Growth, Oxygen, and Respiration

Experimental and modelling data contradict the idea of respiratory down-regulation in plant tissues at an internal [O2] substantially above the critical oxygen pressure for cytochrome oxidase

• Some recent data on O(2) scavenging by root segments showed a two-phase reduction in respiration rate starting at/above 21 kPa O(2) in the respirometer medium. The initial decline was attributed to a down-regulation of respiration, involving enzymes other than cytochrome oxidase, and interpreted as a means of conserving O(2). As this appeared to contradict earlier findings, we sought to clarify the position by mathematical modelling of the respirometer system. • The Fortran-based model accommodated the multicylindrical diffusive and respiratory characteristics of roots and the kinetics of the scavenging process. Output included moving images and data files of respiratory activity and [O(2)] from root centre to respirometer medium. • With respiration at any locus following a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase O(2) dependence curve (the Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) = 0.0108 kPa; critical O(2) pressure, 1-2 kPa), the declining rate of O(2) consumption proved to be biphasic: an initial, long semi-linear part, reflecting the spread of severe hypoxia within the stele, followed by a short curvilinear fall, reflecting its extension through the pericycle and cortex. • We conclude that the initial respiratory decline in root respiration recently noted in respirometry studies is attributable to the spread of severe hypoxia from the root centre, rather than a conservation of O(2) by controlled down-regulation of respiration based on O(2) sensors.

Variation of oxygen requirement with plasmid size in recombinant Escherichia coli

We have previously found an inverse relationship between certain cell growth parameters and plasmid size for a series of recombinant Escherichia coli strains containing pUC8 or one of a series of pUC8 recombinant derivatives. To extend these results we investigated whether there was a similar variation among our strains in oxygen requirement, which might be related to the differences in growth. During logarithmic growth in shake flasks, oxygen uptake by E. coli strain JM103 containing an 8.7-kb pUC8 derivative (pBS5) was 2.5 times that of JM103 harboring pUC8 (2.7 kb) and 7.5 times that of plasmid-free JM103. Supplementing the medium with acetate eliminated both the growth disadvantage of and the increased oxygen uptake by the strain harboring pBS5 compared with that containing pUC8. In all cases oxygen consumption decreased drastically as cells began and then continued into stationary phase, and no significant difference was seen among the three strains at these times. When the three strains were grown in a fermentor with continuous monitoring of oxygen levels, plasmid-free JM103 outgrew JM103 containing pUC8 or pBS5 at three levels of aeration. The latter two strains grew identically when aeration was high; their growth curves diverged, however, when aeration was low. In the fermentor experiments the point at which the growth of the three strains diverged was coincident with the point of oxygen depletion in the cultures.

Effect of Growth Conditions and Trehalose Content on Cryotolerance of Bakers' Yeast in Frozen Doughs

The cryotolerance in frozen doughs and in water suspensions of bakers' yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) previously grown under various industrial conditions was evaluated on a laboratory scale. Fed-batch cultures were very superior to batch cultures, and strong aeration enhanced cryoresistance in both cases for freezing rates of 1 to 56°C min −1 . Loss of cell viability in frozen dough or water was related to the duration of the dissolved-oxygen deficit during fed-batch growth. Strongly aerobic fed-batch cultures grown at a reduced average specific rate (μ = 0.088 h −1 compared with 0.117 h −1 ) also showed greater trehalose synthesis and improved frozen-dough stability. Insufficient aeration (dissolved-oxygen deficit) and lower growth temperature (20°C instead of 30°C) decreased both fed-batch-grown yeast cryoresistance and trehalose content. Although trehalose had a cryoprotective effect in S. cerevisiae , its effect was neutralized by even a momentary lack of excess dissolved oxygen in the fed-batch growth medium.

