice receiving intramedullary femoral implants were divided into three groups: i) implant alone; ii) implant + S. aureus; iii) implant + fMLP + S. aureus. fMLP treatment reduced S. aureus infection levels by ~ 2-Log orders at day 3. Moreover, fMLP therapy reduced infection-induced peri-implant periosteal reaction, focal cortical loss and areas of inflammatory infiltrate in mice distal femora at day 10. Finally, fMLP treatment reduced pain behaviour and increased weight-bearing at the implant leg in infected mice at day 10. Data indicated that fMLP therapy is a promising novel approach for reducing PJI, if administered locally at surgical sites. Future work will be toward further enhancement and optimisation of an fMLP-based therapeutic approach through combination with antibiotics and/or implant coating with fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Hamilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA
| | - M.F. Mohamed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA
| | - B.R. Witt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA
| | - M.A. Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA
| | - S.H. Shafikhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA,Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA,Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA,Address for correspondence: Sasha H. Shafikhani, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cell Therapy, Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612-3806, USA. Telephone number: +1 3129421368
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11
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Zambonatto RF, Teixeira RN, Poma SDO, da Silva EB, de Almeida MM, Leite GDS, Dos Santos CMM, Alves HHDO, Gorjão R, Pithon-Curi TC, Carvalho CRF, Curi R, Levada-Pires AC. Features of Neutrophils From Atopic and Non-Atopic Elite Endurance Runners. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670763. [PMID: 34177910 PMCID: PMC8226171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected peripheral blood from thirty-nine elite male endurance runners at rest (24 hours after the last exercise session) and used the Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes score and plasma specific IgE level to separate them into atopic and non-atopic athletes. Neutrophils obtained from atopic and non-atopic athletes were subsequently stimulated in vitro with fMLP (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), or PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Neutrophils from non-atopic runners responded appropriately to LPS, as evidenced by the production of pro (IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. Neutrophils from atopic elite runners exhibited lower responses to LPS stimulus as indicated by no increase in IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 production. Neutrophils from non-atopic and atopic runners responded similarly to fMLP stimulation, indicating that migration function remained unaltered. Both groups were unresponsive to PMA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Training hours and training volume were not associated with neutrophil IgE receptor gene expression or any evaluated neutrophil function. Since non-atopic runners normally responded to LPS stimulation, the reduced neutrophil response to the stimuli was most likely due to the atopic state and not exercise training. The findings reported are of clinical relevance because atopic runners exhibit a constant decline in competition performance and are more susceptible to invading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Freitas Zambonatto
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Nakata Teixeira
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah de Oliveira Poma
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Borges da Silva
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mendes de Almeida
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Dos Santos Leite
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cesar Miguel Momesso Dos Santos
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena de Oliveira Alves
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso R F Carvalho
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Park B, Liu GY. Immune-Based Anti-Staphylococcal Therapeutic Approaches. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020328. [PMID: 33562054 PMCID: PMC7915210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections within community and healthcare settings are responsible for accelerated development of antibiotic resistance. As the antibiotic pipeline began drying up, alternative strategies were sought for future treatment of S. aureus infections. Here, we review immune-based anti-staphylococcal strategies that, unlike conventional antibiotics, target non-essential gene products elaborated by the pathogen. These strategies stimulate narrow or broad host immune mechanisms that are critical for anti-staphylococcal defenses. Alternative approaches aim to disrupt bacterial virulence mechanisms that enhance pathogen survival or induce immunopathology. Although immune-based therapeutics are unlikely to replace antibiotics in patient treatment in the near term, they have the potential to significantly improve upon the performance of antibiotics for treatment of invasive staphylococcal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggoo Park
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - George Y. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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13
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Zhao Y, Huo D, Jiang L, Zhou S, Yang M, Hou C. Synthesis of dopamine-derived N-doped carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4 composites as enhanced electrochemical sensing platforms for hydrogen peroxide detection. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:605. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Chang YH, Weng CL, Lin KI. O-GlcNAcylation and its role in the immune system. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:57. [PMID: 32349769 PMCID: PMC7189445 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00648-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a type of glycosylation that occurs when a monosaccharide, O-GlcNAc, is added onto serine or threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and which can be reversibly removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation couples the processes of nutrient sensing, metabolism, signal transduction and transcription, and plays important roles in development, normal physiology and physiopathology. Cumulative studies have indicated that O-GlcNAcylation affects the functions of protein substrates in a number of ways, including protein cellular localization, protein stability and protein/protein interaction. Particularly, O-GlcNAcylation has been shown to have intricate crosstalk with phosphorylation as they both modify serine or threonine residues. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation on various protein substrates has been implicated in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and cancers. However, the role of protein O-GlcNAcylation in immune cell lineages has been less explored. This review summarizes the current understanding of the fundamental biochemistry of O-GlcNAcylation, and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation regulates the development, maturation and functions of immune cells. In brief, O-GlcNAcylation promotes the development, proliferation, and activation of T and B cells. O-GlcNAcylation regulates inflammatory and antiviral responses of macrophages. O-GlcNAcylation promotes the function of activated neutrophils, but inhibits the activity of nature killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Weng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang Dist., Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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15
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Feng Z, Lu X, Gan L, Zhang Q, Lin L. Xanthones, A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Scaffold: Structure, Activity, and Drug Likeness Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:E598. [PMID: 32019180 PMCID: PMC7037265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's self-protective response to multiple stimulus, from external harmful substances to internal danger signals released after trauma or cell dysfunction. Many diseases are considered to be related to inflammation, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. Current therapeutic approaches include mainly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids, which are generally of limited effectiveness and severe side-effects. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel effective anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents. Xanthones, a unique scaffold with a 9H-Xanthen-9-one core structure, widely exist in natural sources. Till now, over 250 xanthones were isolated and identified in plants from the families Gentianaceae and Hypericaceae. Many xanthones have been disclosed with anti-inflammatory properties on different models, either in vitro or in vivo. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of xanthones with anti-inflammatory properties, and analyzed their drug likeness, which might be potential therapeutic agents to fight against inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Xiuqiang Lu
- Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, China;
| | - Lishe Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ligen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Z.F.); (Q.Z.)
