1
|
Wang C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Teng M, Wan X, Wu Z, Zhang Z. Splenic proteome profiling in response to Marek's disease virus strain GX0101 infection. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:10. [PMID: 38183097 PMCID: PMC10768084 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) strain GX0101 was the first reported field strain of recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2). However, the splenic proteome of MDV-infected chickens remains unclear. In this study, a total of 28 1-day-old SPF chickens were intraperitoneally injected with chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) containing 2000 PFU GX0101. Additionally, a control group, consisting of four one-day-old SPF chickens, received intraperitoneal equal doses of CEF. Blood and various tissue samples were collected at different intervals (7, 14, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days post-infection; dpi) for histopathological, real-time PCR, and label-free quantitative analyses. The results showed that the serum expressions of MDV-related genes, meq and gB, peaked at 45 dpi. The heart, liver, and spleen were dissected at 30 and 45 dpi, and their hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that virus infection compromised the normal organizational structure at 45 dpi. Particularly, the spleen structure was severely damaged, and the lymphocytes in the white medulla were significantly reduced. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and label-free techniques were used to analyze the difference in splenic proteome profiles of the experimental and control groups at 30 and 45 dpi. Proteomic analysis identified 1660 and 1244 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 30 and 40 dpi, respectively, compared with the uninfected spleen tissues. According to GO analysis, these DEPs were involved in processes such as organelle organization, cellular component biogenesis, cellular component assembly, anion binding, small molecule binding, metal ion binding, cation binding, cytosol, nuclear part, etc. Additionally, KEGG analysis indicated that the following pathways were linked to MDV-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor: Wnt, Hippo, AMPK, cAMP, Notch, TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, Rap1, Ras, Calcium, NF-κB, PPAR, cGMP-PKG, Apoptosis, VEGF, mTOR, FoxO, TNF, JAK-STAT, MAPK, Prion disease, T cell receptor, and B cell receptor. We finally screened 674 DEPs that were linked to MDV infection in spleen tissue. This study improves our understanding of the MDV response mechanism in the spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| | - Yuanzi Liu
- Shaanxi Meili-OH Animal Health Co., Ltd, Xi'an, 712034, PR China
| | - Yuze Yang
- Beijing Animal Husbandry Station, Beijing, 100107, PR China
| | - Man Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Xuerui Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zixiang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng C, Liang Z, Lin Q, Chen M, Chang C, Zhou J, Yang F, Chen Y, Zhao M, Huang L, Qin L. Pathology, viremia, apoptosis during MDV latency in vaccinated chickens. Virology 2023; 579:169-177. [PMID: 36696868 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease, caused by herpes virus infection, is a highly contagious disease characterized by latent infection. Here, we aimed to study the pathology, viremia and apoptosis during the Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) latency in vaccinated chickens. Vaccinated chickens were inoculated with the MD5 strain and were dissected at different time points. The viremia occurs in the spleen and thymus during the latency period of MD5 infection, however, lesions can be observed in the liver tissue. The latency-associated early gene of MDV, i.e., ICP4, was highly expressed in the spleen and thymus during the early latency. Compared with the early cytolytic stage, apoptosis of splenocytes was remarkably downregulated in the latency period. This study suggests that MDV latency could occur in the spleen and thymus in vaccinated chickens and there is a negative correlation between the MDV latency and apoptosis of spleen. MDV latency can resist the apoptosis of spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congsen Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexian Liang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoer Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiting Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanzhe Chang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Limei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsuyama-Kato A, Shojadoost B, Boodhoo N, Raj S, Alizadeh M, Fazel F, Fletcher C, Zheng J, Gupta B, Abdul-Careem MF, Plattner BL, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Activated Chicken Gamma Delta T Cells Are Involved in Protective Immunity against Marek's Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020285. [PMID: 36851499 PMCID: PMC9962238 DOI: 10.3390/v15020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells play a significant role in the prevention of viral infection and tumor surveillance in mammals. Although the involvement of γδ T cells in Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection has been suggested, their detailed contribution to immunity against MDV or the progression