Kinetics of Denitrifying Growth by Fast-Growing Cowpea Rhizobia

Two fast-growing strains of cowpea rhizobia (A26 and A28) were found to grow anaerobically at the expense of NO 3 − , NO 2 − , and N 2 O as terminal electron acceptors. The two major differences between aerobic and denitrifying growth were lower yield coefficients ( Y ) and higher saturation constants ( K s ) with nitrogenous oxides as electron acceptors. When grown aerobically, A26 and A28 adhered to Monod kinetics, respectively, as follows: K s , 3.4 and 3.8 μM; Y , 16.0 and 14.0 g · cells eq −1 ; μ max , 0.41 and 0.33 h −1 . Yield coefficients for denitrifying growth ranged from 40 to 70% of those for aerobic growth. Only A26 adhered to Monod kinetics with respect to growth on all three nitrogenous oxides. The apparent K s values were 41, 270, and 460 μM for nitrous oxide, nitrate, and nitrite, respectively; the K s for A28 grown on nitrate was 250 μM. The results are kinetically and thermodynamically consistent in explaining why O 2 is the preferred electron acceptor. Although no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding preferential utilization of nitrogenous oxides, nitrite was inhibitory to both strains and effected slower growth. However, growth rates were identical (μ max , 0.41 h −1 ) when A26 was grown with either O 2 or NO 3 − as an electron acceptor and were only slightly reduced when A28 was grown with NO 3 − (0.25 h −1 ) as opposed to O 2 (0.33 h −1 ).

Oxygen tolerance of strictly aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

Growth of various bacteria, especially aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, in the presence of 2 to 100% (v/v) oxygen in the gas atmosphere was evaluated. The bacterial strains included Alcaligenes eutrophus, A. paradoxus, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Arthrobacter spec. strain 11 X, Escherichia coli, Arthrobacter globiformis, Nocardia opaca, N. autotrophica, Paracoccus denitrificans, Pseudomonas facilis, P. putida, and Xanthobacter autotrophicus. Under heterotrophic conditions with fructose or gluconate as substrates neither colony formation on solid medium nor the growth rates in liquid media were drastically impaired by up to 100% oxygen. In contrast, autotrophic growth--with hydrogen, carbon dioxide and up to 80% oxygen in the gas atmosphere--was strongly depressed by high oxygen concentrations. However, only the growth rate, not the viability of the cells, was decreased. Growth retardation was accompanied by a decrease of hydrogenase activity.

Use of a quantitative oxidase test for characterizing oxidative metabolism in bacteria

It was possible to quantitate the terminal oxidase(s) reaction using bacterial resting-cell suspensions and demonstrate the usefulness of this reaction for taxonomic purposes. Resting-cell suspensions of physiologically diverse bacteria were examined for their capabilities of oxidizing N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) using a manometric assay. For organisms having this capability, it was possible to calculate the conventional TMPD oxidase Q(O2) value (microliters of O2 consumed per hour per milligram [dry weight]). All cultures were grown heterotrophically at 30 C, under identical nutritional conditions, and were harvested at the late-logarithmic growth phase. The TMPD oxidase Q(O2) values showed perfect correlation with the Kovacs oxidase test and, in addition, it was possible to define quantitatively that point which separated oxidase-positive from oxidase-negative bacteria. Oxidase-negative bacteria exhibited a TMPD oxidase Q(O2) value (after correcting for the endogenous by substraction) of less than or equal 33 and had an uncorrected TMPD/endogenous ratio of less than or equal 5. The TMPD oxidase Q(O2) values were also correlated with the data obtained for the Hugh-Leifson Oxferm test. In general, bacteria that exhibited a respiratory mechanism had high TMPD oxidase values, whereas fermentative organsims had low TMPD oxidase activity. All exceptions to this are noted. This quantitative study also demonstrated that organisms that (i) lack a type c cytochrome, or (ii) lack a cytochrome-containing electron transport system, like the lactic acid bacteria, exhibited low or negligible TMPD oxidase Q(O2) values. From the 79 bacterial species (36 genera) examined, it appears that this quantitative oxidase test has taxonomic value that can differentiate the oxidative relationships between bacteria at the subspecies, species, and genera levels.