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16
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Adjunctive Immunotherapeutic Efficacy of N-Formylated Internal Peptide of Mycobacterial Glutamine Synthetase in Mouse Model of Tuberculosis. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 27:236-242. [PMID: 31746288 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191028151615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host-directed therapies are a comparatively new and promising method for the treatment of tuberculosis. A variety of host pathways, vaccines and drugs have the potential to provide novel adjunctive therapies for the treatment of tuberculosis. In this connection, we have earlier reported the immunotherapeutic potential of N-formylated N-terminal peptide of glutamine synthetase of Mycobacterim tuberculosis H37Rv (Mir SA and Sharma S, 2014). Now in the present study, we investigated the immunotherapeutic effect of N-terminally formylated internal-peptide 'f- MLLLPD' of mycobacterial glutamine synthetase (Rv2220) in mouse model of tuberculosis. METHODS The N-terminally formylated peptide, f-MLLLPD was tested for its potential to generate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in murine neutrophils. Further, its therapeutic effect alone or in combination with anti-tubercular drugs was evaluated in mouse model of tuberculosis. RESULTS The f-MLLLPD peptide treatment alone and in combination with ATDs reduced the bacterial load (indicated as colony forming units) in lungs of infected mice by 0.58 (p<0.01) and 2.92 (p<0.001) log10 units respectively and in their spleens by 0.46 (p<0.05) and 2.46 (p<0.001) log10 units respectively. In addition, the observed histopathological results correlated well with the CFU data. CONCLUSION The results of the current study show that f-MLLLPD peptide confers an additional therapeutic efficacy to the anti-tuberculosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh - 160012, India.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh - 160012, India
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17
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Rodrigues LC, Kabeya LM, Azzolini AECS, Cerri DG, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, Lucisano-Valim YM, Dias-Baruffi M. Galectin-1 modulation of neutrophil reactive oxygen species production depends on the cell activation state. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:80-89. [PMID: 31630079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the effects of exogenous and endogenous galectin-1 (Gal-1) in modulating the functional responses of human and murine neutrophils at different stages of activation, i.e. naive, primed, and activated. Exposure to Gal-1 did not induce ROS production in either naive or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-primed (fMLP; 10-9 M) neutrophils. However, Gal-1 elicited a concentration-dependent ROS production in neutrophils activated with fMLP at concentrations ranging from 10-8 M to 10-6 M. Additional fMLP (10-7 M) stimulation of fMLP-activated neutrophils increased ROS production, whose intensity was inversely related to the fMLP concentration used in the first activation step (10-8 M to 10-6 M), and was not influenced by the presence of Gal-1. Naive neutrophils treated with Gal-1 and then exposed to fMLP (10-6 M) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (10-7 M) produced less ROS, as compared to naive neutrophils not treated with Gal-1. Interestingly, these in vitro Gal-1 effects were associated with Gal-1 carbohydrate-binding activity and the ability to decrease FPR-1 (formyl peptide receptor 1) expression in naive human neutrophils. Conversely, positive ROS modulation by Gal-1 in activated neutrophils was not associated with FPR-1 expression but it was related to its carbohydrate recognition. In vitro, fMLP stimulation of Gal-1-/- mouse neutrophils produced more ROS than fMLP stimulation of Gal-1+/+ neutrophils and this effect may be associated with increased FPR-1 expression. Exogenous Gal-1 induced ROS production in Gal-1-/- mouse neutrophils more effectively than in Gal-1+/+ mouse neutrophils. Compared to Gal-1+/+ mice, Gal-1-/- mice exhibited lower bacterial load in the peritoneal fluid and peripheral blood, thus indicating a greater bactericidal activity in vivo. These findings demonstrate that endogenous Gal-1 restricts ROS generation that correlates with bacterial killing capacity in inflammatory neutrophils. Thus, endogenous and exogenous Gal-1 may either positively or negatively modulate the effector functions of neutrophils according to the cell activation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian C Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Kabeya
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa C S Azzolini
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Giuliano Cerri
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Pathology Department, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Room 11087, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yara Maria Lucisano-Valim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of an N-formylated peptide of Listeria monocytogenes in experimental tuberculosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:292-298. [PMID: 31046503 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1593446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The current therapeutic regimens for tuberculosis (TB) are complex and involve the prolonged use of multiple antibiotics with diverse side effects that lead to therapeutic failure and bacterial resistance. The standard appliance of immunotherapy may aid as a powerful tool to combat the ensuing threat of TB. We have earlier reported the immunotherapeutic potential of N-formylated peptides of two secretory proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Here, we investigated the immunotherapeutic effect of an N-formylated peptide from Listeria monocytogenes in experimental TB. Methods: The N-terminally formylated listerial peptide with amino acid sequence 'f-MIGWII' was tested for its adjunctive therapeutic efficacy in combination with anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) in the mouse model of TB. In addition, its potential to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in murine neutrophils was also evaluated. Results: The LemA peptide (f-MIGWII) induced a significant increase in the intracellular ROS levels of mouse neutrophils (p ≤ .05). The ATD treatment reduced the colony forming units (CFU) in lungs and spleen of infected mice by 2.39 and 1.67 log10 units, respectively (p < .001). Treatment of the infected mice with combination of ATDs and LemA peptide elicited higher therapeutic efficacy over ATDs alone. The histopathological changes in the lungs of infected mice also correlated well with the CFU data. Conclusions: Our results clearly indicate that LemA peptide conferred an additional therapeutic effect when given in combination with the ATDss (p < .01) and hence can be used as adjunct to the conventional chemotherapy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- a Department of Biochemistry , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India.,b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- a Department of Biochemistry , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) , Chandigarh , India
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19
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Abstract
The distribution of dust particles within the lungs and their excretion are highly associated with their pulmonary toxicity. Literature was reviewed to discern pulmonary translocation pathways for inhaled α-quartz compared to those for inhaled TiO2. Accordingly, it was hypothesized α-quartz particles in the alveoli were phagocytized by alveolar macrophages but silica-containing macrophages remained in the alveoli for longer time in contrast to the rapid elimination from the alveoli seen for TiO2-containing macrophages. In addition, it was presumed that free silica particles are translocated in the interstitium, possibly through the cytoplasm of Type I epithelial cells, as observed with TiO2. Free silica particles are presumed to be phagocytized by interstitial macrophages soon after the particles penetrate the interstitium; these dust cells are then translocated to the ciliated airway regions in the lumen through bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). The pulmonary retention half-time of dust particles in rats exposed to α-quartz is several times longer than that of rats exposed to TiO2, as long as the lung dust burden is ≈ 3 mg. The reduced pulmonary particle clearance ability in rats exposed to α-quartz aerosol is presumably attributed to the long-term retention of dust cells both in the alveoli and in the interstitium; this retention may be caused by the reduced chemotactic abilities of α-quartz-containing dust cells. However, the accumulation of α-quartz-containing dust cells in the lungs is not associated with the occurrence of pulmonary inflammation.
