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Dahlquist M, Frykman V, Hollenberg J, Jonsson M, Stafoggia M, Wellenius GA, Ljungman PLS. Short-Term Ambient Air Pollution Exposure and Risk of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Sweden: A Nationwide Case-Crossover Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e030456. [PMID: 37818697 PMCID: PMC10727387 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Air pollution is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease globally, but its association with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest at low air pollution levels is unclear. This nationwide study in Sweden aims to investigate if air pollution is associated with a higher risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an area with relatively low air pollution levels. Methods and Results This study was a nationwide time-stratified case-crossover study investigating the association between short-term air pollution exposures and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using data from the SRCR (Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) between 2009 and 2019. Daily air pollution levels were estimated in 1×1-km grids for all of Sweden using a satellite-based machine learning model. The association between daily air pollutant levels and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was quantified using conditional logistic regression adjusted for daily air temperature. Particulate matter <2.5 μm exposure was associated with a higher risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest among a total of 29 604 cases. In a multipollutant model, the association was most pronounced for intermediate daily lags, with an increased relative risk of 6.2% (95% CI, 1.0-11.8) per 10 μg/m3 increase of particulate matter <2.5 μm 4 days before the event. A similar pattern of association was observed for particulate matter <10 μm. No clear association was observed for O3 and NO2. Conclusions Short-term exposure to air pollution was associated with higher risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The findings add to the evidence of an adverse effect of particulate matter on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, even at very low levels below current regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Dahlquist
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of CardiologyDanderyd University HospitalSweden
| | - Viveka Frykman
- Department of CardiologyDanderyd University HospitalSweden
- Department of Clinical SciencesDanderyd University Hospital, Karolinska InstitutetDanderydSweden
| | - Jacob Hollenberg
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Clinical Science and Education, SödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Jonsson
- Center for Resuscitation Science, Department of Clinical Science and Education, SödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of EpidemiologyLazio Region Health ServiceRoma 1Italy
| | - Gregory A. Wellenius
- Department of Environmental HealthBoston University School of Public HealthMAUSA
| | - Petter L. S. Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of CardiologyDanderyd University HospitalSweden
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Carll AP, Salatini R, Pirela SV, Wang Y, Xie Z, Lorkiewicz P, Naeem N, Qian Y, Castranova V, Godleski JJ, Demokritou P. Inhalation of printer-emitted particles impairs cardiac conduction, hemodynamics, and autonomic regulation and induces arrhythmia and electrical remodeling in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:7. [PMID: 31996220 PMCID: PMC6990551 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using engineered nanomaterial-based toners, laser printers generate aerosols with alarming levels of nanoparticles that bear high bioactivity and potential health risks. Yet, the cardiac impacts of printer-emitted particles (PEPs) are unknown. Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) promotes cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and ultra-fine particulates (< 0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) may bear toxicity unique from larger particles. Toxicological studies suggest that PM impairs left ventricular (LV) performance; however, such investigations have heretofore required animal restraint, anesthesia, or ex vivo preparations that can confound physiologic endpoints and/or prohibit LV mechanical assessments during exposure. To assess the acute and chronic effects of PEPs on cardiac physiology, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to PEPs (21 days, 5 h/day) while monitoring LV pressure (LVP) and electrocardiogram (ECG) via conscious telemetry, analyzing LVP and heart rate variability (HRV) in four-day increments from exposure days 1 to 21, as well as ECG and baroreflex sensitivity. At 2, 35, and 70 days after PEPs exposure ceased, rats received stress tests. RESULTS On day 21 of exposure, PEPs significantly (P < 0.05 vs. Air) increased LV end systolic pressure (LVESP, + 18 mmHg) and rate-pressure-product (+ 19%), and decreased HRV indicating sympathetic dominance (root means squared of successive differences [RMSSD], - 21%). Overall, PEPs decreased LV ejection time (- 9%), relaxation time (- 3%), tau (- 5%), RMSSD (- 21%), and P-wave duration (- 9%). PEPs increased QTc interval (+ 5%) and low:high frequency HRV (+ 24%; all P < 0.05 vs. Air), while tending to decrease baroreflex sensitivity and contractility index (- 15% and - 3%, P < 0.10 vs. Air). Relative to Air, at both 2 and 35 days after PEPs, ventricular arrhythmias increased, and at 70 days post-exposure LVESP increased. PEPs impaired ventricular repolarization at 2 and 35 days post-exposure, but only during stress tests. At 72 days post-exposure, PEPs increased urinary dopamine 5-fold and protein expression of ventricular repolarizing channels, Kv1.5, Kv4.2, and Kv7.1, by 50%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest exposure to PEPs increases cardiovascular risk by augmenting sympathetic influence, impairing ventricular performance and repolarization, and inducing hypertension and arrhythmia. PEPs may present significant health risks through adverse cardiovascular effects, especially in occupational settings, among susceptible individuals, and with long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Carll
