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Magesan K, Ahmed A, George AE, Ganesh SK, Biswas J, Dutta Majumder P. An Analysis of the clinical and investigative profile of uveitis in the elderly: First case series from India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:S596-S600. [PMID: 38454869 PMCID: PMC11338401 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2788_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the spectrum of uveitis occurring after 60 years of age in elderly patients who presented to a tertiary care eye center in India. METHODS Retrospective study of patients who visited a tertiary eye care institute between January 2010 and July 2020. RESULT Eighty-seven patients developed uveitis after 60 years, with only 44.8% having sufficient follow-up documentation and were included in the final analysis. The median age of these patients was 64 (IQR: 62-70) years, and 69% of them were male. Among the identifiable causes of uveitis, infectious uveitis (36%) was the most common and noninfectious uveitis was noted in 23% of patients. The most common subtype of uveitis was anterior uveitis (52%), followed by intermediate uveitis (32%), panuveitis (11%), and posterior uveitis (7%). Tuberculosis (28%) was the most common cause in our cohort, followed by HLA B27 (10%), sarcoid (8%), and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (5%). In 41% of patients, a definitive diagnosis of uveitis could not be achieved, and the anterior uveitis group had the highest number of undifferentiated uveitis cases. There were no undifferentiated cases of uveitis in the posterior and panuveitis category. The median follow-up period of these patients was 52 (15-91) months and 66% of eyes had recurrence. A statistically significant improvement in vision was seen in anterior uveitis and panuveitis groups, whereas the median visual acuity of the intermediate uveitis group remained stable throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSION Uveitis in the elderly can have a higher recurrence rate; however, the lack of follow-up in these groups of patients is a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsigan Magesan
- Department of Optometry, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arshee Ahmed
- Department of Uvea, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amala E George
- Department of Uvea, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudha K Ganesh
- Department of Uvea, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- Department of Uvea, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
- Department of Uvea, Medical and Vision Research Foundations, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kalogeropoulos D, Asproudis I, Stefaniotou M, Moschos MM, Kozobolis VP, Voulgari PV, Katsanos A, Gartzonika C, Kalogeropoulos C. The large Hellenic Study of Uveitis: epidemiology, etiologic factors and classification. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3633-3650. [PMID: 37428299 PMCID: PMC10504180 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse the demography, etiology, and classification of uveitis at a tertiary academic referral center. METHODS An observational study was conducted on the archives of uveitic patients at the Ocular Inflammation Service of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital of Ioannina (Greece) from 1991 to 2020. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological profile of patients, including their demographics and the main etiologic factors of uveitis. RESULTS Out of 6191 cases with uveitis, 1925 were infectious, 4125 were non-infectious, and an overall of 141 masquerade syndromes were recorded. Among these cases, 5950 patients were adults, with a slight female predominance, while 241 were children (< 18 years old). Interestingly, 24.2% of cases (1500 patients) were associated with 4 specific microorganisms. Herpetic uveitis (HSV-1 and VZV/HZV) was the most common cause of infectious uveitis (14.87%), followed by toxoplasmosis (6.6%) and tuberculosis (2.74%). In 49.2% of non-infectious uveitis cases, no systematic correlation was found. The most frequent causes of non-infectious uveitis included sarcoidosis, white dot syndromes, ankylosing spondylitis, lens-induced uveitis, Adamantiades-Behçet disease, and idiopathic juvenile arthritis. Infectious uveitis was more common in the rural population, whereas non-infectious uveitis was more frequently recorded in the urban population CONCLUSIONS: Although our study was conducted on a predominantly white Caucasian population, it also reflects the effect of increasing immigration, improvements of diagnostic techniques, changes in referral patterns, and various actual changes in disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Asproudis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria Stefaniotou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios P Kozobolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas Katsanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantina Gartzonika
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chris Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
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Balasubramaniam B, Chong YJ, Azzopardi M, Logeswaran A, Denniston AK. Topical Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Non-Infectious Uveitis: Current Treatment and Perspectives. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6439-6451. [PMID: 36467992 PMCID: PMC9717596 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s288294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis represents a heterogenous group of immune-mediated ocular diseases, which can be associated with underlying systemic disease. While the initial choice of treatment of non-infectious uveitis depends on a number of factors such as anatomical location and degree of inflammation, topical therapies often remain the initial choice of non-invasive therapy. In this narrative review, we aim to describe the literature on non-infectious uveitis, with specific focus on the current perspective on topical anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balini Balasubramaniam
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - Yu Jeat Chong
- Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
| | - Matthew Azzopardi
- Ophthalmology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | | | - Alastair K Denniston
- Ophthalmology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Non-Infectious Uveitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115236. [PMID: 36041544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) refers to various intraocular inflammatory disorders responsible for severe visual loss. Cytokines participate in the regulation of ocular homeostasis and NIU pathological processes. Cytokine receptors transmit signals by activating Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Increasing evidence from human NIU and experimental models reveals the involvement of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in NIU pathogenesis. Several small-molecule drugs that potentially inhibit multiple cytokine-dependent pathways are under investigation for treating autoimmune diseases, implicating possible applications for NIU treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of the diverse roles of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in ocular homeostasis and NIU pathology, providing a rationale for targeting JAKs and STATs for NIU treatment. Moreover, available evidence for the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors for refractory uveitis and potential approaches for treatment optimization are discussed.