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20
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Michalak B, Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Waltenberger B, Atanasov AG, Khan SY, Breuss JM, Uhrin P, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Stojakowska A, Stuppner H, Kiss AK. Eupatoriopicrin Inhibits Pro-inflammatory Functions of Neutrophils via Suppression of IL-8 and TNF-alpha Production and p38 and ERK 1/2 MAP Kinases. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:375-385. [PMID: 30653318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During chronic inflammation, neutrophils acting locally as effector cells not only activate antibacterial defense but also promote the inflammatory response. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), the main cytokine produced by activated neutrophils, positively correlates with the severity of respiratory tract diseases. By screening European plants traditionally used for treating respiratory tract diseases, we found that extracts of aerial parts of Eupatorium cannabinum inhibit IL-8 release from neutrophils. Using bioassay-guided fractionation, we identified five sesquiterpene lactones, eupatoriopicrin (1), 5'-deoxyeupatoriopicrin (2), hiyodorilactone A (3), 3-hydroxy-5'- O-acetyleupatoriopicrin = hiyodorilactone D (4), and hiyodorilactone B (5), that efficiently (IC50 < 1 μM) inhibited IL-8 and TNF-α release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human neutrophils. Moreover, all these sesquiterpene lactones suppressed the adhesion of human neutrophils to an endothelial monolayer by downregulating the expression of the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18 on the neutrophil surface. Furthermore, eupatoriopicrin efficiently suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK and attenuated neutrophil infiltration in the thioglycolate-induced peritonitis model in mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate the potential of the sesquiterpene lactone eupatoriopicrin as a lead substance for targeting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Michalak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-097 , Poland
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-097 , Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-097 , Poland
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck 6020 , Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Science , Jastrzębiec 05-552 , Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Vienna , Vienna 1010 , Austria
| | - Shafaat Y Khan
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna 1090 , Austria
- Department of Zoology , University of Sargodha , Sargodha 40010 , Pakistan
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-097 , Poland
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Phytochemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków 30-024 , Poland
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) , University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck 6020 , Austria
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw 02-097 , Poland
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21
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Raabe CA, Gröper J, Rescher U. Biased perspectives on formyl peptide receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:305-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Porro C, Cianciulli A, Trotta T, Lofrumento DD, Calvello R, Panaro MA. Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine Induces Apoptosis in Murine Neurons: Evidence for NO-Dependent Caspase-9 Activation. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010004. [PMID: 30621183 PMCID: PMC6466069 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) may be present in the brain in the course of some infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), although little is known about its role. This investigation was performed to study the effect of fMLP on neuron apoptosis. Our results showed that fMLP treatment of primary cultures of neurons was able to induce morphological features of apoptosis in cell cultures, as well as activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, through the upregulation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. This effect contextually occurred to the pro-apoptotic protein Bax activation and cytochrome c release. The in vitro fMLP treatment was also able to induce, in a dose-dependent manner, the increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression accompanied by an up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) release. When neuron cultures were pre-treated with 1400 W, a selective iNOS inhibitor, all of the apoptotic features were significantly reversed. Overall, these results demonstrated that fMLP treatment of neurons leads to intrinsic apoptosis activation, through iNOS expression regulation, suggesting a role for fMLP in CNS neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Antonia Cianciulli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Teresa Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Dario Domenico Lofrumento
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Rosa Calvello
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Katzenmeyer KN, Szott LM, Bryers JD. Artificial opsonin enhances bacterial phagocytosis, oxidative burst and chemokine production by human neutrophils. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3934653. [PMID: 28859309 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the application of an 'artificial opsonin' to stimulate the innate immune response against Gram-positive bacteria. The artificial opsonin comprises a poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) backbone displaying multiple copies of vancomycin and human IgG-Fc. The vancomycin targets bacteria by recognizing d-Ala-d-Ala-terminated peptides present in the bacterial cell wall. The human IgG-Fc antibody fragments serve as phagocyte recognition moieties that recognize the Fcγ cell surface receptors expressed by professional human phagocytes. Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A, a biofilm-forming, methicillin-resistant strain, was utilized to investigate the effects of opsonization on phagocytosis, oxidative burst and IL-8 chemokine production by human neutrophils. Results show that opsonization of S. epidermidis RP62A with the artificial opsonin resulted in an ∼2-fold increase in neutrophil phagocytosis. Analysis of the cell supernatant found a 2- to 3-fold increase in neutrophil IL-8 secretion. The neutrophil oxidative burst was investigated using the oxidation-sensitive fluorophore dihydrorhodamine-123. Bacterial opsonization resulted in a 20% increase in fluorescence intensity, indicating a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species by the neutrophils. These studies suggest that artificial opsonins may be a novel immunostimulation therapeutic strategy to control infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are known to be immune evasive and/or antibiotic resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy N Katzenmeyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Luisa M Szott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Christensen HB, Gloriam DE, Pedersen DS, Cowland JB, Borregaard N, Bräuner-Osborne H. Applying label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay for studying endogenous FPR1 receptor signalling in human neutrophils. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:72-78. [PMID: 28716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The label-free dynamic mass redistribution-based assay (DMR) is a powerful method for studying signalling pathways of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Herein we present the label-free DMR assay as a robust readout for pharmacological characterization of formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) in human neutrophils. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from fresh human blood and their responses to FPR1 and FPR2 agonists, i.e. compound 43, fMLF and WKYMVm were measured in a label-free DMR assay using Epic Benchtop System from Corning®. Obtained DMR traces were used to calculate agonist potencies. RESULTS The potencies (pEC50) of fMLF, WKYMVm and compound 43, determined on human neutrophils using the label-free DMR assay were 8.63, 7.76 and 5.92, respectively. The DMR response to fMLF, but not WKYMVm and compound 43 could be blocked by the FPR1-specific antagonist cyclosporin H. DISCUSSION We conclude that the DMR assay can be used, and complements more traditional methods, to study the signalling and pharmacology of endogenous FPR receptors in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jack B Cowland
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Borregaard
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Advanced Role of Neutrophils in Common Respiratory Diseases. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:6710278. [PMID: 28589151 PMCID: PMC5447318 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6710278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases, always being a threat towards the health of people all over the world, are most tightly associated with immune system. Neutrophils serve as an important component of immune defense barrier linking innate and adaptive immunity. They participate in the clearance of exogenous pathogens and endogenous cell debris and play an essential role in the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases. However, the pathological mechanism of neutrophils remains complex and obscure. The traditional roles of neutrophils in severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), pneumonia, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis had already been reviewed. With the development of scientific research, the involvement of neutrophils in respiratory diseases is being brought to light with emerging data on neutrophil subsets, trafficking, and cell death mechanism (e.g., NETosis, apoptosis) in diseases. We reviewed all these recent studies here to provide you with the latest advances about the role of neutrophils in respiratory diseases.