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Renata Salatini
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra V. Pirela
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences,School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Nazratan Naeem
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences/Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - John J. Godleski
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology. Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Niu X, Ho SSH, Ho KF, Huang Y, Cao J, Shen Z, Sun J, Wang X, Wang Y, Lee S, Huang R. Indoor secondary organic aerosols formation from ozonolysis of monoterpene: An example of d-limonene with ammonia and potential impacts on pulmonary inflammations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:212-220. [PMID: 27842959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpene is one class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) which widely presents in household cleaning products and air fresheners. It plays reactive role in secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formation with ozone (O3) in indoor environments. Such ozonolysis can be influenced by the presence of gaseous pollutants such as ammonia (NH3). This study focuses on investigations of ozone-initiated formation of indoor SOAs with d-limonene, one of the most abundant indoor monoterpenes, in a large environmental chamber. The maximum total particle number concentration from the ozonolysis in the presence of NH3 was 60% higher than that in the absence of NH3. Both of the nuclei coagulation and condensation involve in the SOAs growth. The potential risks of pulmonary injury for the exposure to the secondary particles formed were presented with the indexes of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) upon intratracheal instillation in mice lung for 6 and 12h. The results indicated that there was 22-39% stronger pulmonary inflammatory effect on the particles generated with NH3. This is a pilot study which demonstrates the toxicities of the indoor SOAs formed from the ozonolysis of a monoterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Niu
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, , Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
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Tabb LP, Tchetgen EJT, Wellenius GA, Coull BA. Marginalized zero-altered models for longitudinal count data. STATISTICS IN BIOSCIENCES 2016; 8:181-203. [PMID: 27867423 PMCID: PMC5111636 DOI: 10.1007/s12561-015-9136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Count data often exhibit more zeros than predicted by common count distributions like the Poisson or negative binomial. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in methods for analyzing zero-inflated count data in longitudinal or other correlated data settings. A common approach has been to extend zero-inflated Poisson models to include random effects that account for correlation among observations. However, these models have been shown to have a few drawbacks, including interpretability of regression coefficients and numerical instability of fitting algorithms even when the data arise from the assumed model. To address these issues, we propose a model that parameterizes the marginal associations between the count outcome and the covariates as easily interpretable log relative rates, while including random effects to account for correlation among observations. One of the main advantages of this marginal model is that it allows a basis upon which we can directly compare the performance of standard methods that ignore zero inflation with that of a method that explicitly takes zero inflation into account. We present simulations of these various model formulations in terms of bias and variance estimation. Finally, we apply the proposed approach to analyze toxicological data of the effect of emissions on cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Philip Tabb
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Tel.: +267-359-6217
| | | | - Greg A Wellenius
- Department of Community Health, Brown University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Win-Shwe TT, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Moe Y, Fujitani Y, Tsukahara S, Hirano S. Exposure of BALB/c Mice to Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) during the Developmental Stages Impairs the Social Behavior in Adult Life of the Males. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:524. [PMID: 26834549 PMCID: PMC4724727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a component of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and formed in the atmosphere by oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Recently, we have reported that inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DE) originated SOA (DE-SOA) affect novel object recognition ability and impair maternal behavior in adult mice. However, it is not clear whether early life exposure to SOA during the developmental stages affect social behavior in adult life or not. In the present study, to investigate the effects of early life exposure to DE-SOA during the gestational and lactation stages on the social behavior in the adult life, BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air (control), DE, DE-SOA and gas without any PM in the inhalation chambers from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21 for 5 h a day and 5 days per week. Then adult mice were examined for changes in their social behavior at the age of 13 