1
|
Easwaran M, Martinez JD, Kim JB, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Modulation of mouse laryngeal inflammatory and immune cell responses by low and high doses of mainstream cigarette smoke. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18667. [PMID: 36333510 PMCID: PMC9636197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for laryngeal diseases. Despite well-documented cigarette smoke (CS) induced laryngeal histopathological changes, the underlying immunopathological mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to evaluate inflammatory and immune cell responses in a CS-exposed larynx. Specifically, we used a 4-week subacute whole-body CS inhalation mouse model to assess these responses in the laryngeal mucosa upon exposure to low (LD; 1 h/day) and high dose (HD; 4 h/day) CS. Laryngeal tissues were harvested and evaluated using a 254-plex NanoString inflammation panel and neutrophil/macrophage/T-cell immunohistochemistry (IHC). NanoString global and differential gene expression analysis revealed a unique expression profile only in the HD group, with 26 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). StringDB KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of these DEGs with pro-inflammatory pathways including TNF/TNFα and IL-17. Furthermore, inflammatory responses remained inhibited in conjunction with predicted activated states of anti-inflammatory regulators like PPARγ and NFE2L2 upon Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Subglottic T-cell levels remained significantly inhibited as corroborated by IPA predictions. Overall, our key findings are consistent with HD exposures being anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Furthermore, the identification of important regulatory genes and enriched pathways may help improve clinical interventions for CS-induced laryngeal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Martinez
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Division of Laryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Easwaran M, Martinez JD, Ramirez DJ, Gall PA, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Short-term whole body cigarette smoke exposure induces regional differences in cellular response in the mouse larynx. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:920-937. [PMID: 33996505 PMCID: PMC8099918 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term CSE induced regional differences in murine laryngeal cellular responses. Basal cell hyperplasia accompanies adaptive cell proliferation in the vocal folds. Increased subglottic cell proliferation persists even after CS cessation. SEM revealed vocal fold microprojection damage with possible necrotic features. Subglandular acidic mucins decreased and neutral mucins increased post-CSE.
The larynx is an essential organ in the respiratory tract and necessary for airway protection, respiration, and phonation. Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor associated with benign and malignant laryngeal diseases. Despite this association, the underlying mechanisms by which cigarette smoke (CS) drives disease development are not well elucidated. In the current study, we developed a short-term murine whole body inhalation model to evaluate the first CS-induced cellular responses in the glottic [i.e. vocal fold (VF)] and subglottic regions of the larynx. Specifically, we investigated epithelial cell proliferation, cell death, surface topography, and mucus production, at various time points (1 day, 5 days, 10 days) after ∼ 2 h exposure to 3R4F cigarettes (Delivered dose: 5.6968 mg/kg per cigarette) and following cessation for 5 days after a 5 day CS exposure (CSE). CSE elevated levels of BrdU labeled proliferative cells and p63 labeled epithelial basal cells on day 1 in the VF. CSE increased proliferative cells in the subglottis at days 5, 10 and following cessation in the subglottis. Cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic activity was absent in VF at all time points and increased at day 1 in the subglottis. Evaluation of the VF surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed significant epithelial microprojection damage at day 10 and early signs of necrosis at days 5 and 10 post-CSE. SEM visualizations additionally indicated the presence of deformed cilia at days 5 and 10 after CSE and post-cessation in the respiratory epithelium lined subglottis. In terms of mucin content, the impact of short-term CSE was observed only at day 10, with decreasing acidic mucin levels and increasing neutral mucin levels. Overall, these findings reveal regional differences in murine laryngeal cellular responses following short-term CSE and provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying CS-induced laryngeal disease development.