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Pacholewska A, Marti E, Leeb T, Jagannathan V, Gerber V. LPS-induced modules of co-expressed genes in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28056766 PMCID: PMC5217269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is a strong inducer of the innate immune response. It is widespread in our environment, e.g. in house dust and contributes to asthma. Compared to humans, horses are even more sensitive to LPS. However, data on LPS effects on the equine transcriptome are very limited. Using RNA-seq we analysed LPS-induced differences in the gene expression in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells at the gene and gene-network level in two half-sib families and one group of unrelated horses. RESULTS 24 h-LPS challenge of equine immune cells resulted in substantial changes in the transcriptomic profile (1,265 differentially expressed genes) showing partial overlap with human data. One of the half-sib families showed a specific response different from the other two groups of horses. We also identified co-expressed gene modules that clearly differentiated 24 h-LPS- from non-stimulated samples. These modules consisted of 934 highly interconnected genes and included genes involved in the immune response (e.g. IL6, CCL22, CXCL6, CXCL2), however, none of the top ten hub genes of the modules have been annotated as responsive to LPS in gene ontology. CONCLUSIONS Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis we identified ten co-expressed gene modules significantly regulated by in vitro stimulation with LPS. Apart from 47 genes (5%) all other genes highly interconnected within the most up- and down-regulated modules were also significantly differentially expressed (FDR < 0.05). The LPS-regulated module hub genes have not yet been described as having a role in the immune response to LPS (e.g. VAT1 and TTC25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, and Agroscope, Länggassstrasse 124, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Vodovotz Y, Shubing Liu, McCloskey C, Shapiro R, Green A, Billiar TR. The hepatocyte as a microbial product-responsive cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519010070050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Much research has focused on the responses to microbial products of immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Although the liver is a primary response organ in various infections, relatively little is known about the antimicrobial responses of its major cell type, the hepatocyte. It is now known that the recognition of bacteria occurs via cell-surface proteins that are members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is bound by circulating LPS-binding protein (LBP) and presented to cell-surface CD14, which in turn interacts with TLR and transduces an intracellular signal. We investigated the CD14 and TLR2 responses of whole liver and isolated hepatocytes, and demonstrated that these cells can be induced to express the molecules necessary for responses to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Our findings may have clinical implications for pathological states such as sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shubing Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol McCloskey
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela Green
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
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Reyes-Quiroz ME, Alba G, Sáenz J, Geniz I, Jiménez J, Martín-Nieto J, Santa-María C, Sobrino F. Platelet-activating factor and hydrogen peroxide exert a dual modulatory effect on the transcription of LXRα and its target genes in human neutrophils. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xi J, Xie C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xiao J, Duan X, Ren J, Xiao F, Wang S. Pd Nanoparticles Decorated N-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots@N-Doped Carbon Hollow Nanospheres with High Electrochemical Sensing Performance in Cancer Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22563-73. [PMID: 27502735 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbon based hollow-structured nanospheres (HNSs) materials has stimulated growing interest due to their controllable structure, high specific surface area, large void space, enhanced mass transport, and good biocompatibility. The incorporation of functional nanomaterials into their core and/or shell opens new horizons in designing functionalized HNSs for a wider spectrum of promising applications. In this work, we report a new type of functionalized HNSs based on Pd nanoparticles (NPs) decorated double shell structured N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)@N-doped carbon (NC) HNSs, with ultrafine Pd NPs and "nanozyme" NGQDs as dual signal-amplifying nanoprobes, and explore their promising application as a highly efficient electrocatalyst in electrochemical sensing of a newly emerging biomarker, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), for cancer detection. Due to the synergistic effect of the robust and conductive HNS supports and catalytically active Pd NPs and NGQD in facilitating electron transfer, the NGQD@NC@Pd HNS hybrid material exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward the direct reduction of H2O2 and can promote the electrochemical reduction reaction of H2O2 at a favorable potential of 0 V, which effectively restrains the redox of most electroactive species in physiological samples and eliminates interference signals. The resultant electrochemical H2O2 biosensor based hybrid HNSs materials demonstrates attractive performance, including low detection limit down to nanomole level, short response time within 2 s, as well as high sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, and stability, and have been used in real-time tracking of trace amounts of H2O2 secreted from different living cancer cells in a normal state and treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Xi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan, 430073, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinghua Ren
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, 430022, P. R. China
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Tsai YF, Yang SC, Hwang TL. Formyl peptide receptor modulators: a patent review and potential applications for inflammatory diseases (2012-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1139-1156. [PMID: 27454150 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1216546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The activation of leukocytes and the subsequent immune cascade play an essential role in sterile and infectious inflammation. Dysregulation of these immune responses or excess leukocyte activation can induce tissue damage, organ dysfunction and mortality. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are functionally diverse pattern recognition receptors responsible for recognizing different endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns or exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns. FPRs mediate leukocyte activation during inflammation. FPR1 antagonists and FPR2 agonists have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects based on in vitro and in vivo studies. An increasing number of synthesized compounds targeting FPRs, especially potential FPR1 antagonists and FPR2 agonists, have been disclosed in patents. Areas covered: This article summarizes the current pharmacology patents related to FPR family modulators and their therapeutic indications based on a review of patent applications disclosed between 2012 and 2015. Expert opinion: In this review, FPR1 modulators comprise β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitors containing an FPR ligand moiety, template-fixed peptidomimetics, cyclosporin H, and dipeptide derivatives. FPR2 modulators include phenylurea, bridged spiro[2.4]heptane ester, naphthalene, aminotriazole, polycyclic pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, imidazolidine-2,4-dione, (2-ureidoacetamido)alkyl, amide, oxazolyl-methylether, oxazole, thiazole, and crystalline potassium salt derivatives. These compounds have potential applications for human conditions such as inflammatory lung diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, and wound healing. FPRs are emerging as important targets for treating leukocyte-dominant inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- a Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,b Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Anesthesiology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chin Yang
- d Department of Anesthesiology , Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University , Taipei , Taiwan.,e Division of Natural Products, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- a Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Medicine, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,c Department of Anesthesiology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,e Division of Natural Products, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,f Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Centre , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan.,g Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology , Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan , Taiwan
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Troyanova NI, Shevchenko MA, Boyko AA, Mirzoyev RR, Pertseva MA, Kovalenko EI, Sapozhnikov AM. [Modulating Effect of Extracellular HSP70 on Generation of Reactive Oxigen Species in Populations of Phagocytes]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015; 41:305-15. [PMID: 26502607 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162015030097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by phagocytic cells of the innate immune system play an important role in the first line of defense protecting the host from pathogens. The NADPH oxidase multi-subunit complex is the main source of ROS in all types of the phagocytes. Formation of the membrane-associated enzyme complex and its activity are dependent on many different factors controlling both intensification and suppression of the ROS production rate. However, the evidences are emerging in recent years indicating existence of poorly studied mechanisms of restriction of ROS generation level in phagocytes directed at protection of host tissues in the sites of inflammation from destruction caused by the oxygen free radicals. Our previous data and results of other authors demonstrate that a mechanism of the limitation of ROS production by phagocytes may by connected with immunomodulating activity of extracellular pool. of HSP70. In the present work, we used inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and in vitro cultures of different phagocytes to study a possible relationship between down-regulating effect of exogenous HSP70 on ROS generation and the interaction of the protein with the enzyme subunits. Our results confirmed the literature data concerning the ability of extracellular HSP70 to modulate NADPH oxidase activity and demonstrated for the first time an inhibitory effect of the protein on intracellular ROS generation in phagocytes.
