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Li L, Kang Z, Chen P, Niu B, Wang Y, Yang L. Association between mild depressive states in polycystic ovary syndrome and an unhealthy lifestyle. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1361962. [PMID: 38680928 PMCID: PMC11045954 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1361962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent and frequently encountered gynecological disorder. Its high variability and the complexities associated with its management often lead to psychological stress in affected women, manifesting in symptoms of depression. Embracing a healthy lifestyle is fundamental in PCOS treatment. Consistent adherence to a healthy lifestyle not only aids in improving PCOS symptoms but also plays a role in enhancing mental well-being. However, there is currently limited research examining the extent of depression, its prevalence, and its correlation with lifestyle among individuals with PCOS. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact of lifestyle factors on the depressive state of individuals with PCOS. Methods This cross-sectional study gathered data from 411 individuals with PCOS at a comprehensive hospital in Henan, China. Depression status was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale, and demographic information as well as lifestyle habits were simultaneously collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses using logistic regression were conducted to identify risk factors associated with the depressive state in PCOS. Results Among the surveyed 411 individuals with PCOS, approximately 49.4% exhibited symptoms of depression, with 83.7% experiencing mild depressive symptoms. A disease duration of 1-3 years, the presence of acne, and unhealthy lifestyle factors such as high-fat diet, staying up late, lack of exercise, and mental stress emerged as significant risk factors for the onset of depressive symptoms. Conclusion Depressive symptoms in individuals with PCOS are predominantly mild. The risk of comorbid depression in PCOS is associated with the presence of acne, frequent high-fat diet, regular staying up late, lack of exercise, and mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- First Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Baihan Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Greenwood EA, Yaffe K, Wellons MF, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Depression Over the Lifespan in a Population-Based Cohort of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Longitudinal Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2809-2819. [PMID: 30985868 PMCID: PMC6534493 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To (i) determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from a population-based cohort experience elevated depression symptoms and (ii) characterize the trajectory of symptoms over the lifespan. DESIGN The association between PCOS and longitudinal depression scores was investigated among 1127 black and white women participating in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. PCOS was ascertained at baseline (ages 20 to 32) by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria, incorporating androgens and symptoms of oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was repeated prospectively in 5-year intervals over 25 years. Mixed-effects models evaluated the association between depression scores and PCOS after adjustment for confounders and characterized the trajectory of scores. The impact of race was explored. RESULTS Eighty-three of 1127 (7.4%) participants met NIH PCOS criteria. Of these, 33 (40%) were black and 50 (60%) were white. CES-D scores were higher among women with PCOS [coefficient (coef) 2.51; 95% CI 1.49, 3.54; P < 0.01] across the lifespan. Scores decreased across the lifespan in women with and without PCOS (coef -0.1 point per year; P < 0.001). Black women experienced higher depression burden than white women (coef 1.80; 95% CI 1.20, 2.41; P < 0.001); however, an interaction was not detected between PCOS and race (P = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Women with PCOS-NIH from a population-based cohort are at risk for higher depression scores across the lifespan. Depression scores decline over time in women with PCOS in a trajectory similar to that in women without PCOS. Racial differences in depression risk should be acknowledged clinically and further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Greenwood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Heather G Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Ahmad AK, Quinn M, Kao CN, Greenwood E, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Improved diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome using age-stratified criteria. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:787-793.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Greenwood EA, Pasch LA, Shinkai K, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Clinical course of depression symptoms and predictors of enduring depression risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Results of a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2018; 111:147-156. [PMID: 30458991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To [1] characterize depression symptoms over time and [2] test the hypothesis that adverse metabolic parameters would associate with risk of enduring depression risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING University center. PATIENT(S) One hundred sixty-three women with PCOS. INTERVENTION(S) The Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI-FS) was self-administered at baseline and follow-up to identify depression risk, using a cutoff score >4. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) BDI-FS scores. RESULT(S) Median baseline age was 29.0 years, and median follow-up interval was 5.5 years. Fifty-nine of 163 women had positive depression screens at baseline (36%); 52 women (32%) screened positive at follow-up. Median change in BDI-II score was 0 (interquartile range, -2, 1) over the study period. Of the 59 women at risk for depression at baseline, 22 screened negative at follow-up (37%), while 37 women remained at risk (63%). Considering these 59 women with positive depression screens at baseline, higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased odds of enduring depression risk at follow-up (adjusted odds ratio = 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.00, 1.18), in a multivariate logistic regression model. Compared with women with normal body weight at baseline, obese women (BMI >30 kg/m2) had five-fold increased odds of enduring depression risk at follow-up (adjusted odds ratio = 5.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.07, 24.0). CONCLUSION(S) The prevalence of depression was relatively stable over time in a cohort of women with PCOS. Elevated BMI is a hallmark of enduring depression risk. These results may assist providers in developing targeted intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of long-term depressive symptoms in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni A Greenwood
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California.