of Marek's disease (MD) remains unknown. In the current study, T cell receptor (TCR)γδ-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were infused into recipient chickens and their effects were examined in the context of tumor formation by MDV and immunity against MDV. We demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of TCRγδ-activated PBMCs reduced virus replication in the lungs and tumor incidence in MDV-challenged chickens. Infusion of TCRγδ-activated PBMCs induced IFN-γ-producing γδ T cells at 10 days post-infection (dpi), and degranulation activity in circulating γδ T cell and CD8α+ γδ T cells at 10 and 21 dpi in MDV-challenged chickens. Additionally, the upregulation of IFN-γ and granzyme A gene expression at 10 dpi was significant in the spleen of the TCRγδ-activated PBMCs-infused and MDV-challenged group compared to the control group. Taken together, our results revealed that TCRγδ stimulation promotes the effector function of chicken γδ T cells, and these effector γδ T cells may be involved in protection against MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bahram Shojadoost
- Ceva Animal Health Inc., Research Park Centre, Guelph, ON N1G 4T2, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Fazel
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Charlotte Fletcher
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jiayu Zheng
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bhavya Gupta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Brandon L. Plattner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 54641); Fax: +1-519-824-5930
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang B, Wang J, Cao M, Jin H, Liu W, Cheng J, Zhou L, Xu J, Li Y. Differential Replication and Cytokine Response between Vaccine and Very Virulent Marek's Disease Viruses in Spleens and Bursas during Latency and Reactivation. Viruses 2022; 15:6. [PMID: 36680047 PMCID: PMC9864003 DOI: 10.3390/v15010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection results in Marek's disease (MD) in chickens, a lymphoproliferative and oncogenic deadly disease, leading to severe economic losses. The spleen and bursa are the most important lymphoid and major target organs for MDV replication. The immune response elicited by MDV replication in the spleen and bursa is critical for the formation of latent MDV infection and reactivation. However, the mechanism of the host immune response induced by MDV in these key lymphoid organs during the latent and reactivation infection phases is not well understood. In the study, we focused on the replication dynamics of a vaccine MDV strain MDV/CVI988 and a very virulent MDV strain MDV/RB1B in the spleen and bursa in the latent and reactivation infection phases (7-28 days post-inoculation [dpi]), as well as the expression of some previously characterized immune-related molecules. The results showed that the replication ability of MDV/RB1B was significantly stronger than that of MDV/CVI988 within 28 days post-infection, and the replication levels of both MDV strains in the spleen were significantly higher than those in the bursa. During the latent and reactivation phase of MDV infection (7-28 dpi), the transcriptional upregulation of chicken IL-1β, IL6, IL-8L1 IFN-γ and PML in the spleen and bursa induced by MDV/RB1B infection was overall stronger than that of MDV/CVI988. However, compared to MDV/RB1Binfection, MDV/CVI988 infection resulted in a more effective transcriptional activation of CCL4 in the latent infection phase (7-14 dpi), which may be a characteristic distinguishing MDV vaccine strain from the very virulent strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyao Cao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Huan Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wenxiao Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Linyi Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schat KA. The Importance of the Bursa of Fabricius, B Cells and T Cells for the Pathogenesis of Marek’s Disease: A Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092015. [PMID: 36146821 PMCID: PMC9504545 DOI: 10.3390/v14092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the bursa of Fabricius (BF) for the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease (MD) has been studied since the late 1960’s. In this review, the results of these studies are analyzed in the context of the developing knowledge of the immune system of chickens and the pathogenesis of MD from 1968 to 2022. Based on the available techniques to interfere with the development of the BF, three distinct periods are identified and discussed. During the initial period between 1968 and 1977, the use of neonatal bursectomy, chemical methods and irradiation were the main tools to interfere with the B lymphocyte development. The application of these techniques resulted in contradictory results from no effects to an increase or decrease in MD incidence. Starting in the late 1970’s, the use of bursectomy in 18-day-old embryos led to the development of the “Cornell model” for the pathogenesis of MD, in which the infection of B lymphocytes is an important first step in MD virus (MDV) replication causing the activation of thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells). Following this model, these activated T cells, but not resting T cells, are susceptible to MDV infection