week by a sociability and social novelty preference, social interaction with a juvenile mouse and light-dark transition test, hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of social behavior-related genes, estrogen receptor-alpha and oxytocin receptor as well as of the oxidative stress marker gene, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by real-time RT-PCR method. In addition, hypothalamic level of neuronal excitatory marker, glutamate was determined by ELISA method. We observed that sociability and social novelty preference as well as social interaction were remarkably impaired, expression levels of estrogen receptor-alpha, oxytocin receptor mRNAs were significantly decreased, expression levels of HO-1 mRNAs and glutamate levels were significantly increased in adult male mice exposed to DE-SOA compared to the control ones. Findings of this study indicate early life exposure of BALB/c mice to DE-SOA may affect their late-onset hypothalamic expression of social behavior related genes, trigger neurotoxicity and impair social behavior in the males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Yadanar Moe
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
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Win-Shwe TT, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Moe Y, Maekawa F, Yanagisawa R, Furuyama A, Tsukahara S, Fujitani Y, Hirano S. Nano-Sized Secondary Organic Aerosol of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Impairs Olfactory-Based Spatial Learning Performance in Preweaning Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1147-1162. [PMID: 28347057 PMCID: PMC5304621 DOI: 10.3390/nano5031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of our present study were to establish a novel olfactory-based spatial learning test and to examine the effects of exposure to nano-sized diesel exhaust-origin secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a model environmental pollutant, on the learning performance in preweaning mice. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air, diesel exhaust (DE), or DE-origin SOA (DE-SOA) from gestational day 14 to postnatal day (PND) 10 in exposure chambers. On PND 11, the preweaning mice were examined by the olfactory-based spatial learning test. After completion of the spatial learning test, the hippocampus from each mouse was removed and examined for the expressions of neurological and immunological markers using real-time RT-PCR. In the test phase of the study, the mice exposed to DE or DE-SOA took a longer time to reach the target as compared to the control mice. The expression levels of neurological markers such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B, and of immunological markers such as TNF-α, COX2, and Iba1 were significantly increased in the hippocampi of the DE-SOA-exposed preweaning mice as compared to the control mice. Our results indicate that DE-SOA exposure in utero and in the neonatal period may affect the olfactory-based spatial learning behavior in preweaning mice by modulating the expressions of memory function–related pathway genes and inflammatory markers in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yadanar Moe
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Maekawa
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Matsukawa R, Michikawa T, Ueda K, Nitta H, Kawasaki T, Tashiro H, Mohri M, Yamamoto Y. Desert dust is a risk factor for the incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Western Japan. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2014; 7:743-8. [PMID: 25074374 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.114.000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, there has been increasing concern about adverse health effects of exposure to desert dust events. However, the association between dust and the incidence of ischemic heart diseases is unknown. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether Asian dust (AD), a windblown sand dust originating from mineral soil in China and Mongolia, is associated with the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the data regarding hospitalization because of AMI among 3068 consecutive patients from 4 AMI centers in Fukuoka, Japan, and data for AD from April 2003 to December 2010. We applied a time-stratified case-crossover design to examine the association between AD and the incidence of AMI. Using a conditional logistic regression analysis, we estimated the odds ratios of AMI associated with AD after controlling for ambient temperature and relative humidity. The occurrence of AD events 0 to 4 days before the day of admission was significantly associated with the incidence of AMI. In particular, the occurrence of AD 4 days before admission was significantly associated with the onset of AMI. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that exposure to AD a few days before symptom onset is associated with the incidence of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Matsukawa
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.).
| | - Takehiro Michikawa
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Kayo Ueda
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Tomohiro Kawasaki
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Hideki Tashiro
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Masahiro Mohri
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- From the Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Aortic center of Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (R.M., Y.Y.); Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (T.M., K.U., H.N.); Department of Cardiology, Shin-Koga Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (T.K.); Division of Cardiology, St. Mary's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (H.T.); and Department of Cardiology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO), Kyushu Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (M.M.)