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Zhu L, Chen B, Su W. A Review of the Various Roles and Participation Levels of B-Cells in Non-Infectious Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676046. [PMID: 34054864 PMCID: PMC8160461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis is an inflammatory disorder of the eye that accounts for severe visual loss without evident infectious agents. While T cells are supposed to dominate the induction of inflammation in non-infectious uveitis, the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of this disease is obscure. Therefore, this review aimed to discuss diverse B-cell participation in different non-infectious uveitides and their roles in the pathogenesis of this disease as well as the mechanism of action of rituximab. Increasing evidence from experimental models and human non-infectious uveitis has suggested the participation of B cells in non-infectious uveitis. The participation levels vary in different uveitides. Furthermore, B cells play multiple roles in the pathogenic mechanisms. B cells produce autoantibodies, regulate T cell responses via antibody-independent functions, and constitute ectopic lymphoid structures. Regulatory B cells perform pivotal anti-inflammatory functions in non-infectious uveitis. Rituximab may work by depleting pro-inflammatory B cells and restoring the quantity and function of regulatory B cells in this disease. Identifying the levels of B-cell participation and the associated roles is beneficial for optimizing therapy. Diversified experimental model choices and emerging tools and/or methods are conducive for future studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Samalia P, Hawley LJ, Niederer RL, Sims J. Review of de novo uveitis in older adults presenting to a large tertiary centre. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:941-946. [PMID: 33597198 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The primary aim of this study was to describe the causes of de novo uveitis in individuals 60 years and older. Secondary objectives were to determine the incidence of intraocular lymphoma and the clinical predictors of lymphoma. METHODS Retrospective chart review of all subjects presenting to the uveitis service at Auckland District Health Board (Auckland, New Zealand) between January 2006 and October 2020 RESULTS: 686 subjects (900 eyes) were aged ≥60 years at first presentation with uveitis, representing 23.4% of all subjects with uveitis during the study period. Non-infectious aetiology occurred in 631 (70.1%) eyes and infectious etiologies occurred in 269 (29.9%) eyes. The most frequent causes were idiopathic (36.3%), herpes zoster (14.8%), HLAB27 (8.7%) and sarcoidosis (4.8%). Twenty (2.2%) eyes of 13 (1.9%) subjects had a diagnosis of lymphoma. Lymphoma represented 11.2% of all intermediate uveitis. Subjects diagnosed with lymphoma did not develop posterior synechiae, epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular oedema or ocular hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Intraocular lymphoma was uncommon in the overall cohort, but an important cause of intermediate uveitis. A diagnosis of lymphoma needs to be considered in any older subject with de novo intermediate uveitis. The lack of posterior synechiae, cystoid macular oedema, epiretinal membrane and ocular hypertension further increases the suspicion for lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samalia
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New Zealand .,Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland Department of Ophthalmology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Joanne Sims
- Ophthalmology, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
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Çakar Özdal P. Behçet's Uveitis: Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach. Turk J Ophthalmol 2020; 50:169-182. [PMID: 32631005 PMCID: PMC7338748 DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2019.60308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease is a chronic, multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by relapsing inflammation. Although its etiopathogenesis has not yet been clarified, both the adaptive and innate immune systems, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors have all been implicated. It is more frequent and more severe in males in the third and fourth decades of life. The eye is the most frequently involved organ in the course of the disease. Ocular involvement (Behçet's uveitis) is characterized by bilateral recurrent non-granulomatous panuveitis and occlusive retinal vasculitis. Recurrent inflammatory episodes in the posterior segment may lead to permanent vision loss due to irreversible retinal damage and complications such as macular scarring, macular atrophy, and optic atrophy. Early and aggressive immunomodulatory treatment and the use of biologic agents when needed are crucial for preventing recurrences and improving visual prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Çakar Özdal
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey
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Accorinti M, Okada AA, Smith JR, Gilardi M. Epidemiology of Macular Edema in Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 27:169-180. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1576910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Accorinti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annabelle A. Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Justine R. Smith
- Flinders University College of Medicine & Public Health, Adelaide, Australia
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Luca C, Raffaella A, Sylvia M, Valentina M, Fabiana V, Marco C, Annamaria S, Luisa S, Alessandro DF, Lucia B, Alessandro Z, Maria P, Matthew C, Alessandra S, Carlo S, Luigi F. Changes in patterns of uveitis at a tertiary referral center in Northern Italy: analysis of 990 consecutive cases. Int Ophthalmol 2018; 38:133-142. [PMID: 28070744 PMCID: PMC5876414 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-016-0434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of uveitis, an uncommon ocular disease, is often neglected in research and treatment of autoimmune conditions. The study described the spectrum of uveitis at a referral center in North Italy, and compared that to a previously published series of patients. METHODS We reviewed all patients with uveitis diagnosed from 2013 to 2015 at the Immunology Eye Unit, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy. We examined patient characteristics, disease spectrum, and etiologies. RESULTS In total, 990 cases of uveitis were identified, who were mostly female (59%) with a median age at presentation of 44 years (interquartile range = 29-57). Anterior uveitis was most frequent (53.5%), followed by panuveitis (22.8%), posterior (16.2%), and intermediate uveitis (5.5%). Anterior herpetic uveitis (15.6%), Fuchs uveitis (9.7%), and HLA-B27 positive anterior uveitis (7.7%) were the most common specific diagnoses. Compared with the previous series, we observed an increased incidence of uveitis, and a different pattern of diagnoses. Rates of herpetic, HLA-B27 positive uveitis, and presumed ocular tuberculosis were higher, but Fuchs uveitis was less frequent. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of uveitis appears to be changing, very likely due to population-level increases in infectious diseases, to the availability of new diagnostic tests and to the interdisciplinary approach used in patient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimino Luca