| | - Lauri A Pasch
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California
| | - Kanade Shinkai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California
| | - Heather G Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California
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Ebrahimi SO, Reiisi S, Parchami Barjui S. Increased risk of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) associated with CC genotype of miR-146a gene variation. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:793-797. [PMID: 29637801 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1460341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy in reproductive-age women believed to be affected by several genetics and environmental factors or both. Different miRNAs are one of such genetic factors that their associations with PCOS have been implicated. For instance, miR-146a that is well known for strongly regulating the immune response and inflammation was upregulated in serum plasma, follicular fluid and granulosa cells of PCOS patients. Different studies have shown that genetic changes in pre-miRNA can cause change in the expression or biological function of mature miRNA. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the association of miR-146a gene variation (rs2910164) with the susceptibility to PCOS. This study consists of 180 patients with PCOS and 192 healthy women matched by age and geographical region. Genotyping were determined by using PCR-RFLP in all subjects. The genotype frequency and allele distributions of all subjects were evaluated using Fisher's exact test directed by SPSS v.20. The genotype and allele frequencies of the miR-146a polymorphism (rs2910164) significantly differ between PCOS and healthy controls. The frequencies of CC genotype (p = .054) and 'C' allele (p = .0001) of the miR-146a variant indicated a significant incidence in cases compared to controls. Such association was obtained in co-dominant (OR = 3.16) and dominant (OR = 2.29) models. Result of this study can be proposed that women with miR-146a variation are at a higher risk for developing PCOS, which can be due to up-regulation of miR-146a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Omar Ebrahimi
- a Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Somayeh Reiisi
- a Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences , Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran
| | - Shahrbanou Parchami Barjui
- b Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute , Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord , Iran
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Ahmad AK, Kao CN, Quinn M, Lenhart N, Rosen M, Cedars MI, Huddleston H. Differential rate in decline in ovarian reserve markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with control subjects: results of a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril 2018; 109:526-531. [PMID: 29428308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate rates of ovarian aging in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) subjects versus a community control population. DESIGN Longitudinal. SETTING Tertiary academic center. SUBJECT(S) PCOS subjects diagnosed according to the 2004 Rotterdam criteria were systematically enrolled in a PCOS cohort study. The comparison control subjects were from the Ovarian Aging study, a prospective longitudinal study of ovarian aging in healthy women with regular menstrual cycles. INTERVENTION(S) Clinical data collection over two study visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Antral follicle count (AFC), ovarian volume (OV), and antimüllerian hormone level (AMH). RESULT(S) PCOS subjects were found to have higher baseline values for all ovarian reserve markers compared with control subjects. Univariate models indicated that, compared with control subjects, PCOS patients experienced significantly faster rates of decline for both AFC and AMH. Change in OV did not differ significantly. To account for potential confounder effects, multiple analysis of covariance models were evaluated for the best fit, considering age, body mass index, and baseline ovarian reserve markers. Adjusted models demonstrated that PCOS patients do not experience a significant difference in AFC decline compared with control subjects, but they do experience a faster rate of decline in AMH (P<.01) and slower rate of decline in OV (P<.01). CONCLUSION(S) Ovarian aging in PCOS is characterized by a more rapid decline in AMH and a slower decline in OV compared with control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima K Ahmad
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California.
| | - Chia-Ning Kao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Molly Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Nikolaus Lenhart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Mitchell Rosen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | - Heather Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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Quinn MM, Kao CN, Ahmad AK, Haisenleder DJ, Santoro N, Eisenberg E, Legro RS, Cedars MI, Huddleston HG. Age-stratified thresholds of anti-Müllerian hormone improve prediction of polycystic ovary syndrome over a population-based threshold. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87:733-740. [PMID: 28681949 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to its consistent elevation in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and correlation with polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been proposed as a marker of the syndrome. However, prior studies reporting thresholds of AMH for a PCOS diagnosis have been limited by small sample size, inappropriate controls, and heterogeneous AMH assays. We sought to evaluate the suitability of a standardized AMH assay as a biomarker of PCOS. DESIGN Cross-sectional study at academic medical centres across the United States. PATIENTS Women with PCOS were diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria and included 282 subjects from the multisite PPCOS II trial and 109 patients from a tertiary academic centre's multidisciplinary PCOS clinic. Controls included 245 participants in the ovarian ageing (OVA) study, a community-based cohort of ovulatory women not seeking treatment for fertility. MEASUREMENTS Determination of AMH by a central laboratory. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to investigate the accuracy of AMH thresholds for prediction of PCOS diagnosis with stratification by age. RESULTS The optimal threshold of AMH to distinguish PCOS from controls was 55.36 pmol/L (sensitivity: 0.82, specificity: 0.78, J: 0.60). When examining the population by age groups, the optimal AMH threshold decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS AMH is an effective biomarker of PCOS. Age-stratified thresholds more accurately predicted PCOS than an overall population-based threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ning Kao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Asima K Ahmad
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Haisenleder
- Ligand Core Laboratory, University of Virginia Center for Research in Reproduction, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nanette Santoro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Esther Eisenberg