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Altered Innate Immune Responses in Neutrophils from Patients with Well- and Suboptimally Controlled Asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:219374. [PMID: 26663987 PMCID: PMC4667029 DOI: 10.1155/2015/219374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are a major cause of asthma exacerbations where neutrophilic inflammation dominates and is associated with steroid refractory asthma. Structural airway cells in asthma differ from nonasthmatics; however it is unknown if neutrophils differ. We investigated neutrophil immune responses in patients who have good (AGood) and suboptimal (ASubopt) asthma symptom control. METHODS Peripheral blood neutrophils from AGood (ACQ < 0.75, n = 11), ASubopt (ACQ > 0.75, n = 7), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 9) were stimulated with bacterial (LPS (1 μg/mL), fMLF (100 nM)), and viral (imiquimod (3 μg/mL), R848 (1.5 μg/mL), and poly I:C (10 μg/mL)) surrogates or live rhinovirus (RV) 16 (MOI1). Cell-free supernatant was collected after 1 h for neutrophil elastase (NE) and matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 measurements or after 24 h for CXCL8 release. Results. Constitutive NE was enhanced in AGood neutrophils compared to HC. fMLF stimulated neutrophils from ASubopt but not AGood produced 50% of HC levels. fMLF induced MMP-9 was impaired in ASubopt and AGood compared to HC. fMLF stimulated CXCL8 but not MMP-9 was positively correlated with FEV1 and FEV1/FVC. ASubopt and AGood responded similarly to other stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Circulating neutrophils are different in asthma; however, this is likely to be related to airflow limitation rather than asthma control.
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fMLP-Induced IL-8 Release Is Dependent on NADPH Oxidase in Human Neutrophils. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:120348. [PMID: 26634216 PMCID: PMC4655063 DOI: 10.1155/2015/120348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) induce similar intracellular signalling profiles; but only fMLP induces interleukin-8 (IL-8) release and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH) oxidase activity in neutrophils. Because the role of ROS on IL-8 release in neutrophils is until now controversial, we assessed if NADPH oxidase is involved in the IL-8 secretions and PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways activity induced by fMLP. Neutrophils were obtained from healthy volunteers. IL-8 was measured by ELISA, IL-8 mRNA by qPCR, and ROS production by luminol-amplified chemiluminescence, reduction of ferricytochrome c, and FACS. Intracellular pH changes were detected by spectrofluorescence. ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and Akt phosphorylation were analysed by immunoblotting and NF-κB was analysed by immunocytochemistry. Hydroxy-3-methoxyaceto-phenone (HMAP), diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), and siRNA Nox2 reduced the ROS and IL-8 release in neutrophils treated with fMLP. HMAP, DPI, and amiloride (a Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor) inhibited the Akt phosphorylation and did not affect the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 activity. DPI and HMAP reduced NF-κB translocation induced by fMLP. We showed that IL-8 release induced by fMLP is dependent on NADPH oxidase, and ROS could play a redundant role in cell signalling, ultimately activating the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB pathways in neutrophils.
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Kilic AK, Esendagli G, Sayat G, Talim B, Karabudak R, Kurne AT. Promotion of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis upon neutrophil granulocytes’ stimulation with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) peptide. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:423-8. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Role of formic receptors in soluble urokinase receptor-induced human vascular smooth muscle migration. J Surg Res 2015; 195:396-405. [PMID: 25758338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in response to urokinase is dependent on binding of the urokinase molecule to the urokinase plasminogen receptor (uPAR) and cleavage of the receptor. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the soluble uPAR (suPAR) in VSMC migration. METHODS Human VSMCs were cultured in vitro. Linear wound and Boyden microchemotaxis assays of migration were performed in the presence of suPAR. Inhibitors to G-protein signaling and kinase activation were used to study these pathways. Assays were performed for mitogen-activated protein kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor activation. RESULTS suPAR induced concentration-dependent migration of VSMC, which was G protein-dependent and was blocked by Gαi and Gβγ inhibitors. Removal of the full uPAR molecule by incubation of the cells with a phospholipase did not interfere with this response. suPAR induced ERK1/2, p38(MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK] activation in a Gαi/Gβγ-dependent manner, and interruption of these signaling pathways prevented suPAR-mediated migration. suPAR activity was independent of plasmin activity. suPAR did not activate epidermal growth factor receptor. Interruption of the low affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPRL1) but not high affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPR) prevented cell migration and activation in response to suPAR. suPAR increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activity, and this was dependent on the low affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPRL1) and ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS suPAR induces human smooth muscle cell activation and migration independent of the full uPAR through activation of the G protein-coupled receptor FPRL1, which is not linked to the plasminogen activation cascade.