Collapse
Key Words
- AB/PAS, Alcian blue/Periodic acid Schiff
- BLOQ, below limits of quantitation
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- BrdU, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- CBF, ciliary beat frequency
- CC3, cleaved caspase-3
- CO, Carbon monoxide
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CSE, cigarette smoke exposure
- Cell death
- Cell proliferation
- Cigarette smoke
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- FTC/ISO, Federal Trade Commission/International Standard Organization
- GSD, geometric standard deviation
- H&E, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- HIER, heat-induced antigen retrieval
- HPF, high power field
- MCC, mucociliary clearance
- MMAD, Mass median aerodynamic diameter
- Mucus production
- Murine larynx
- NMR, nicotine metabolite ratio
- OECD, organization for economic co-operation and development
- PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- RE, respiratory epithelium
- REV, reversibility
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCIREQ, Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SSE, stratified squamous epithelium
- SWGTOX, Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology
- Surface topography
- TBST, tris-buffered saline-tween 20
- TPM, total particulate matter
- TSNA, tobacco-specific nitrosamines
- UPLC-MS/MS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer
- VF, vocal fold
- VSC, veterinary service center
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Martinez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Ramirez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phillip A Gall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar A, Kogel U, Talikka M, Merg C, Guedj E, Xiang Y, Kondylis A, Titz B, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Allen J, Gupta A, Skowronek A, Lee KM. A 7-month inhalation toxicology study in C57BL/6 mice demonstrates reduced pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes following smoking cessation or switching to e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847321995875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes serious diseases, including lung cancer, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. While cessation remains the most effective approach to minimize smoking-related disease, alternative non-combustible tobacco-derived nicotine-containing products may reduce disease risks among those unable or unwilling to quit. E-vapor aerosols typically contain significantly lower levels of smoke-related harmful and potentially harmful constituents; however, health risks of long-term inhalation exposures are unknown. We designed a 7-month inhalation study in C57BL/6 mice to evaluate long-term respiratory toxicity of e-vapor aerosols compared to cigarette smoke and to assess the impact of smoking cessation (Cessation group) or switching to an e-vapor product (Switching group) after 3 months of exposure to 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS). There were no significant changes in in-life observations (body weights, clinical signs) in e-vapor groups compared to the Sham Control. The 3R4F CS group showed reduced respiratory function during exposure and had lower body weight and showed transient signs of distress post-exposure. Following 7 months of exposure, e-vapor aerosols resulted in no or minimal increase in pulmonary inflammation, while exposure to 3R4F CS led to impairment of lung function and caused marked lung inflammation and emphysematous changes. Biological changes observed in the Switching group were similar to the Cessation group. 3R4F CS exposure dysregulated the lung and nasal tissue transcriptome, while these molecular effects were substantially lower in the e-vapor group. Results from this study demonstrate that in comparison with 3R4F CS, e-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses including pulmonary inflammation and emphysematous changes, and that complete switching from CS to e-vapor products significantly reduces biological changes associated with CS in C57BL/6 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Szostak J, Wong ET, Titz B, Lee T, Wong SK, Low T, Lee KM, Zhang J, Kumar A, Schlage WK, Guedj E, Phillips B, Leroy P, Buettner A, Xiang Y, Martin F, Sewer A, Kuczaj A, Ivanov NV, Luettich K, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A 6-month systems toxicology inhalation study in ApoE -/- mice demonstrates reduced cardiovascular effects of E-vapor aerosols compared with cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H604-H631. [PMID: 31975625 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00613.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to the cardiovascular system. Considerable attention has been paid to the reduced harm potential of alternative nicotine-containing inhalable products such as e-cigarettes. We investigated the effects of E-vapor aerosols or cigarette smoke (CS) on atherosclerosis progression, cardiovascular function, and molecular changes in the heart and aorta of female apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. The mice were exposed to aerosols from three different E-vapor formulations: 1) carrier (propylene glycol and vegetable glycerol), 2) base (carrier and nicotine), or 3) test (base and flavor) or to CS from 3R4F reference cigarettes for up to 6 mo. Concentrations of CS and base or test aerosols were matched at 35 µg nicotine/L. Exposure to CS, compared with sham-exposed fresh air controls, accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation, whereas no such effect was seen for any of the three E-vapor aerosols. Molecular changes indicated disease mechanisms related to oxidative stress and inflammation in general, plus changes in calcium regulation, and altered cytoskeletal organization and microtubule dynamics in the left ventricle. While ejection fraction, fractional shortening, cardiac output, and isovolumic contraction time remained unchanged following E-vapor aerosols exposure, the nicotine-containing base and test aerosols caused an increase in isovolumic relaxation time similar to CS. A nicotine-related increase in pulse wave velocity and arterial stiffness was also observed, but it was significantly lower for base and test aerosols than for CS. These results demonstrate that in comparison with CS, E-vapor aerosols induce substantially lower biological responses associated with smoking-related cardiovascular diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Analysis of key urinary oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines showed an absence of oxidative stress and inflammation in the animals exposed to E-vapor aerosols. Conversely, animals exposed to conventional cigarette smoke had high urinary levels of these markers. When compared with conventional cigarette smoke, E-vapor aerosols induced smaller atherosclerotic plaque surface area and volume. Systolic and diastolic cardiac function, as well as endothelial function, were further significantly less affected by electronic cigarette aerosols than conventional cigarette smoke. Molecular analysis demonstrated that E-vapor aerosols induce significantly smaller transcriptomic dysregulation in the heart and aorta compared with conventional cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szostak
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Lee
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Sin Kei Wong
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Tiffany Low
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International Research and development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee KM, Hoeng J, Harbo S, Kogel U, Gardner W, Oldham M, Benson E, Talikka M, Kondylis A, Martin F, Titz B, Ansari S, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Elamin A, Ivanov NV, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC, McKinney WJ. Biological changes in C57BL/6 mice following 3 weeks of inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke or e-vapor aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30:553-567. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1576807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sam Ansari
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jaccard G, Djoko DT, Korneliou A, Stabbert R, Belushkin M, Esposito M. Mainstream smoke constituents and in vitro toxicity comparative analysis of 3R4F and 1R6F reference cigarettes. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:222-231. [PMID: 30886823 PMCID: PMC6402302 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes stock is depleting. 3R4F reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator. 1R6F reference cigarettes are a suitable replacement for 3R4F on the basis of smoke chemistry and in vitro assays.