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Amster ED, Haim M, Dubnov J, Broday DM. Contribution of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide exposure from power plant emissions on respiratory symptom and disease prevalence. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:20-28. [PMID: 24361356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the association between exposure to ambient NOx and SO2 originating from power plant emissions and prevalence of obstructive pulmonary disease and related symptoms. The Orot Rabin coal-fired power plant is the largest power generating facility in the Eastern Mediterranean. Two novel methods assessing exposure to power plant-specific emissions were estimated for 2244 participants who completed the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. The "source approach" modeled emissions traced back to the power plant while the "event approach" identified peak exposures from power plant plume events. Respiratory symptoms, but not prevalence of asthma and COPD, were associated with estimates of power plant NOx emissions. The "source approach" yielded a better estimate of exposure to power plant emissions and showed a stronger dose-response relationship with outcomes. Calculating the portion of ambient pollution attributed to power plants emissions can be useful for air quality management purposes and targeted abatement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Amster
- University of Haifa, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Haifa, Israel; Institute for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Rambam Medical Center, Ministry of Health, Haifa, Israel; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Maayan Haim
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Coalition for Public Health, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jonathan Dubnov
- University of Haifa, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Haifa, Israel; Haifa District Office, Ministry of Health, Haifa, Israel
| | - David M Broday
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Lippmann M. Toxicological and epidemiological studies of cardiovascular effects of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical components: coherence and public health implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:299-347. [PMID: 24494826 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.861796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations on PM2.5 constituents' effects in community residents have substantially enhanced our knowledge on the impacts of specific components, especially the HEI-sponsored National Particle Toxicity Component (NPACT) studies at NYU and UW-LRRI that addressed the impact of long-term PM2.5 exposure on cardiovascular disease (CVD) effects. NYU's mouse inhalation studies at five sites showed substantial variations in aortic plaque progression by geographic region that was coherent with the regional variation in annual IHD mortality in the ACS-II cohort, with both the human and mouse responses being primarily attributable to the coal combustion source category. The UW regressions of associations of CVD events and mortality in the WHI cohort, and of CIMT and CAC progression in the MESA cohort, indicated that [Formula: see text] had stronger associations with CVD-related human responses than OC, EC, or Si. The LRRI's mice had CVD-related biomarker responses to [Formula: see text]. NYU also identified components most closely associated with daily hospital admissions (OC, EC, Cu from traffic and Ni and V from residual oil). For daily mortality, they were from coal combustion ([Formula: see text], Se, and As). While the recent NPACT research on PM2.5 components that affect CVD has clearly filled some major knowledge gaps, and helped to define remaining uncertainties, much more knowledge is needed on the effects in other organ systems if we are to identify and characterize the most effective and efficient means for reducing the still considerable adverse health impacts of ambient air PM. More comprehensive speciation data are needed for better definition of human responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton Lippmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine , Tuxedo, NY , USA
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Li X, Feng Y, Deng H, Zhang W, Kuang D, Deng Q, Dai X, Lin D, Huang S, Xin L, He Y, Huang K, He M, Guo H, Zhang X, Wu T. The dose-response decrease in heart rate variability: any association with the metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers? PLoS One 2012; 7:e44562. [PMID: 23024753 PMCID: PMC3443084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Air pollution has been associated with an increased risk of cardiopulmonary mortality and decreased heart rate variability (HRV). However, it is unclear whether coke oven emissions (COEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are associated with HRV. Objectives Our goal in the present study was to investigate the association of exposure to COEs and the urinary metabolite profiles of PAHs with HRV of coke oven workers. Methods We measured benzene soluble matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matters, and PAHs at different workplaces of a coke oven plant. We determined 10 urinary PAH metabolites and HRV indices of 1333 workers using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and a 3-channel digital Holter monitor, respectively. Results Our results showed that there was a significant COEs-related dose-dependent decrease in HRV, and an inverse relationship between the quartiles of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene and five HRV indices (ptrend<0.01 for all). After adjustment for potential confounders, elevation per interquartile range (IQR) (1.81 µg/mmol creatinine) of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene was associated with a 5.46% (95% CI, 2.50–8.32) decrease in standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). As workers worked more years, SDNN gradually declined in the same quartiles of 2-hydroxynaphthalene levels (ptrend = 1.40×10−4), especially in workers with the