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Luo ZZ, Gao Y, Sun N, Zhao Y, Wang J, Tian B, Shi J. Enhancing the interaction between annexin-1 and formyl peptide receptors regulates microglial activation to protect neurons from ischemia-like injury. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:24-36. [PMID: 25115219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the immune cells of the brain, microglia are crucial for the maintenance of brain function. The aims of the present study were to determine whether and how annexin-1 is able to affect microglial phenotype and migration in the lesion microenvironment. In the current experiment, we enhanced the interaction between annexin-1 and formyl peptide receptors in microglia and analyzed the function. We found that annexin-1 could polarize microglia to a beneficial phenotype and promote microglial migration to protect neurons from ischemia-like injury, and the annexin-1-mediated neuroprotective effect was dependent on the release of glutamate and ATP from the injured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao Luo
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Bo Tian
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
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ŽALOUDÍKOVÁ M, HERGET J, VÍZEK M. The Contractile Response of Isolated Small Pulmonary Arteries Induced by Activated Macrophages. Physiol Res 2014; 63:267-70. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To test whether macrophages can play any role in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, we tested the in vitro response of rings from small pulmonary arteries to the activation of macrophages by FMLP, a substance stimulating predominantly membrane-bound NADPH oxidase. A small vessel myograph was used to measure the responses of rings from small pulmonary arteries (300-400 μm) isolated from rat lungs. Rings from 5 rats were placed into both chambers of the myograph. The vessels were stabilized for 40 min and then normalized by automatic stretching to a wall tension equivalent to the intravascular pressure 30 mm Hg. At the start of each experiment, vessels were exposed to 80 mM K+ to obtain maximal contractile response, which was used to normalize subsequent contractile responses. 2x106 viable macrophages, obtained by peritoneal lavage, were added into one chamber, then 5 μM FMLP was administrated to both chambers and the tension measurement was started. The hydrogen peroxide concentration produced by stimulated macrophages was measured luminometrically. The concentrations of H2O2 in specimens from chambers containing activated macrophages rose from 3.5±1.5 nM to 110±28 nM within 25 min of stimulation, while FMLP itself didn’t increase the H2O2 concentration from the baseline value (4.5±3 nM) in samples from control chambers. After FMLP administration, the tension of the vessel rings in the presence of macrophages reached 0.23±0.07 of maximal contractile response, it did not change in controls. The addition of ROS scavenger 4-hydroxy-TEMPO blocked the contractile response to the activation of macrophages. We conclude that the activation of macrophages stimulates the contraction of small pulmonary arteries and that this contraction is probably mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. ŽALOUDÍKOVÁ
- Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Immunotherapeutic potential of N-formylated peptides of ESAT-6 and glutamine synthetase in experimental tuberculosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 18:298-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mir SA, Sharma S. Role of MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3 in host immunity against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2013; 31:3818-25. [PMID: 23628242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The MHC class I family comprises both classical (class Ia) and non-classical (class Ib) members. While the prime function of classical MHC class I molecules (MHC class Ia) is to present peptide antigens to pathogen-specific cytotoxic T cells, non-classical MHC-I (MHC class Ib) antigens perform diverse array of functions in both innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccines against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis need to induce strong cellular immune responses. Recent studies have shown that MHC class I molecules play an important role in the protective immune response to M. tuberculosis infection. Both MHC Ia-restricted and MHC class Ib-restricted M. tuberculosis -reactive CD8(+) T cells have been identified in humans and mice, but their relative contributions to immunity is still uncertain. Unlike MHC class Ia-restricted CD8(+) T cells, MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells are constitutively activated in naive animals and respond rapidly to infection challenge, hence filling the temporal gap between innate and adaptive immunity. The present review article summarizes the general host immunity against M. tuberculosis infection highlighting the possible role of MHC class Ib molecule, H2-M3 and their ligands (N-formylated peptides) in protection against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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van Golen RF, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Mechanistic overview of reactive species-induced degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1382-402. [PMID: 22326617 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are covered by a delicate meshwork of glycoproteins known as the glycocalyx. Under normophysiological conditions the glycocalyx plays an active role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by deterring primary and secondary hemostasis and leukocyte adhesion and by regulating vascular permeability and tone. During (micro)vascular oxidative and nitrosative stress, which prevails in numerous metabolic (diabetes), vascular (atherosclerosis, hypertension), and surgical (ischemia/reperfusion injury, trauma) disease states, the glycocalyx is oxidatively and nitrosatively modified and degraded, which culminates in an exacerbation of the underlying pathology. Consequently, glycocalyx degradation due to oxidative/nitrosative stress has far-reaching clinical implications. In this review the molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-induced destruction of the endothelial glycocalyx are addressed in the context of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury as a model disease state. Specifically, the review focuses on (i) the mechanisms of glycocalyx degradation during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion, (ii) the molecular and cellular players involved in the degradation process, and (iii) its implications for hepatic pathophysiology. These topics are projected against a background of liver anatomy, glycocalyx function and structure, and the biology/biochemistry and the sources/targets of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The majority of the glycocalyx-related mechanisms elucidated for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion are extrapolatable to the other aforementioned disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan F van Golen
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nieto JC, Cantó E, Zamora C, Ortiz MA, Juárez C, Vidal S. Selective loss of chemokine receptor expression on leukocytes after cell isolation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31297. [PMID: 22403612 PMCID: PMC3293867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are distinctively exposed on cells to characterize their migration pattern. However, little is known about factors that may regulate their expression. To determine the optimal conditions for an accurate analysis of chemokine receptors, we compared the expression of CCR2, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CXCR3 and CXCR4 on different leukocyte subsets using whole blood (WB) plus erythrocyte lysis and density gradient isolation (Ficoll). Most WB monocytes were CCR2+ (93.5 ± 2.9%) whereas 32.8 ± 6.0% of monocytes from Ficoll-PBMC expressed CCR2 (p<0.001). Significant reductions of CCR6 and CXCR3 on monocytes were also observed after Ficoll isolation (WB: 46.4 ± 7.5% and 57.1 ± 5.5%; Ficoll: 29.5 ± 2.2% and 5.4 ± 4.3% respectively) (p<0.01). Although comparable percentages of WB and Ficoll-PBMC monocytes expressed CCR4, CCR5 and CXCR4, Ficoll isolation significantly reduced the levels of CXCR4 (WB: MFI 5 ± 0.4 and Ficoll: MFI 3.3 ± 0.1) (p<0.05). Similarly to monocytes, CCR2, CXCR3 and CXCR4 were also reduced on lymphocytes. In addition, Ficoll isolation significantly reduced the percentage of CCR4 positive lymphocytes (WB: 90.2 ± 4.5% and Ficoll: 55 ± 4.1%) (p<0.01). The loss of expression of chemokine receptors after isolation of monocytes was not dependent on either the anticoagulant or the density gradient method. It was irreversible and could not be restored by LPS activation or in vitro macrophage differentiation. Experiments tagged with anti-CCR2 antibodies prior to density gradient isolation demonstrated that Ficoll internalized chemokine receptors. The method for cell isolation may alter not only the expression of certain chemokine receptors but also the respective functional migration assay. The final choice to analyze their expression should therefore depend on the receptor to be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Nieto
