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Singh M, Jassal R, Khetarpal P. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for endometriosis: a patent landscape. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2024; 309:831-842. [PMID: 37626175 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to analyze the patent filings and to systematize the main technological trends in patent protection for the diagnosis and therapeutics for endometriosis. Patent literature has also been explored to identify active inventors and applicants in this field. METHODOLOGY Patent search was carried out in the freely accessible patent search databases namely, patentscope using various combinations of the keywords "Endometriosis OR Adenomyosis" AND "Diagnostic OR Therapeutics" were used along with wildcard search queries in the "Title", "Abstract" and "Descriptions" fields. RESULTS A patent search revealed 144 patents describing inventions for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of endometriosis. These patents include 26 patent applications in the diagnostic utility and 116 patent applications under the therapeutic approaches. Out of these 116 patent applications, 43 describe traditional medicines for endometriosis. Two patent applications describe inventions that can fall into both categories. CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to improve current diagnostic instruments. Hormonal alteration methods is the most common field of invention, followed by surgical interventions for therapeutics. A general trend of increase in patent application filings has been observed with a slight decrease in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Reena Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Department, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India.
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Lee J, Park HJ, Yi KW. Dienogest in endometriosis treatment: A narrative literature review. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2023; 50:223-229. [PMID: 37995750 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2023.06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the implantation of endometrial cells outside the uterus. This hormone-dependent disease is highly prevalent among women of reproductive age. Clinical symptoms of endometriosis include dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and infertility, which can negatively impact the overall quality of life of those affected. The medical treatment of endometriosis serves as an important therapeutic option, aimed at alleviating pain associated with the condition and suppressing the growth of endometriotic lesions. As such, it is employed as an adjuvant therapy following surgery or an empirical treatment after the clinical diagnosis of endometriosis. Dienogest, a fourth-generation progestin, has received approval for the treatment of endometriosis in many countries. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated its efficacy in managing endometriosis-associated pain, preventing symptoms, and reducing lesion recurrence. In this review, we examine the clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dienogest in treating endometriosis. We also provide updated findings, drawing from clinical studies that focus on the long-term use of this medication in patients with endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joowon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Wook Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang L, Mohankumar K, Martin G, Mariyam F, Park Y, Han SJ, Safe S. Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Are NR4A1 Antagonists and Suppress Endometriosis in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad133. [PMID: 37652054 PMCID: PMC10502789 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) plays an important role in endometriosis progression; levels of NR4A1 in endometriotic lesions are higher than in normal endometrium, and substituted bis-indole analogs (NR4A1) antagonists suppress endometriosis progression in mice with endometriosis. In addition, the flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin are natural products that directly bind NR4A1 and significantly repress the intrinsic NR4A1-dependent transcriptional activity in human endometriotic epithelial and stromal cells and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells. NR4A1 knockdown and inhibition of NR4A1 by kaempferol and quercetin suppressed proliferation of human endometriotic epithelial cells and Ishikawa cells by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor/c-Myc/survivin-mediated growth-promoting and survival pathways, The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and αSMA/CTGF/COL1A1/FN-mediated fibrosis signaling but increasing Thioredoxin domain Containing 5/SESN2-mediated oxidative/estrogen receptors stress signaling. In human endometriotic stromal cells, NR4A1 knockdown and inhibition of NR4A1 by kaempferol and quercetin primarily inhibited mTOR signaling by suppressing proliferation of human endometrial stromal cells. In addition, kaempferol and quercetin treatment also effectively suppressed the growth of endometriotic lesions in mice with endometriosis compared with the vehicle without any body weight changes. Therefore, kaempferol and quercetin are NR4A1 antagonists with potential as nutritional therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gregory Martin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Fuada Mariyam
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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4
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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Metabolites Analysis in Endometriosis Patients: A Prospective Observational Translational Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030922. [PMID: 36769570 PMCID: PMC9918082 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis affects women of reproductive age, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Typically, it overlaps other similar medical and surgical conditions, determining a delay in early diagnosis. Metabolomics allows studying metabolic changes in different physiological or pathological states to discover new potential biomarkers. We used the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to explore metabolic alterations in endometriosis to better understand its pathophysiology and find new biomarkers. METHODS Twenty-two serum samples of patients with symptomatic endometriosis and ten without it were collected and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were performed, followed by pathway analysis. RESULTS Partial least squares discriminant analysis was performed to determine the differences between the two groups (p = 0.003). Threonic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and proline increased significantly in endometriosis patients, while alanine and valine decreased. ROC curves were built to test the diagnostic power of metabolites. The pathway analysis identified the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies and the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan as the most altered pathways. CONCLUSIONS The metabolomic approach identifies metabolic alterations in women with endometriosis. These findings may improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease and the discovery of new biomarkers.