highest levels of 2-hydroxynaphthalene. Conclusions Occupational exposure to COEs is associated with a dose-response decrease in HRV. In particular, increased exposure to 2-hydroxynaphthalene is associated with significantly decreased HRV. Increase of working years and exposure levels has resulted in a gradual decline of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaxin Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wangzhen Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Health, Wuhan Iron and Steel (Group) Corporation, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Kuang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifei Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiayun Dai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dafeng Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Xin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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McDonald JD, Doyle-Eisele M, Kracko D, Lund A, Surratt JD, Hersey SP, Seinfeld JH, Rohr AC, Knipping EM. Cardiopulmonary response to inhalation of secondary organic aerosol derived from gas-phase oxidation of toluene. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:689-97. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.712164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Diaz EA, Chung Y, Papapostolou V, Lawrence J, Long MS, Hatakeyama V, Gomes B, Calil Y, Sato R, Koutrakis P, Godleski JJ. Effects of fresh and aged vehicular exhaust emissions on breathing pattern and cellular responses--pilot single vehicle study. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:288-95. [PMID: 22486346 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.668572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The study presented here is a laboratory pilot study using diluted car exhaust from a single vehicle to assess differences in toxicological response between primary emissions and secondary products resulting from atmospheric photochemical reactions of gas phase compounds with O₃, OH and other radicals. Sprague Dawley rats were exposed for 5 h to either filtered room air (sham) or one of two different atmospheres: (i) diluted car exhaust (P)+Mt. Saint Helens Ash (MSHA); (ii) P+MSHA+secondary organic aerosol (SOA, formed during simulated photochemical aging of diluted exhaust). Primary and secondary gases were removed using a nonselective diffusion denuder. Continuous respiratory data was collected during the exposure, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and complete blood counts (CBC) were performed 24 h after exposure. ANOVA models were used to assess the exposure effect and to compare those effects across different exposure types. Total average exposures were 363 ± 66 μg/m³ P+MSHA and 212 ± 95 µg/m³ P+MSHA+SOA. For both exposures, we observed decreases in breathing rate, tidal and minute volumes (TV, MV) and peak and median flows (PIF, PEF and EF50) along with increases in breathing cycle times (Ti, Te) compared to sham. These results indicate that the animals are changing their breathing pattern with these test atmospheres. Exposure to P+MSHA+SOA produced significant increases in total cells, macrophages and neutrophils in the BAL and in vivo chemiluminescence of the lung. There were no significant differences in CBC parameters. Our data suggest that simulated atmospheric photochemistry, producing SOA in the P+MSHA+SOA exposures, enhanced the toxicity of vehicular emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Diaz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lemos M, Diaz EA, Gupta T, Kang CM, Ruiz P, Coull BA, Godleski JJ, Gonzalez-Flecha B. Cardiac and pulmonary oxidative stress in rats exposed to realistic emissions of source aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23 Suppl 2:75-83. [PMID: 21913821 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.601433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo chemiluminescence (CL) is a measure of reactive oxygen species in tissues. CL was used to assess pulmonary and cardiac responses to inhaled aerosols derived from aged emissions of three coal-fired power plants in the USA. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either filtered air or: (1) primary emissions (P); (2) ozone oxidized emissions (PO); (3) oxidized emissions + secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (POS); (4) neutralized oxidized emissions + SOA (PONS); and (5) control scenarios: oxidized emissions + SOA in the absence of primary particles (OS), oxidized emissions alone (O), and SOA alone (S). Immediately after 6 hours of exposure, CL in the lung and heart was measured. Tissues were also assayed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Exposure to P or PO aerosols led to no changes compared to filtered air in lung or heart CL at any individual plant or when all data were combined. POS caused significant increases in lung CL and TBARS at only one plant, and not in combined data from all plants; PONS resulted in increased lung CL only when data from all plants were combined. Heart CL was also significantly increased with exposure to POS only when data from all plants were combined. PONS increased heart CL significantly in one plant with TBARS accumulation, but not in combined data. Exposure to O, OS, and S had no CL effects. Univariate analyses of individual measured components of the exposure atmospheres did not identify any component associated with increased CL. These data suggest that coal-fired power plant emissions combined with other atmospheric constituents produce limited pulmonary and cardiac oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Lemos