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Angels Ortiz
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Vidal
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Calvello R, Mitolo V, Acquafredda A, Cianciulli A, Panaro MA. Plasma membrane damage sensing and repairing. Role of heterotrimeric G-proteins and the cytoskeleton. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1067-74. [PMID: 21511029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Different toxic agents, derived from bacteria, viruses or cells of the immune system, as well as mechanical forces generated during cell locomotion are able to open pores in the cell plasma membrane. Most of these biological agents operate through specific receptors. We studied the formation and resealing of the "non-specific" plasma membrane pores generated by the mild non-ionic detergent Triton X-100. In HL-60-derived granulocytic cells plasma membrane pore opening after a 1-h treatment with Triton X-100 is documented by entry into the cell of the membrane impermeant dye ethidium bromide. As a consequence of the opening of pores the intracellular K(+) concentration falls dramatically, the cytosolic pH diminishes and the cell membrane is depolarized. Furthermore the cells acquire a polarized morphology, demonstrating the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton. At the Triton concentration used the membrane lesions are progressively repaired and by 8h the impermeability to ethidium bromide is restored and the intracellular K(+) concentration is virtually normal. Following treatments with Triton+Pertussis toxin, Triton+Cytochalasin, or Triton+Pertussis toxin+Cytochalasin the progress of membrane repair is dramatically slowed and is no longer completed by 8h. It is concluded that the membrane damage activates pertussis-sensitive G-proteins which likely act as sensors of the damage, while both G-proteins and the actin cytoskeleton are involved in the membrane repair mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Calvello
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Bari, Italy.
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Bahniwal M, Villanueva EB, Klegeris A. Moderate increase in temperature may exacerbate neuroinflammatory processes in the brain: human cell culture studies. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:65-72. [PMID: 21185608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a moderate, physiologically relevant rise in temperature on several neuroinflammatory parameters was investigated in vitro using human cell lines and cultured human astrocytes. A two degree Celsius rise in temperature was found to enhance the neurotoxicity of microglia-like and astrocytic cells, increase the release of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 by activated human monocytic THP-1 cells and amplify the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by differentiated HL-60 myelocytic cells. Moderate increases in body temperature may exacerbate neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, therapies aimed at lowering the body temperature could be used to slow down the progression of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Bahniwal
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Schmitz K, Jennewein M, Pohlemann T, Seekamp A, Oberringer M. Reoxygenation attenuates the adhesion of neutrophils to microvascular endothelial cells. Angiology 2010; 62:155-62. [PMID: 20688787 DOI: 10.1177/0003319710375943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the pathophysiological inflammation response subsequent to hypoxia and reoxygenation often leads to systemic inflammation and multiorgan failure. We applied a newly developed static interaction model using human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and microvascular endothelial cells to clarify the role of hypoxia and hypoxia/reoxygenation in vitro. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cell cultures (n = 7) were exposed to hypoxia and different reoxygenation periods and the adherence rate of neutrophils to the endothelial cells as well as to the protein matrix on the culture slide surface were determined by quantitative microscopy. Hypoxia clearly triggered neutrophil adhesion to human dermal microvascular endothelial cells whereas additional reoxygenation significantly decreased neutrophil adhesion. These in vitro findings suggest that systemic inflammation caused by increased neutrophil adherence to the microvascular endothelium is already initiated by hypoxia rather than by subsequent reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schmitz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Westpfalz-Klinikum Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Lin H, de Stanchina E, Zhou XK, Hong F, Seidman A, Fornier M, Xiao WL, Kennelly EJ, Wesa K, Cassileth BR, Cunningham-Rundles S. Maitake beta-glucan promotes recovery of leukocytes and myeloid cell function in peripheral blood from paclitaxel hematotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:885-97. [PMID: 20140432 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow myelotoxicity is a major limitation of chemotherapy. While granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment is effective, alternative approaches to support hematopoietic recovery are sought. We previously found that a beta-glucan extract from maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa (MBG) enhanced colony forming unit-granulocyte monocyte (CFU-GM) activity of mouse bone marrow and human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), stimulated G-CSF production and spared HPC from doxorubicin toxicity in vitro. This investigation assessed the effects of MBG on leukocyte recovery and granulocyte/monocyte function in vivo after dose intensive paclitaxel (Ptx) in a normal mouse. After a cumulative dose of Ptx (90-120 mg/kg) given to B6D2F1mice, daily oral MBG (4 or 6 mg/kg), intravenous G-CSF (80 microg/kg) or Ptx alone were compared for effects on the dynamics of leukocyte recovery in blood, CFU-GM activity in bone marrow and spleen, and granulocyte/monocyte production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Leukocyte counts declined less in Ptx + MBG mice compared to Ptx-alone (p = 0.024) or Ptx + G-CSF treatment (p = 0.031). Lymphocyte levels were higher after Ptx + MBG but not Ptx + G-CSF treatment compared to Ptx alone (p < 0.01). MBG increased CFU-GM activity in bone marrow and spleen (p < 0.001, p = 0.002) 2 days after Ptx. After two additional days (Ptx post-day 4), MBG restored granulocyte/monocyte ROS response to normal levels compared to Ptx-alone and increased ROS response compared to Ptx-alone or Ptx + G-CSF (p < 0.01, both). The studies indicate that oral MBG promoted maturation of HPC to become functionally active myeloid cells and enhanced peripheral blood leukocyte recovery after chemotoxic bone marrow injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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CD44 deficiency is associated with enhanced Escherichia coli-induced proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release by peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 2009; 78:115-24. [PMID: 19901064 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00949-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is involved in several immune responses, such as cellular adhesion, migration, proliferation, and activation. Peritonitis is an important cause of sepsis, and Escherichia coli is one of the major pathogens involved therein. We sought to determine the role of CD44 in the host response to E. coli-induced abdominal sepsis and to assess the function of CD44 in the activation of primary peritoneal macrophages by E. coli or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from this bacterium by using wild-type (WT) and CD44 knockout (KO) mice. CD44 KO mice already demonstrated enhanced CXC chemokine levels in peritoneal lavage fluid at 6 h after infection, whereas tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 levels were elevated at 20 h postinfection. In line with this, CD44 KO mouse peritoneal macrophages released more TNF-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) than did WT cells upon stimulation with E. coli or LPS in the presence of autologous serum. In contrast, plasma TNF-alpha levels were lower in CD44 KO mice and CD44 KO blood leukocytes secreted similar amounts of TNF-alpha and MIP-2 upon ex vivo incubation with E. coli or LPS. The proinflammatory phenotype of CD44 KO macrophages was not associated with an altered expression of inhibitors of Toll-like receptor signaling, whereas it could be partially reversed by addition of WT serum. CD44 deficiency did not impact on leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity or organ failure. These data suggest that CD44 differentially influences cytokine and chemokine release by different leukocyte subsets.