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Murgia F, Angioni S, D'Alterio MN, Pirarba S, Noto A, Santoru ML, Tronci L, Fanos V, Atzori L, Congiu F. Metabolic Profile of Patients with Severe Endometriosis: a Prospective Experimental Study. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:728-735. [PMID: 33174185 PMCID: PMC7862197 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common disease affecting women in reproductive age. There are several hypotheses on the pathogenesis of this disease. Often, its lesions and symptoms overlap with those of many other medical and surgical conditions, causing a delay in diagnosis. Metabolomics represents a useful diagnostic tool for the study of metabolic changes during a different physiological or pathological status. We used 1H-NMR to explore metabolic alteration in a cohort of patients with endometriosis in order to contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and to suggest new useful biomarkers. Thirty-seven patients were recruited for the metabolomic analysis: 22 patients affected by symptomatic endometriosis and 15 not affected by it. Their serum samples were collected and analyzed with 1H-NMR. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted, followed by univariate and pathway analyses. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to determine the presence of any differences between the non-endometriosis and endometriosis samples (R2X = 0.596, R2Y = 0.713, Q2 = 0.635, and p < 0.0001). β-hydroxybutyric acid and glutamine were significantly increased, whereas tryptophan was significantly decreased in the endometriosis patients. ROC curves were built to test the diagnostic power of the metabolites (β-hydroxybutyric acid: AUC = 0.85 CI = 0.71-0.99; glutamine: AUC = 0.83 CI = 0.68-0.98; tryptophan: AUC = 0.75 CI = 0.54-0.95; β-hydroxybutyric acid + glutamine + tryptophan AUC = 0.92 CI = 0.81-1). The metabolomic approach enabled the identification of several metabolic alterations occurring in women with endometriosis. These findings may provide new bases for a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and for the discovery of new biomarkers. Trial registration number NCT02337816.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Murgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Clinic Metabolomics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Angioni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Nicola D'Alterio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirarba
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASSL Lanusei, ATS Sardinia, Lanusei, Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Santoru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Clinic Metabolomics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Clinic Metabolomics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Clinic Metabolomics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Congiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASSL Lanusei, ATS Sardinia, Lanusei, Italy
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Xu W, Song Y, Li K, Zhang B, Zhu X. Quercetin Inhibits Adenomyosis by Attenuating Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Ectopic Endometrial Stromal Cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3815-3826. [PMID: 33061289 PMCID: PMC7519414 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s265066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of quercetin on proliferation, invasion and migration of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from adenomyosis patients. Methods Primary ectopic ESCs (EESCs) and eutopic ESCs (EuESCs) were obtained and purified from patients undergoing total hysterectomy for adenomyosis and identified by immunocytochemistry staining. The cytotoxicity and inhibition rate were determined by CCK-8 assay to obtain the IC50 value. Cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities were detected by BrdU, wound scratch, transwell assays, respectively. Western blot analysis was employed to explore the effects of quercetin on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, Ezrin and Fascin proteins in cells. Results Both EESCs and EuESCs were characterized with strongly positive staining for vimentin and almost negative for cytokeratin. Quercetin inhibited the viability of EESCs and EuESCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with an IC50 = 33.00 μM for EuESCs and IC50 = 74.88 μM for EESCs at 72 h. Thus, the final concentrations and action time of quercetin in EuESCs (0, 20, 40, and 80 μM for 72 h) and EESCs (0, 40, 80, and 160 μM for 72 h) were selected. BrdU assay showed that quercetin dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of EESCs and EuESCs, while the inhibition rate in EESCs was higher. Similarly, administration of quercetin in EESCs and EuESCs significantly decreased the motility and invasiveness in a dose-dependent fashion, with stronger inhibitory effects on EESCs. Finally, Western blot analysis demonstrated that invasion- and migration-related proteins (MMP-2, MMP-9, Erzin, and Fascin) were significantly downregulated with the quercetin concentration increasing. Moreover, the decreased level of these proteins in EESCs under quercetin exposure was greater than that in EuESCs. Conclusion Quercetin can inhibit the proliferation of EESCs in adenomyosis and reduce their mobility and invasiveness. These inhibitory effects may be related to the downregulation of MMP-2, MMP-9, Fascin, and Erzin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biyun Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cixi Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Ningbo 315300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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7