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Godleski JJ, Rohr AC, Coull BA, Kang CM, Diaz EA, Koutrakis P. Toxicological evaluation of realistic emission source aerosols (TERESA): summary and conclusions. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 2:95-103. [PMID: 21913822 PMCID: PMC3690625 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.604687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological evaluation of realistic emissions of source aerosols (TERESA) study seeks to delineate health effects of aerosols formed from emissions of particulate matter sources. This series of papers reports the findings of experiments using coal-fired power plants as the source of emissions and this paper summarizes the findings and knowledge acquired from these studies. Emissions were drawn directly from the stacks of three coal-fired power plants in the US, and photochemically aged in a mobile laboratory to simulate downwind power plant plume processing. The power plants used different sources of coal and had different emission controls. Exposure scenarios included primary particles, secondary particles and mixtures of these with common atmospheric constituents (α-pinene and ammonia). Extensive exposure characterization was carried out, and toxicological outcomes were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to different emission scenarios. Breathing pattern, pulmonary inflammatory responses, in vivo pulmonary and cardiac chemiluminescence and cardiac response in a model of acute myocardial infarction were assessed. The results showed no response or relatively mild responses to the inhaled aerosols studied; complex scenarios which included oxidized emissions and α-pinene to simulate biogenic secondary organic aerosol tended to induce more statistically significant responses than scenarios of oxidized and non-oxidized emissions alone. Relating adverse effects to specific components did not consistently identify a toxic constituent. These findings are consistent with most of the previously published studies using pure compounds to model secondary power plant emissions, but importantly add substantial complexity and thus have considerable merit in defining toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Godleski
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Godleski JJ, Rohr AC, Kang CM, Diaz EA, Ruiz PA, Koutrakis P. Toxicological evaluation of realistic emission source aerosols (TERESA): introduction and overview. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23 Suppl 2:1-10. [PMID: 21639692 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.568019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Determining the health impacts of sources and components of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is an important scientific goal. PM(2.5) is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents that are likely to differ in their potential to cause adverse health outcomes. The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols (TERESA) study focused on two PM sources--coal-fired power plants and mobile sources--and sought to investigate the toxicological effects of exposure to emissions from these sources. The set of papers published here document the power plant experiments. TERESA attempted to delineate health effects of primary particles, secondary (aged) particles, and mixtures of these with common atmospheric constituents. TERESA involved withdrawal of emissions from the stacks of three coal-fired power plants in the United States. The emissions were aged and atmospherically transformed in a mobile laboratory simulating downwind power plant plume processing. Toxicological evaluations were carried out in laboratory rats exposed to different emission scenarios with extensive exposure characterization. The approach employed in TERESA was ambitious and innovative. Technical challenges included the development of stack sampling technology that prevented condensation of water vapor from the power plant exhaust during sampling and transfer, while minimizing losses of primary particles; development and optimization of a photochemical chamber to provide an aged aerosol for animal exposures; development and evaluation of a denuder system to remove excess gaseous components; and development of a mobile toxicology laboratory. This paper provides an overview of the conceptual framework, design, and methods employed in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Godleski
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Kang CM, Gupta T, Ruiz PA, Wolfson JM, Ferguson ST, Lawrence JE, Rohr AC, Godleski J, Koutrakis P. Aged particles derived from emissions of coal-fired power plants: the TERESA field results. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 23 Suppl 2:11-30. [PMID: 20462390 DOI: 10.3109/08958371003728040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions Source Aerosols (TERESA) study was carried out at three US coal-fired power plants to investigate the potential toxicological effects of primary and photochemically aged (secondary) particles using in situ stack emissions. The exposure system designed successfully simulated chemical reactions that power plant emissions undergo in a plume during transport from the stack to receptor areas (e.g., urban areas). Test atmospheres developed for toxicological experiments included scenarios to simulate a sequence of atmospheric reactions that can occur in a plume: (1) primary emissions only; (2) H(2)SO(4) aerosol from oxidation of SO(2); (3) H(2)SO(4) aerosol neutralized by gas-phase NH(3); (4) neutralized H(2)SO(4) with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed by the reaction of α-pinene with O(3); and (5) three control scenarios excluding primary particles. The aged particle mass concentrations varied significantly from 43.8 to 257.1 µg/m(3) with respect to scenario and power plant. The highest was found when oxidized aerosols were neutralized by gas-phase NH(3) with added SOA. The mass concentration depended primarily on the ratio of SO(2) to NO(x) (particularly NO) emissions, which was determined mainly by coal composition and emissions controls. Particulate sulfate (H(2)SO(4) + neutralized sulfate) and organic carbon (OC) were major components of the aged particles with added SOA, whereas trace elements were present at very low concentrations. Physical and chemical properties of aged particles appear to be influenced by coal type, emissions controls and the particular atmospheric scenarios employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Min Kang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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