and subsequent transformation. Finally, B-cell knockout chickens lacking the J gene segment of the IgY heavy chain gene were used to further define the role of the BF in the pathogenesis of MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeted deletion of glycoprotein B gene by CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease inhibits Gallid herpesvirus type 3 in dually-infected Marek's disease virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line MSB-1. J Virol 2022; 96:e0202721. [PMID: 35107377 PMCID: PMC8941929 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02027-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a member of the genus Mardivirus in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. There are three different serotypes of MDV designated as MDV-1 (Gallid herpesvirus type 2), MDV-2 (Gallid herpesvirus type 3), and MDV-3 (Meleagrid herpesvirus 1, herpesvirus of turkeys, HVT). MDV-1 is the only serotype that induces Marek’s disease (MD), a lymphoproliferative disorder resulting in aggressive T-cell lymphomas and paralytic symptoms. In the lymphomas and lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) derived from them, MDV establishes latent infection with limited viral gene expression. The latent viral genome in LCL can be activated by co-cultivation with chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayers. MSB-1, one of the first MDV-transformed LCL established from the splenic lymphoma, is distinct in harboring both the oncogenic MDV-1 and non-oncogenic MDV-2 viruses. Following the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 editing approach for precise knockdown of the MDV-1 genes in LCL, we describe here the targeted deletion of MDV-2 glycoprotein B (gB) in MSB-1 cells. Due to the essential nature of gB for infectivity, the production of MDV-2 plaques on CEF was completely abolished in the MDV-2-gB-deleted MSB-1 cells. Our study has demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used for targeted inactivation of the co-infecting MDV-2 without affecting the MDV-1 in the MSB-1 cell line. Successful inactivation of MDV-2 demonstrated here also points toward the possibility of using targeted gene editing as an antiviral strategy against pathogenic MDV-1 and other viruses infecting chickens. IMPORTANCE Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens characterized by rapid-onset lymphomas in multiple organs and by infiltration into peripheral nerves, causing paralysis. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) derived from MD lymphomas have served as valuable resources to improve understanding of distinct aspects of virus-host interactions in transformed cells including transformation, latency, and reactivation. MDV-transformed LCL MSB-1, derived from spleen lymphoma induced by the BC-1 strain of MDV, has a unique feature of harboring an additional non-pathogenic MDV-2 strain HPRS-24. By targeted deletion of essential gene glycoprotein B from the MDV-2 genome within the MSB-1 cells, we demonstrated the total inhibition of MDV-2 virus replication on co-cultivated CEF, with no effect on MDV-1 replication. The identified viral genes critical for reactivation/inhibition of viruses will be useful as targets for development of de novo disease resistance in chickens to avian pathogens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hypoxia and HIF-1 Trigger Marek’s Disease Virus Reactivation in Lymphoma-Derived Latently Infected T Lymphocytes. J Virol 2021; 96:e0142721. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01427-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency is a hallmark of herpesviruses, allowing them to persist into their host without virions production. Acute exposure to hypoxia (below 3% O
2
) was identified as a trigger of latent-to-lytic switch (reactivation) for human oncogenic gamma-herpesviruses (KSHV and EBV). Therefore, we hypothesized that hypoxia could also induce reactivation of Marek’s disease virus (MDV), sharing biological properties with EBV and KSHV (notably oncogenic properties), into lymphocytes. Acute exposure to hypoxia (1% O
2
) of two MDV-latently infected cell lines derived from MD tumors (3867K and MSB-1) induced MDV reactivation. A bioinformatic analysis of the RB-1B MDV genome revealed 214 putative hypoxia-response element consensus sequences on 119 open reading frames. RT-qPCR analysis showed five MDV genes strongly upregulated early after hypoxia. In 3867K cells under normoxia, pharmacological agents mimicking hypoxia (MLN4924 and CoCl
2
) increased MDV reactivation, but to a lower level than real hypoxia. Overexpression of wild-type or stabilized human hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in MSB-1 cells in normoxia also promoted MDV reactivation. In such conditions, lytic cycle was detected in cells with a sustainable HIF-1α expression, but also in HIF-1α negative cells, indicating that MDV reactivation is mediated by HIF-1, in a direct and/or indirect manner. Lastly, we demonstrated by a reporter assay that HIF-1α overexpression induced the transactivation of two viral promoters, shown upregulated in hypoxia. These results suggest that hypoxia may play a crucial role in the late lytic replication phase observed
in vivo
in MDV-infected chickens exhibiting tumors, since a hypoxic microenvironment is a hallmark of most solid tumors.