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Murji A, Biberoğlu K, Leng J, Mueller MD, Römer T, Vignali M, Yarmolinskaya M. Use of dienogest in endometriosis: a narrative literature review and expert commentary. Curr Med Res Opin 2020; 36:895-907. [PMID: 32175777 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2020.1744120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Endometriosis affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age, and the main goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms. Progestins have been the mainstay of endometriosis suppression, of which dienogest has become an important option in many parts of the world. This is an expert literature review, with recommendations on the use of dienogest in the context of various clinical considerations when treating endometriosis.Methods: A search of PubMed was conducted for papers published between 2007 and 2019 on the use of dienogest in endometriosis. Experts reviewed these and included those they considered most relevant in clinical practice, according to their own clinical experience.Results: Evidence regarding the long-term use (>15 months) of dienogest for the management of endometriosis is presented, with experts concluding that the efficacy of dienogest should be assessed primarily on its impact on pain and quality of life. Fertility preservation, the option to avoid or delay surgery, and managing bleeding irregularities that can occur with this treatment are also considered. Counseling women on potential bleeding risks before starting treatment may be helpful, and evidence suggests that few women discontinue treatment for this reason, with the benefits of treatment outweighing any impact of bleeding irregularities.Conclusions: Overall, the evidence demonstrates that dienogest offers an effective and tolerable alternative or adjunct to surgery and provides many advantages over combined hormonal contraceptives for the treatment of endometriosis. It is important that treatment guidelines are followed and care is tailored to the woman's individual needs and desires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally Murji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jinhua Leng
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Michael D Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Römer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michele Vignali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Yarmolinskaya
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Mohankumar K, Li X, Sung N, Cho YJ, Han SJ, Safe S. Bis-Indole-Derived Nuclear Receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) Ligands as Inhibitors of Endometriosis. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5758064. [PMID: 32099996 PMCID: PMC7105386 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease that primarily affects women during their reproductive years, and since current hormonal therapies are of concern, new hormone-independent treatment regimens are needed. The orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) is expressed in patient-derived (stromal) endometriotic cells and also epithelial cell lines, and we observed that knockdown of NR4A1 in patient-derived ectopic endometrium-isolated ovarian endometrioma (ESECT)-7 and ESECT-40 cells decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the treatment of these cells with bis-indole derived NR4A1 ligands 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH) and its buttressed 3-chloro-5-methoxy analog (DIM-C-pPhOH-3-Cl-5-OCH3) inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis and related genes. The compounds exhibit NR4A1 antagonist activities in both functional and transactivation assays whereas these effects were not observed in normal endometrial cells. We also observed that NR4A1 knockdown and treatment with NR4A1 antagonists decreased fibrosis, α-smooth muscle actin, and related pro-fibrotic genes in ESECT-7 and ESECT-40 cells, and similar results were observed in epithelial-derived endometriotic cell lines. Moreover, in an endometriosis mouse model with auto-transplantation and also in severe combined immune deficiency mice transplanted with human endometriotic cells treatment with 25 mg/kg/day DIM-C-pPhOH-3-Cl-5-OCH3 significantly inhibited growth and expansion of endometriotic lesions. Thus, bis-indole-derived NR4A1 ligands represent a novel class of drugs as nonhormonal therapy for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
| | - Nuri Sung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX US
| | - Yeon Jean Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Han
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX US
- Correspondence: Stephen Safe, Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466. E-mail: ; or Sang Jun Han, Department of molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX US
- Correspondence: Stephen Safe, Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4466. E-mail: ; or Sang Jun Han, Department of molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor college of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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Genetic Characterization of Endometriosis Patients: Review of the Literature and a Prospective Cohort Study on a Mediterranean Population. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051765. [PMID: 32143537 PMCID: PMC7084255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of endometriosis is unknown, but some evidence supports a genetic predisposition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recent literature on the genetic characterization of women affected by endometriosis and to evaluate the influence of polymorphisms of the wingless-type mammalian mouse tumour virus integration site family member 4 (WNT4), vezatin (VEZT), and follicle stimulating hormone beta polypeptide (FSHB) genes, already known to be involved in molecular mechanisms associated with the proliferation and development of endometriotic lesions in the Sardinian population. Materials and Methods: In order to provide a comprehensive and systematic tool for those approaching the genetics of endometriosis, the most cited review, observational, cohort and case-control studies that have evaluated the genetics of endometriosis in the last 20 years were collected. Moreover, 72 women were recruited for a molecular biology analysis of whole-blood samples—41 patients affected by symptomatic endometriosis and 31 controls. The molecular typing of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was evaluated in patients and controls: rs7521902, rs10859871 and rs11031006, mapped respectively in the WNT4, VEZT and FSHB genes. In this work, the frequency of alleles, genotypes and haplotypes of these SNPs in Sardinian women is described. Results: From the initial search, a total of 73 articles were chosen. An analysis of the literature showed that in endometriosis pathogenesis, the contribution of genetics has been well supported by many studies. The frequency of genotypes observed in the groups of the study population of 72 women was globally coherent with the law of the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. For the SNP rs11031006 (FSHB), the endometriosis group did not show an increase in genotypic or allelic frequency due to this polymorphism compared to the control group (p = 0.9999, odds ratio (OR) = 0.000, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.000–15.000 and p = 0.731, OR = 1639, 95% CI, 0.39–683, respectively, for the heterozygous genotype and the polymorphic minor allele). For the SNP rs10859871 (VEZT), we found a significant difference in the frequency of the homozygous genotype in the