- Immunology Eye Unit, Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Aldigeri Raffaella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marchi Sylvia
- Immunology Eye Unit, Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mastrofilippo Valentina
- Immunology Eye Unit, Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Viscogliosi Fabiana
- Immunology Eye Unit, Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Coassin Marco
- Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Soldani Annamaria
- Immunology Eye Unit, Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Savoldi Luisa
- Scientific Directorate, Arcispedale S.M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - De Fanti Alessandro
- Department of Pediatrics, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova.IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Belloni Lucia
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Zerbini Alessandro
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Parmeggiani Maria
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Chersich Matthew
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Soriano Alessandra
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Salvarani Carlo
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Fontana Luigi
- Eye Department, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to determine the prevalence of uveitis in the diabetic population, the clinical features of the uveitis and diabetes when coexisting and pathophysiology of a possible correlation. We also aim to review the cases of diabetes and uveitis in the literature. RECENT FINDINGS The basis of an association between uveitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) is the common pathophysiology of inflammation. There are several reports on a DM-related uveitis, defined as idiopathic anterior uveitis in the presence of poorly controlled DM, but causation has not been established. There are conflicting results in the literature regarding an association between uveitis and DM. More studies are needed to determine if an association truly exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajiha J Kheir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Huda A Sheheitli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rola N Hamam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Service, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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Tsirouki T, Dastiridou A, Symeonidis C, Tounakaki O, Brazitikou I, Kalogeropoulos C, Androudi S. A Focus on the Epidemiology of Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016; 26:2-16. [PMID: 27467180 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2016.1196713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Uveitis is a common, sight-threatening inflammatory ocular disease and includes multiple heterogeneous clinical entities. The prevalence of various types of uveitis depends upon multiple factors, such as age, sex, race, geographic distribution, environmental influence, genetics, and social habits. Epidemiologic research of uveitis is necessary to understand the etiology and immunopathogenesis of this group of diseases. The present study attempts to concentrate on the most recent information on the epidemiology of uveitis and compare it with previous knowledge. METHODS An extensive literature search was performed in the Medline database (PubMed) and included surveys completed until 2015. Articles that reported prevalence and incidence were studied. References cited in the articles were also studied. RESULTS The incidence and prevalence of uveitis differs based on age, anatomic location of the inflammatory process (anterior, intermediate, posterior uveitis, panuveitis), gender, histopathology (granulomatous, non-granulomatous), type of inflammatory process (acute, chronic, recurrent), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). Prevalence differs by geographic location. Idiopathic anterior uveitis is the most common form of uveitis in the community. Infectious causes are common (30-60%) in the developing countries. Herpes and toxoplasmosis are the leading infectious causes of uveitis. Non-infectious uveitic conditions are generally more common in the developed world. An increase in the prevalence of infectious etiologies, including tuberculosis and syphilis, has been seen in developed countries. Introduction of new treatment options has also changed patterns of disease. CONCLUSIONS Introduction of new uveitis entities, changes in the incidence of already known disease and increased availability of diagnostic testing have all altered the epidemiology of uveitis in recent years. Knowledge of regional patterns of disease is essential. A more detailed classification of uveitis with the establishment of uniform diagnostic criteria and prospective population based studies would certainly benefit epidemiologic research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tsirouki
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - Anna Dastiridou
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | | | - Ourania Tounakaki
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - Irini Brazitikou
- b 2nd Department of Ophthalmology , Papageorgiou Hospital , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | | | - Sofia Androudi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
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12
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Cunningham ET, Acharya N, Kempen JH, Zierhut M. Design and Interpretation of Clinic-Based Studies in Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2015; 23:267-270. [DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2015.1074028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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