IMPORTANCE
Latent-to-lytic switch of herpesviruses (aka reactivation) is responsible for pathology recurrences and/or viral shedding. Studying physiological triggers of reactivation is therefore important for health to limit lesions and viral transmission. Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a potent oncogenic alpha-herpesvirus establishing latency in T-lymphocytes and causing lethal T-lymphomas in chickens.
In vivo
, a second lytic phase is observed during tumoral stage. Hypoxia being a hallmark of tumors, we wondered whether hypoxia induces MDV reactivation in latently-infected T-lymphocytes, like previously shown for EBV and KSHV in B-lymphocytes. In this study, we demonstrated that acute hypoxia (1% O2) triggers MDV reactivation in two MDV transformed T-cell lines. We provide some molecular basis of this reactivation by showing that hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) overexpression induces MDV reactivation to a similar extend than hypoxia after 24 hours. Hypoxia is therefore a reactivation stimulus shared by mammalian and avian oncogenic herpesviruses of different genus.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marek's disease virus prolongs survival of primary chicken B-cells by inducing a senescence-like phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010006. [PMID: 34673841 PMCID: PMC8562793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes immunosuppression and deadly lymphoma in chickens. Lymphoid organs play a central role in MDV infection in animals. B-cells in the bursa of Fabricius facilitate high levels of MDV replication and contribute to dissemination at early stages of infection. Several studies investigated host responses in bursal tissue of MDV-infected chickens; however, the cellular responses specifically in bursal B-cells has never been investigated. We took advantage of our recently established in vitro infection system to decipher the cellular responses of bursal B-cells to infection with a very virulent MDV strain. Here, we demonstrate that MDV infection extends the survival of bursal B-cells in culture. Microarray analyses revealed that most cytokine/cytokine-receptor-, cell cycle- and apoptosis-associated genes are significantly down-regulated in these cells. Further functional assays validated these strong effects of MDV infections on cell cycle progression and thus, B-cell proliferation. In addition, we confirmed that MDV infections protect B-cells from apoptosis and trigger an accumulation of the autophagy marker Lc3-II. Taken together, our data indicate that MDV-infected bursal B-cells show hallmarks of a senescence-like phenotype, leading to a prolonged B-cell survival. This study provides an in-depth analysis of bursal B-cell responses to MDV infection and important insights into how the virus extends the survival of these cells. Upon MDV entry via the respiratory tract, B-cells are among the first cells to be infected in the lung and allow an efficient amplification of the virus. B-cells ensure the transmission of the virus to activated T-cells in which it replicates and ultimately transforms CD4-positive T-cells. Although playing a pivotal role in the MDV life cycle, the response of B-cells to MDV is currently not fully understood. Here, by using an in vitro infection model of primary bursal B-cells, we show that MDV infection leads to a prolonged B-cell survival resulting from decreased cell proliferation, protection from apoptosis and activation of autophagy. Our study provides new insights into the B-cell response to MDV infection, demonstrating that MDV triggers a senescence-like phenotype in B-cells that could potentiate their role in MDV pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Glass MC, Smith JM, Cheng HH, Delany ME. Marek's Disease Virus Telomeric Integration Profiles of Neoplastic Host Tissues Reveal Unbiased Chromosomal Selection and Loss of Cellular Diversity during Tumorigenesis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1630. [PMID: 34681024 PMCID: PMC8536068 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian α-herpesvirus known as Marek's disease virus (MDV) linearly integrates its genomic DNA into host telomeres during infection. The resulting disease, Marek's disease (MD), is characterized by virally-induced lymphomas with high mortality. The temporal dynamics of MDV-positive (MDV+) transformed cells and expansion of MD lymphomas remain targets for further understanding. It also remains to be determined whether specific host chromosomal sites of MDV telomere integration confer an advantage to MDV-transformed cells during tumorigenesis. We applied MDV-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (MDV FISH) to investigate virus-host cytogenomic interactions within and among a total of 37 gonad lymphomas and neoplastic splenic samples in birds infected with virulent MDV. We also determined single-cell, chromosome-specific MDV integration profiles within and among transformed tissue samples, including multiple samples from the same bird. Most mitotically-dividing cells within neoplastic