control group compared to the affected women (p = 0.0111, OR = 0.0602, 95% CI, 0.005–0.501). For the SNP rs7521902 (WNT4), no increase in genotypic or allelic frequency between the two groups was shown (p = 0.3088, OR = 0.4133, 95% CI, 0.10–1.8 and p = 0.3297, OR = 2257, 95% CI, 0.55–914, respectively, for the heterozygous genotype and the polymorphic minor allele). Conclusion: An analysis of recent publications on the genetics of endometriosis showed a discrepancy in the results obtained in different populations. In the Sardinian population, the results obtained do not show a significant association between the investigated variants of the genes and a greater risk of developing endometriosis, although several other studies in the literature have shown the opposite. Anyway, the data underline the importance of evaluating genetic variants in different populations. In fact, in different ethnic groups, it is possible that specific risk alleles could act differently in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Angioni S, Pontis A, Malune ME, Cela V, Luisi S, Litta P, Vignali M, Nappi L. Is dienogest the best medical treatment for ovarian endometriomas? Results of a multicentric case control study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:84-86. [PMID: 31311360 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1640674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian endometriomas are common manifestations of endometriosis. Surgical excision has been shown to potentially decrease ovarian reserves. In this prospective study, we included 81 patients with ovarian endometriosis. 40 were treated with 2 mg of dienogest daily (DNG) and 41 were treated with cyclic oral estro-progestins (ethinyl estradiol 30 mcg [EE] plus dienogest 2 mg) (DNG + EE). Aim of the study was the effect of the treatment on the size of the endometriotic cysts. Further, in the symptomatic patients, follow-up included an evaluation of chronic pain before and during treatment. Both treatments were able to significantly decrease the pain in symptomatic patients with no statistical differences. The mean visual analog scale score at enrollment was 65 ± 14 and 70 ± 18, and there was significant improvement (19 ± 15, p < .001, DNG; 18 ± 12, p < .001, DNG + EE). The size of the endometrioma cysts were significantly reduced in the DNG group. The mean cyst diameter was 52 ± 22 mm at baseline and 32 ± 12 mm after six months of treatment (p < .001), yielding a 75% volume reduction in DNG group. The decrease in the size of endometrioma cysts observed in the women treated with only progestin could be noteworthy, as it may reduce the negative impacts on the affected ovary and avoid surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angioni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Presidio Policlinico di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pontis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Maria E Malune
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Presidio Policlinico di Monserrato, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vito Cela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luisi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Litta
- Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Nappi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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11
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Dong S, Zhang J, Zhai F, Zhao X, Qin X. Comparative efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese patent medicine for endometriosis: A Bayesian network meta-analysis protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16473. [PMID: 31335707 PMCID: PMC6709182 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a common disease of women of childbearing age. In recent years, the incidence of endometriosis has been on the rise. The main clinical manifestations are pelvic pain and infertility. In recent years, traditional Chinese patent medicine (TCMP) has played an important role in the treatment of endometriosis. So far, there is a lack of comparison among all the current common TCPMs for endometriosis. Consequently, it is indispensable to propose a network meta-analysis (NMA) protocol to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different TCMPs. METHODS We will comprehensively and systematically retrieve the relevant Chinese and English databases from their inceptions to the May 2019. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TCMPs for Endometriosis will be included. Two researchers will independently screen literature, extract data and assess the risk of bias of included studies. We will conduct pairwise meta-analyses and Bayesian network meta-analyses to assess all the available evidence. Data will be analyzed using STATA and WinBUGS software. RESULTS This work will compare and rank the relative efficacy of different TCPMs in the treatment of endometriosis in detail. CONCLUSION The results of this study will provide reliable evidence for the selection of clinical treatment program and guideline development. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42019127781.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan
| | | | - Xinglong Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Tai’an, Tai’an
| | - Xiuyun Qin
- Rizhao Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Rizhao, Shandong Province, China
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McClellan K, Temples H, Miller L. The Latest in Teen Pregnancy Prevention: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception. J Pediatr Health Care 2018; 32:e91-e97. [PMID: 30180941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Teen pregnancy is prevalent in the United States and has a number of potential negative outcomes. The most effective contraceptives available, known as long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), were recently approved for use in adolescents. LARC devices, including the intrauterine device and subdermal implant, are currently recommended as the first-line contraceptive for all women, including adolescents. Despite this recommendation, current LARC use in the adolescent population remains low. A number of barriers to LARC use in adolescents have been identified, including cost, provider knowledge, and patient education. It is important that nurse practitioners providing care to adolescents are knowledgeable of LARC methods and consistently recommend these devices as the first-line contraceptive to all patients desiring contraception because of their high efficacy, safety, and continuation rates. This article discusses LARC benefits, adverse effects, considerations, barriers to access, and implications for nursing practice.