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de Paulis A, Prevete N, Rossi FW, Rivellese F, Salerno F, Delfino G, Liccardo B, Avilla E, Montuori N, Mascolo M, Staibano S, Melillo RM, D'Argenio G, Ricci V, Romano M, Marone G. Helicobacter pylori Hp(2-20) promotes migration and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells by interacting with formyl peptide receptors in vitro and accelerates gastric mucosal healing in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:3761-9. [PMID: 19692643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-derived peptide RpL1 aa 2-20 (Hp(2-20)) in addition to its antimicrobial action exerts several immunomodulatory effects in eukaryotic cells by interacting with formyl peptide receptors (FPRs). It has recently been shown that activation of FPRs facilitates intestinal epithelial cell restitution. We investigated whether Hp(2-20) induces healing of injured gastric mucosa and assessed the mechanisms underlying any such effect. We investigated the expression of FPRs in two gastric epithelial cell lines (MKN-28 and AGS) at mRNA and protein level. To determine whether FPRs were functional we performed chemotaxis experiments and proliferation assays and studied the Hp(2-20)-activated downstream signaling pathway. The effect of Hp(2-20) on mucosal healing was evaluated in rats after indomethacin-induced injury. Here we show that: (1) FPRs were expressed in both cell lines; (2) Hp(2-20) stimulated migration and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells; (3) this effect was specifically mediated by formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) and FPRL2 and was associated with activation of FPR-related downstream signaling pathways; (4) Hp(2-20) up-regulated the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor; and (5) Hp(2-20) accelerated healing of rat gastric mucosa after injury brought about by indomethacin at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. In conclusion, by interacting with FRPL1 and FPRL2, H. pylori-derived Hp(2-20) induces cell migration and proliferation, as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, thereby promoting gastric mucosal healing. This study provides further evidence of the complexity of the relationship between H. pylori and human gastric mucosa, and it suggests that a bacterial product may be used to heal gastric mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amato de Paulis
- Divisione di Immunologia Clinica ed Allergologia e Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di Scienze Immunologiche di Base e Cliniche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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García-García E, García-García PL, Rosales C. An fMLP receptor is involved in activation of phagocytosis by hemocytes from specific insect species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:728-739. [PMID: 19166874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian phagocytes, the bacterial formylated peptide fMLP functions both as a potent enhancer of phagocytosis and chemoattractant. fMLP has been reported to be chemotactic for hemocytes of two marine invertebrates, and of the insect Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera). Whether fMLP is also able to activate phagocytosis has not been explored in hemocytes of any invertebrate. To determine the effect of fMLP on insect hemocyte phagocytosis, in vitro phagocytosis assays were performed with hemocytes from the insects: Gromphadorhina portentosa (Blattodea), Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera), Zophobas morio (Coleoptera), and Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera). Phagocytosis of latex, zymosan (yeast), Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was measured by flow cytometry, in the presence of increasing fMLP concentrations. G. portentosa hemocytes showed no enhancement of phagocytosis by fMLP. A. domesticus hemocytes had increased phagocytosis of latex and Gram-negative bacteria in the presence of fMLP. Z. morio hemocytes increased phagocytosis of latex, yeast, and Gram-negative bacteria after fMLP stimulation. Galleria mellonella hemocytes increased phagocytosis of latex after fMLP stimulation. Treating hemocytes with Pertussis toxin, a known inhibitor of the signaling pathway initiated by the mammalian fMLP receptor, returned phagocytosis to basal levels. Also, hemocytes from all insect species tested presented a similar chemotactic response to fMLP. These data suggest that, whereas the ability of hemocytes to chemotactically-respond to fMLP is conserved in insects ranging from Blattodea to Lepidoptera, the ability to respond to fMLP by activating phagocytosis is restricted to specific insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick García-García
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Bruno O, Brullo C, Bondavalli F, Schenone S, Spisani S, Falzarano MS, Varani K, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Giorgio C, Tognolini M. 1-Methyl and 1-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-5-(3-alkyl/cycloalkyl/phenyl/naphthylureido)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl esters as potent human neutrophil chemotaxis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3379-87. [PMID: 19362486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report the synthesis and the chemotaxis inhibitory activity of a number of 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl esters 2 functionalized in N1 with a methyl group or different hydroxyalkyl chains and in position 5 with a series of 3-substituted urea groups. These compounds were designed as development of previous pyrazole-urea derivatives that resulted potent IL8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis inhibitors in vitro. Most of the new compounds revealed a potent inhibition of both IL8- and fMLP-OMe-stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis. The most active compounds in the fMLP-OMe induced chemotaxis test showed IC(50) in the range 0.19 nM-2 microM; but we observed a very strong inhibition in the IL8-induced chemotaxis test, having the most active compounds IC(50) at pM concentrations. In vivo compounds 2e and 2f, although to a lesser extent, at 50mg/kg os decreased granulocyte infiltration in zymosan-induced peritonitis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bruno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Cianciulli A, Acquafredda A, Cavallo P, Saponaro C, Calvello R, Mitolo V, Panaro MA. f-Met-Leu-Phe stimulates nitric oxide production in chick embryo neurons: the role of NF-kB. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 31:51-63. [DOI: 10.1080/08923970802338799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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