samples had the cytogenomic phenotype of 'MDV telomere-integrated only', and tissue-specific, temporal changes in phenotype frequencies were detected. Transformed cell populations composing gonad lymphomas exhibited significantly lower diversity, in terms of heterogeneity of MDV integration profiles, at the latest stages of tumorigenesis (>50 days post-infection (dpi)). We further report high interindividual and lower intraindividual variation in MDV integration profiles of lymphoma cells. There was no evidence of integration hotspots into a specific host chromosome(s). Collectively, our data suggests that very few transformed MDV+ T cell populations present earlier in MDV-induced lymphomas (32-50 dpi), survive, and expand to become the dominant clonal population in more advanced MD lymphomas (51-62 dpi) and establish metastatic lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marla C. Glass
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin M. Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.M.S.); (M.E.D.)
| | - Hans H. Cheng
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
| | - Mary E. Delany
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (J.M.S.); (M.E.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
In Vivo Inhibition of Marek's Disease Virus in Transgenic Chickens Expressing Cas9 and gRNA against ICP4. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010164. [PMID: 33450980 PMCID: PMC7828426 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD), caused by MD herpesvirus (MDV), is an economically important disease in chickens. The efficacy of the existing vaccines against evolving virulent stains may become limited and necessitates the development of novel antiviral strategies to protect poultry from MDV strains with increased virulence. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a powerful genome editing tool providing an opportunity to develop antiviral strategies for the control of MDV infection. Here, we characterized Tol2 transposon constructs encoding Cas9 and guide RNAs (gRNAs) specific to the immediate early infected-cell polypeptide-4 (ICP4) of MDV. We generated transgenic chickens that constitutively express Cas9 and ICP4-gRNAs (gICP4) and challenged them via intraabdominal injection of MDV-1 Woodlands strain passage-19 (p19). Transgenic chickens expressing both gRNA/Cas9 had a significantly reduced replication of MDV in comparison to either transgenic Cas9-only or the wild-type (WT) chickens. We further confirmed that the designed gRNAs exhibited sequence-specific virus interference in transgenic chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) expressing Cas9/gICP4 when infected with MDV but not with herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT). These results suggest that CRISPR/Cas9 can be used as an antiviral approach to control MDV infection in chickens, allowing HVT to be used as a vector for recombinant vaccines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi MY, Li M, Wang WW, Deng QM, Li QH, Gao YL, Wang PK, Huang T, Wei P. The Emergence of a vv + MDV Can Break through the Protections Provided by the Current Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091048. [PMID: 32962247 PMCID: PMC7551601 DOI: 10.3390/v12091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is an infectious malignant T-cell lymphoma proliferative disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV). In recent years, the emergence of very virulent (vv) and/or very virulent plus (vv +) strains of MDV in the field has been suggested as one of the causes of vaccination failure. The pathogenicity of the MDV strain GX18NNM4, isolated from a clinical outbreak in a broiler breeder flock that was vaccinated with CVI988/Rispens, was investigated. In the vaccination-challenge test, GX18NNM4 was able to break through the protections provided by the vaccines CVI988 and 814. It also significantly reduced body weight gain and caused marked gross lesions and a large area of infiltration of neoplastic lymphocyte cells in the heart, liver, pancreas, etc. of the infected birds. In addition, the expressions of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), in the spleens and cecal tonsils (CTs) of the unvaccinated challenged birds were significantly increased compared to those in the vaccinated challenged birds, indicating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is related to immune evasion mechanisms. The results showed that the GX18NNM4 strain could cause severe immunosuppression and significantly decrease the protections provided by the current commercial vaccines, thus showing GX18NNM4 to be a vv + MDV strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-ya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Wei-wei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiao-mu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiu-hong Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Yan-li Gao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Pei-kun Wang
- Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China;