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Long-term treatment of endometriosis with dienogest: retrospective analysis of efficacy and safety in clinical practice. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:747-753. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Opoku-Anane J, Tyan P, Klebanoff JS, Clay J, Moawad GN. Postoperative Hormonal Suppression for Prevention of Deeply Infiltrative Endometriosis Recurrence After Surgery. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-018-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Research development of a new GnRH antagonist (Elagolix) for the treatment of endometriosis: a review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:827-832. [PMID: 28255765 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limitated studies have reported the efficacy of GnRH antagonist on endometriosis symptoms. The aim of our study was to review all available trials to investigate the medical treatment of endometriosis with only GnRH antagonists, with special attention to pharmacodynamic activity, safety, and efficacy. METHODS Pub Med and Sciencedirect database were searched using terms of "endometriosis treatment", "GnRH antagonist", and "Elagolix". The search was limited to clinical studies published in English. Title and abstract were screened to identify relevant articles. RESULTS Five studies covering use of GnRH antagonist were found. A phase 1 study evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and inhibitory effects on gonadotropins and estradiol of single dose and 7 day elagolix administration to healthy premenopausal women; two phase II studies evaluated efficacy in patient with endometriosis. Moreover, there are two Phase III clinical trials just completed. CONCLUSION GnRH antagonists may have the advantage of oral administration and lower incidence of adverse events. Currently, only Phase II studies have been published demonstrating promising results in terms of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. From the results of the phase III studies, elagolix may become a valuable addition to the armamentarium of pharmacological agents to treat endometriosis-related pain.
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Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Granese R, Palmara V, Ban Frangež H, Vrtačnik-Bokal E, Chiofalo B, Triolo O. Clinical dynamics of Dienogest for the treatment of endometriosis: from bench to bedside. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:593-596. [PMID: 28537213 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1297421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Simone Laganà
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Roberta Granese
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Vittorio Palmara
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Helena Ban Frangež
- b Department of Reproduction , University Medical Center Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Eda Vrtačnik-Bokal
- b Department of Reproduction , University Medical Center Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Benito Chiofalo
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Onofrio Triolo
- a Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi' , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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Tosti C, Biscione A, Morgante G, Bifulco G, Luisi S, Petraglia F. Hormonal therapy for endometriosis: from molecular research to bedside. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 209:61-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL. Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 6:34-41. [PMID: 29276652 DOI: 10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Endometriosis is a disease of adolescents and reproductive-aged women characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and commonly associated with chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Here we review the epidemiology of endometriosis as well as potential biomarkers for detection and with the goal of highlighting risk factors that could be used in combination with biomarkers to identify and treat women with endometriosis earlier.. Recent findings Early age at menarche, shorter menstrual length, and taller height are associated with a higher risk of endometriosis while parity, higher body mass index (BMI) and smoking are associated with decreased risk. Endometriosis often presents as infertility or continued pelvic pain despite treatment with analgesics and cyclic oral contraceptive pills. Summary Despite a range of symptoms, diagnosis of endometriosis is often delayed due to lack of non-invasive, definitive and consistent biomarkers for diagnosis of endometriosis. Hormone therapy and analgesics are used for treatment of symptomatic endometriosis. However, the efficacy of these treatments are limited as endometriosis often recurs. In this review, we describe potential diagnostic biomarkers and risk factors that may be used as early non-invasive in vitro tools for identification of endometriosis to minimize diagnostic delay and improve reproductive health of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Parasar
- Boston Center for Endometriosis, Boston Children's and Brigham and Women's Hospitals, 333 and 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pinar Ozcan
- Center for Infertility and Reproductive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rectus Abdominis Endometrioma after Caesarean Section. Case Rep Surg 2016; 2016:4312753. [PMID: 27999704 PMCID: PMC5141303 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4312753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated rectus abdominis muscle endometriosis is very uncommon with less than 20 case reports being published to date since its first description in 1984 by Amato and Levitt. We report another case of isolated rectus abdominis endometriosis in a 37-year-old patient with a previous caesarian section. We also discuss the diagnostic and treatment particularities in these patients. In our case, the treatment was only surgical and currently the patient is disease-free during the 24-month follow-up.