- Fertility and Infertility Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard S Legro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather G Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Huddleston HG, Quinn MM, Kao CN, Lenhart N, Rosen MP, Cedars MI. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome demonstrate worsening markers of cardiovascular risk over the short-term despite declining hyperandrogenaemia: Results of a longitudinal study with community controls. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87:775-782. [PMID: 29044581 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare age-associated changes in cardiovascular risk markers in lean and obese reproductive-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with community controls. DESIGN Longitudinal study at an academic medical centre PATIENTS: Patients diagnosed with PCOS by 2004 Rotterdam criteria in a multidisciplinary clinic were systematically enrolled from 2006-2014 in a PCOS cohort study and subsequently agreed to participate in a longitudinal study. The comparison controls were from the prospective, longitudinal Ovarian Aging (OVA) study, which consists of healthy women with regular menstrual cycles recruited from 2006 to 2011. MEASUREMENTS Cardiovascular risk markers and hormone parameters at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Obese and lean PCOS (n = 38) and control women (n = 296) completed two study visits. The follow-up time (3.5 ± 1.5 vs 4.0 ± 0.8 years, P = .06) and magnitude of BMI gain (+0.1 kg/m2 /y [-0.11, 0.36] vs +0.26 [-0.18, 0.87] P = .19) did not differ between obese and lean PCOS and controls. In PCOS subjects, total testosterone decreased in both obese and lean, but the decrease was greater in obese subjects (-0.09 nmol/L per year; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.02 vs -0.04 nmol/L per year; 95%CI: -0.11, 0.03). Compared to their respective controls, obese and lean PCOS saw worsening triglyceride (TG) levels (P < .05) and HOMA-IR (P < .05) over time, but there was no difference in change in LDL, HDL, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein or ALT. CONCLUSIONS In a longitudinal study, reproductive-aged women with PCOS demonstrated declines in biochemical hyperandrogenaemia over time. Despite this, PCOS subjects experienced steeper increases in cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance, including triglycerides and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather G Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Molly M Quinn
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ning Kao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaus Lenhart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell P Rosen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Schmidt TH, Okhovat JP, Khanijow K, Huddleston H, Cedars M, Pasch L, Wang ET, Lee J, Shinkai K. Rotterdam criteria-based diagnostic subtype is not a strong predictor of cutaneous phenotype in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 77:174-176. [PMID: 28619560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Schmidt
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jean-Phillip Okhovat
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keshav Khanijow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Heather Huddleston
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle Cedars
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lauri Pasch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Erica T Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie Lee
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Kanade Shinkai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Normo- and hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome exhibit an adverse metabolic profile through life. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:788-795.e2. [PMID: 28089571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the metabolic profiles of normo- and hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with those of control women at different ages during reproductive life. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) In all, 1,550 women with normoandrogenic (n = 686) or hyperandrogenic (n = 842) PCOS and 447 control women were divided into three age groups: <30, 30-39, and >39 years). INTERVENTIONS(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, lipoproteins, triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULT(S) Both normo- and hyperandrogenic women with PCOS were more obese, especially abdominally. They had increased serum levels of insulin (fasting and in oral glucose tolerance tests), triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol, higher blood pressure, and lower high-density lipoprotein levels independently from BMI compared with the control population as early as from young adulthood until menopause. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was two- to fivefold higher in women with PCOS compared with control women, depending on age and phenotype, and the highest prevalence was observed in hyperandrogenic women with PCOS at late reproductive age. CONCLUSION(S) When evaluating metabolic risks in women with PCOS, androgenic status, especially abdominal obesity and age, should be taken into account, which would allow tailored management of the syndrome from early adulthood on.
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Risk factors in adolescence for the development of polycystic ovary syndrome. DER GYNÄKOLOGE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00129-016-3935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kamangar F, Okhovat JP, Schmidt T, Beshay A, Pasch L, Cedars MI, Huddleston H, Shinkai K. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Special Diagnostic and Therapeutic Considerations for Children. Pediatr Dermatol 2015; 32:571-8. [PMID: 25787290 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine syndrome with variable phenotypic expression and important systemic associations and sequelae, including obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, risk of endometrial cancer, and possible risk of cardiovascular events. PCOS is recognized as a condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors and distinct manifestations in all stages of life, including the prenatal period, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Identification of this disorder in childhood and adolescence has received growing attention, in part because of emerging evidence of the benefit of early intervention, but the diagnosis and management of PCOS in children and adolescents can be challenging. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations of PCOS in children are reviewed to enhance identification and evaluation of patients suspected of having this disorder. When a diagnosis of PCOS is suspected in a child but cannot be confirmed, a provisional diagnosis is strongly recommended so as to prompt ongoing monitoring with an emphasis on important early interventions such as obesity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Kamangar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jean-Phillip Okhovat
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy Schmidt
- School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Abram Beshay
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Lauri Pasch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcelle I Cedars
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Heather Huddleston
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kanade Shinkai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as a Paradigm for Prehypertension, Prediabetes, and Preobesity. Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 16:500. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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