A new Kentucky reference cigarette, 1R6F, has been manufactured to replace the depleting 3R4F reference cigarette. The 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarettes have been widely used as monitor or comparator cigarettes for mainstream smoke analysis and in vitro and in vivo toxicological data of cigarettes and novel tobacco products. Both reference cigarettes were analyzed in the same laboratory during the same period of time with the goal of performing a comparison of 3R4F and 1R6F. On the basis of the results obtained from aerosol chemistry and in vitro assays, we consider that the 1R6F reference cigarette is a suitable replacement for the 3R4F reference cigarette as a comparator/monitor cigarette. Its specific use as a comparator for novel tobacco products was checked on the basis of a comparative test with the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 as an example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stabbert
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 3, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dautzenberg B, Dautzenberg MD. [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:82-103. [PMID: 30429092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry (TI) reports that heated tobacco reduces risk of tobacco use and will replace cigarettes. An analysis of the scientific literature was conducted in order to enlighten professionals and decision-makers. METHOD After a Medline query in February 2018, a systematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Of the 100 papers published in 2008-2018, 75 have authors affiliated or linked to TI. Emissions contain gases, droplets and solid particles, so are smokes. The main products are: THS2.2 (Iqos®) which heats mini-cigarettes at 340°C, the THP1.0 (Glo®) which heats at 240°C sticks delivering about half as much nicotine, Ploom® which uses reconstituted tobacco microcapsules heated at 180°C. Under the experimental conditions, there is a reduction of toxic emissions and biological effects, but the expected risk reduction is not demonstrated. Symptoms related to passive smoking are described. The 4 epidemiological articles report that heated tobacco is used in 10 to 45% of cases by non-smokers and demonstrate the effectiveness of TI promotion campaigns. Thus, the THS2.2 is more a gateway to smoking (20%) than an exit door (11%); moreover, it is not expected risk reduction among the 69% who are mixed users. CONCLUSIONS While reducing emissions is documented, reducing the risk to the smoker who switches to heated-tobacco remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the worsening of the global tobacco risk related to the promotion of the products by the TI is anticipated, justifying that the authorities take the appropriate measures to control the promotion of heated tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Dautzenberg
- Service de pharmacologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Consultation de médecine, hôpital Marmottan, 75017 Paris, France; Consultation de tabacologie, institut Arthur-Vernes, 75006 Paris, France; Paris sans tabac, 14, avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Possebon L, Costa SS, Souza HR, Azevedo LR, Sant'Ana M, Iyomasa-Pilon MM, Oliani SM, Girol AP. Mimetic peptide AC2-26 of annexin A1 as a potential therapeutic agent to treat COPD. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:270-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
9
|
Oviedo A, Lebrun S, Kogel U, Ho J, Tan WT, Titz B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Bera M, Martin F, Rodrigo G, Esposito M, Dempsey R, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 6: 90-day OECD 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects of a mentholated version compared with mentholated and non-mentholated cigarette smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S93-S122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Wong ET, Kogel U, Veljkovic E, Martin F, Xiang Y, Boue S, Vuillaume G, Leroy P, Guedj E, Rodrigo G, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 4: 90-day OECD 413 rat inhalation study with systems toxicology endpoints demonstrates reduced exposure effects compared with cigarette smoke. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S59-S81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Dalrymple A, Ordoñez P, Thorne D, Walker D, Camacho OM, Büttner A, Dillon D, Meredith C. Cigarette smoke induced genotoxicity and respiratory tract pathology: evidence to support reduced exposure time and animal numbers in tobacco product testing. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:324-38. [PMID: 27160659 PMCID: PMC4898166 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1170911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many laboratories are working to develop in vitro models that will replace in vivo tests, but occasionally there remains a regulatory expectation of some in vivo testing. Historically, cigarettes have been tested in vivo for 90 days. Recently, methods to reduce and refine animal use have been explored. This study investigated the potential of reducing animal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to 3 or 6 weeks, and the feasibility of separate lung lobes for histopathology or the Comet assay. Rats were exposed to sham air or CS (1 or 2 h) for 3 or 6 weeks. Respiratory tissues were processed for histopathological evaluation, and Alveolar type II cells (AEC II) isolated for the Comet assay. Blood was collected for Pig-a and micronucleus quantification. Histopathological analyses demonstrated exposure effects, which were generally dependent on CS dose (1 or 2 h, 5 days/week). Comet analysis identified that DNA damage increased in AEC II following 3 or 6 weeks CS exposure, and the level at 6 weeks was higher than 3 weeks. Pig-a mutation or micronucleus levels were not increased. In conclusion, this study showed that 3 weeks of CS exposure was sufficient to observe respiratory tract pathology and DNA damage in isolated AEC II. Differences between the 3 and 6 week data imply that DNA damage in the lung is cumulative. Reducing exposure time, plus analyzing separate lung lobes for DNA damage or histopathology, supports a strategy to reduce and refine animal use in tobacco product testing and is aligned to the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Ordoñez
- Vivotecnia Research S.L., Parque Científico de Madrid,
Tres Cantos,
Madrid,
Spain
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - David Walker
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | | | | | - Debbie Dillon
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Assessing the mutagenic activities of smoke from different cigarettes in direct exposure experiments using the modified Ames Salmonella assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 803-804:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|