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20
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Estrogen-progestins and progestins for the management of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1552-1571.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Endometrial preparation with Dienogest before hysteroscopic surgery: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 295:661-667. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Pontis A, D'Alterio MN, Pirarba S, de Angelis C, Tinelli R, Angioni S. Adenomyosis: a systematic review of medical treatment. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:696-700. [PMID: 27379972 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1197200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis is a heterogeneous gynaecologic condition with a range of clinical presentations, the most common being heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhoea; however, patients can also be asymptomatic. Several studies support the theory that adenomyosis results from invasion of the endometrium into the myometrium, causing alterations in the junctional zone. These changes are commonly seen on imaging studies, such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The aim of this review is to discuss the medical approach to the management of adenomyosis symptoms, including pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. The standard treatment of adenomyosis is hysterectomy, but there is no medical therapy to treat the symptoms of adenomyosis while still allowing patients to conceive. Medical therapies using suppressive hormonal treatments, such as continuous use of oral contraceptive pills, high-dose progestins, selective oestrogen receptor modulators, selective progesterone receptor modulators, the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, aromatase inhibitors, danazol, and gonadotrophin receptor hormone agonists can temporarily induce regression of adenomyosis and improve the symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pontis
- a U.O.C. Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ospedale San Francesco , Nuoro , Italy
| | - M N D'Alterio
- b Department of Surgical Sciences , Section of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cagliari , Monserrato , Italy
| | - S Pirarba
- b Department of Surgical Sciences , Section of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cagliari , Monserrato , Italy
| | - C de Angelis
- c Casa di Cura Accreditata Fabia Mater , Roma , Italy , and
| | - R Tinelli
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Perrino Hospital , Brindisi , Italy
| | - S Angioni
- b Department of Surgical Sciences , Section of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Cagliari , Monserrato , Italy
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Kuntai Capsule Inhibited Endometriosis via Inducing Apoptosis in a Rat Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5649169. [PMID: 27597876 PMCID: PMC4997064 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5649169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of Kuntai Capsule (KTC) for treating endometriosis using rat model and investigated its preliminary mechanism of action involved. SD rats were implanted with endometrial tissues and treated with KTC for three weeks. Then, laparotomy was performed to examine volume changes of the autografts. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, E2, and P4 were measured through ELISA. TUNEL was performed to analyze the apoptosis on ectopic endometrium. Protein levels of caspases 8, 9, and 3 and cytochrome c in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium were measured by western blotting. Results showed that KTC significantly decreased the volumes of ectopic endometrium. The level of TNF-α increased and E2 decreased in the KTC treatment groups. TUNEL and western blot assay showed that KTC could induce apoptosis of endometriotic tissues, accompanied with the increased protein expression of caspases 8 and 9, activated caspase-3, and cytochrome c in a dose-dependent manner. However, these protein expression profiles were not affected in eutopic endometrium. Our findings suggest that KTC could inhibit the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue through upregulating the level of TNF-α and its downstream signaling, including caspases and cytochrome c.
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Greene AD, Lang SA, Kendziorski JA, Sroga-Rios JM, Herzog TJ, Burns KA. Endometriosis: where are we and where are we going? Reproduction 2016; 152:R63-78. [PMID: 27165051 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis currently affects ~5.5 million reproductive-aged women in the U.S. with symptoms such as painful periods (dysmenorrhea), chronic pelvic pain, pain with intercourse (dyspareunia), and infertility. It is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity and is found predominately attached to sites within the peritoneal cavity. Diagnosis for endometriosis is solely made through surgery as no consistent biomarkers for disease diagnosis exist. There is no cure for endometriosis and treatments only target symptoms and not the underlying mechanism(s) of disease. The nature of individual predisposing factors or inherent defects in the endometrium, immune system, and/or peritoneal cavity of women with endometriosis remains unclear. The literature over the last 5 years (2010-2015) has advanced our critical knowledge related to hormones, hormone receptors, immune dysregulation, hormonal treatments, and the transformation of endometriosis to ovarian cancer. In this review, we cover the aforementioned topics with the goal of providing the reader an overview and related references for further study to highlight the progress made in endometriosis research, while concluding with critical areas of endometriosis research that are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis D Greene
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati Center for Reproductive Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie A Lang
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica A Kendziorski
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie M Sroga-Rios
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati Center for Reproductive Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Herzog
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Cincinnati Center for Reproductive Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA University of Cincinnati Cancer InstituteUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A Burns
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Olivares CN, Alaniz LD, Menger MD, Barañao RI, Laschke MW, Meresman GF. Inhibition of Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis Suppresses Angiogenesis in Developing Endometriotic Lesions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152302. [PMID: 27018976 PMCID: PMC4809563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development and long-term survival of endometriotic lesions is crucially dependent on an adequate vascularization. Hyaluronic acid (HA) through its receptor CD44 has been described to be involved in the process of angiogenesis. Objective To study the effect of HA synthesis inhibition using non-toxic doses of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) on endometriosis-related angiogenesis. Materials and Methods The cytotoxicity of different in vitro doses of 4-MU on endothelial cells was firstly tested by means of a lactate dehydrogenase assay. The anti-angiogenic action of non-cytotoxic doses of 4-MU was then assessed by a rat aortic ring assay. In addition, endometriotic lesions were induced in dorsal skinfold chambers of female BALB/c mice, which were daily treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.9% NaCl (vehicle group; n = 6), 20mg/kg 4-MU (n = 8) or 80mg/kg 4-MU (n = 7) throughout an observation period of 14 days. The effect of 4-MU on their vascularization, survival and growth were studied by intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. Main Results Non-cytotoxic doses of 4-MU effectively inhibited vascular sprout formation in the rat aortic ring assay. Endometriotic lesions in dorsal skinfold chambers of 4-MU-treated mice dose-dependently exhibited a significantly smaller vascularized area and lower functional microvessel density when compared to vehicle-treated controls. Histological analyses revealed a downregulation of HA expression in 4-MU-treated lesions. This was associated with a reduced density of CD31-positive microvessels within the lesions. In contrast, numbers of PCNA-positive proliferating and cleaved caspase-3-positive apoptotic cells did not differ between 4-MU-treated and control lesions. Conclusions The present study demonstrates for the first time that targeting the synthesis of HA suppresses angiogenesis in developing endometriotic lesions. Further studies have to clarify now whether in the future this anti-angiogenic effect can be used beneficially for the treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla N. Olivares
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura D. Alaniz
- CIT NOBA, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CONICET-UNNOBA), Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rosa I. Barañao
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gabriela F. Meresman
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Laganà AS, Giacobbe V, Triolo O, Granese R, Ban Frangež H, Vrtačnik-Bokal E, Ietto C, Palmara VI. Dienogest as preoperative treatment of submucous myomas for hysteroscopic surgery: a prospective, randomized study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:408-11. [PMID: 26743136 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1128409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this single-center, prospective, randomized, parallel-group study was to compare Dienogest and Danazol as endometrial preparation in patients who have to undergo hysteroscopic surgery for submucous myomas. We enrolled 80 consecutive eligible patients, in reproductive age, affected by submucous myomas. Pre- and posttreatment characterization of endometrium was performed by hysteroscopic visual observation and histologic confirmation. The enrolled patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 40 were treated with 2 mg of Dienogest/die, 40 with 100 mg of Danazol/die, both orally for 5 weeks, starting on day 1 of menstruation. Posttreatment comparison of endometrial patterns showed a significant more marked effect of Dienogest, respect to Danazol, in atrophying endometrium ("normotrophic non-responders" versus "hypotrophic"-"atrophic", p = 0.028). Intraoperative data showed no significant difference between the two groups for cervical dilatation time (p = 0.326), while in the Dienogest group, we found a significant reduction of operative time (p = 0.001), infusion volume (p = 0.001), and severity of bleeding (p = 0.042). Moreover, Dienogest caused less side effects (p = 0.008). According to our data analysis, Dienogest, respect to Danazol, is more effective for the preparation of the endometrium in patients who have to undergo hysteroscopic surgery for submucous myomas, and causes less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Simone Laganà
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
| | - Valentina Giacobbe
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
| | - Onofrio Triolo
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
| | - Roberta Granese
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
| | - Helena Ban Frangež
- b Department of Reproduction , University Medical Center Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Eda Vrtačnik-Bokal
- b Department of Reproduction , University Medical Center Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Chiara Ietto
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
| | - Vittorio Italo Palmara
- a Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi" , Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Messina , Messina , Italy and
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Koga K, Takamura M, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Prevention of the recurrence of symptom and lesions after conservative surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2015; 104:793-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sugimoto K, Nagata C, Hayashi H, Yanagida S, Okamoto A. Use of dienogest over 53 weeks for the treatment of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41:1921-6. [PMID: 26369271 DOI: 10.1111/jog.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of Dienogest (DNG) over 53 weeks for the treatment of endometriosis. METHODS DNG was administered to 75 patients with endometriosis over a period of 53 weeks. Medical charts were retrospectively examined on the efficacy and side effects. Reduction rates of ovarian chocolate cyst, adenomyosis and changes in serum estradiol and cancer antigen 125 concentration were measured. Adverse effects, patient evaluation of their symptoms and willingness to continue taking DNG were assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS The median duration of treatment was 87 weeks, with the longest follow-up duration being 120 weeks. Ovarian chocolate cysts were initially reduced; however, upon cessation of DNG treatment, an increase in size was observed. Adenomyosis lesions were reduced to some extent after 53 weeks of DNG treatment. In terms of adverse events, more than 60% (61.3%, 46/75) of patients experienced atypical genital bleeding. However, this did not prove to be a cause of discontinuation. We ceased DNG treatment in two cases because of lower abdominal pain and shoulder discomfort. CONCLUSIONS Long term DNG treatment beyond one year for endometriosis proved to be effective and safe. Ovarian chocolate cysts were markedly reduced by short-term use of DNG, while a longer duration was required to reduce the size of adenomyosis. The decision regarding the choice of therapy lies with the individual clinician, considering a balance of efficacy with expense and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Sugimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Nagata
- Division of Education for Clinical Research Social and Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yanagida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Angioni S, Nappi L, Pontis A, Sedda F, Luisi S, Mais V, Melis GB. Dienogest. A possible conservative approach in bladder endometriosis. Results of a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:406-8. [PMID: 25776993 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep endometriosis involvement of the bladder is uncommon but it is symptomatic in most of the cases. Although laparoscopic excision is very effective, some patients with no pregnancy desire require a medical approach. We performed a pilot study on the effect of a new progestin dienogest on bladder endometriosis. Six patients were treated for 12 months with dienogest 2 mg/daily. Pain, urinary symptoms, quality of life, nodule volume and side effects were recorded. During treatment, symptoms improved very quickly and the nodules exhibit a remarkable reduction in size. Dienogest may be an alternative approach to bladder endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angioni
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari , Monserrato , Italy
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De Cicco Nardone C, Terranova C, Plotti F, Ricciardi R, Capriglione S, Luvero D, Caserta D, Moscarini M, Benedetti Panici P, Angioli R. The role of ovarian fossa evaluation in patients with ovarian endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:869-73. [PMID: 25877224 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate prospectively the presence of endometriosis in the peritoneum of the ovarian fossa of patients affected by endometriomas and its correlation with the adhesion between this peritoneum and endometrioma. METHODS Patients presenting ovarian endometriomas and candidate to laparoscopy were considered for inclusion in the study. Patients underwent laparoscopic excision of endometriomas. The presence of adherence of the ovarian fossa to endometrioma was investigated. In all patients, the removal of a peritoneum fragment from the ovarian fossa of the affected ovary was carried out. RESULTS 68 patients were enrolled in the study. 48 patients presented adhesions to the ovarian fossa. Histopathologic examination of the peritoneum of the ovarian fossa revealed the presence of endometriosis in 87 % of patients presenting adhesions of the endometriomas with ovarian fossa; surprisingly it was present only in 15 % of patients not presenting this condition (p < 0.0001). Pain symptoms were more frequent in patients with endometriomas adhesion to the ovarian fossa. CA125 levels were not statistically significantly different between groups. At 12-month follow-up, four patients presented endometrioma recurrence. All of them presented adhesion of the ovarian fossa to the endometrioma in the first operation. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association between adhesion of the endometriomas to the ovarian fossa and the presence of endometriosis on the peritoneal surface of the fossa. This condition significantly correlates with pain symptoms and may predict endometrioma recurrence. The removal of this peritoneum in case of adherent endometrioma may potentially reduce the incidence of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Cicco Nardone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Campus Bio-Medico" University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder that persists throughout the reproductive years. Although endometriosis is a surgical diagnosis, medical management with ovarian suppression remains the mainstay of long-term management with superimposed surgical intervention when needed. The goal of surgery should be excision or ablation of all visible disease to minimize risk of recurrence and need for repeat surgeries. When infertility is the presenting symptom, surgical therapy in addition to assisted reproductive technology can improve chances of conception; however, the treatment approach depends on stage of disease and other patient characteristics that affect fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar H Kodaman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, PO Box 208063, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
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Angioni S, Cela V, Sedda F, Stochino Loi E, Cofelice V, Pontis A, Melis GB. Focusing on surgery results in infertile patients with deep endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2015; 31:595-8. [PMID: 26172932 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1062868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infertility is a common problem in patients with endometriosis and the involved mechanisms are still not completely known. The management of infertility in endometriosis patients includes surgery as well as assisted reproductive technology. Laparoscopic surgery has shown better results in infertility patients with endometriosis in comparison to laparotomy procedures. Laparoscopic surgery has proposed benefits in both minimal to moderate diseases. However, while there may be some benefits with severe diseases, there is still not enough evidence to recommend laparoscopic surgery as the recommended surgery when the main goal is to obtain fertility. We performed a MEDLINE search for articles on fertility in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) published between 1990 and April 2015 using the following keywords: "endometriosis", "deep infiltrative endometriosis", "infertility", "fertility after surgery", "laparoscopy surgery", "laparotomy", "pregnancy", "fertility outcome", "bladder endometriosis", and "ureteral endometriosis". The aim of this review was to analyze the results of available clinical studies (randomized controlled or not controlled studies; retrospective cohort studies; or case-control and prospective studies) and guidelines on surgical treatment of infertile endometriosis patients, and pregnancy outcomes after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Angioni
- a Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Vito Cela
- b Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Pisa , Italy , and
| | - Federica Sedda
- a Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Emanuela Stochino Loi
- a Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Vito Cofelice
- a Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | | | - Gian Benedetto Melis
- a Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Surgical Sciences , University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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