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Davidson I. Out of Sight, but Not Out of Mind: Aspects of the Avian Oncogenic Herpesvirus, Marek's Disease Virus. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1319. [PMID: 32751762 PMCID: PMC7459476 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus is an economically important avian herpesvirus that causes tumors and immunosuppression in chickens and turkeys. The virus, disease, and vaccines have been known for more than 50 years, but as knowledge gaps still exists, intensive research is still ongoing. The understanding of MDV complexity can provide scientific insight in topics that cannot be experimented in humans, providing a unique model that is dually useful for the benefit of the poultry industry and for studying general herpesvirology. The present review presents the following topics: the MDV biology, the vaccine's and virulent virus' peculiar presence in feathers, protection by vaccination. In addition, two relatively behind the scenes topics are reviewed; first, the meq MDV oncogene and its recent implication in molecular epidemiology and in the MDV virulence determination, and second, the functionality of conformational epitopes of the MDV immunodominant protein, glycoprotein B. Our studies were particular, as they were the only ones describing three-dimensional MDV gB oligomers. MDV gB (glycoprotein B) continuous and discontinuous epitopes were shown to possess distinctive neutralization activities. In contrast, the significance of oligomerization of the viral membrane proteins for the creation of discontinuous epitopes in other herpesviruses was explored extensively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irit Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bai H, He Y, Ding Y, Chu Q, Lian L, Heifetz EM, Yang N, Cheng HH, Zhang H, Chen J, Song J. Genome-wide characterization of copy number variations in the host genome in genetic resistance to Marek's disease using next generation sequencing. BMC Genet 2020; 21:77. [PMID: 32677890 PMCID: PMC7364486 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease (MD) is a highly neoplastic disease primarily affecting chickens, and remains as a chronic infectious disease that threatens the poultry industry. Copy number variation (CNV) has been examined in many species and is recognized as a major source of genetic variation that directly contributes to phenotypic variation such as resistance to infectious diseases. Two highly inbred chicken lines, 63 (MD-resistant) and 72 (MD-susceptible), as well as their F1 generation and six recombinant congenic strains (RCSs) with varied susceptibility to MD, are considered as ideal models to identify the complex mechanisms of genetic and molecular resistance to MD. Results In the present study, to unravel the potential genetic mechanisms underlying resistance to MD, we performed a genome-wide CNV detection using next generation sequencing on the inbred chicken lines with the assistance of CNVnator. As a result, a total of 1649 CNV regions (CNVRs) were successfully identified after merging all the nine datasets, of which 90 CNVRs were overlapped across all the chicken lines. Within these shared regions, 1360 harbored genes were identified. In addition, 55 and 44 CNVRs with 62 and 57 harbored genes were specifically identified in line 63 and 72, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the nearby genes were significantly enriched in 36 GO terms and 6 KEGG pathways including JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Ten CNVRs (nine deletions and one duplication) involved in 10 disease-related genes were selected for validation by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), all of which were successfully confirmed. Finally, qPCR was also used to validate two deletion events in line 72 that were definitely normal in line 63. One high-confidence gene, IRF2 was identified as the most promising candidate gene underlying resistance and susceptibility to MD in view of its function and overlaps with data from previous study. Conclusions Our findings provide valuable insights for understanding the genetic mechanism of resistance to MD and the identified gene and pathway could be considered as the subject of further functional characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanghua He
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Qin Chu
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Ling Lian
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Eliyahu M Heifetz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jerusalem College of Technology, 9116001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hans H Cheng
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Jilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of gga-miR-155 on cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of Marek's disease virus (MDV) transformed cell line MSB1 by targeting RORA. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:23. [PMID: 31992293 PMCID: PMC6988224 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marek's disease (MD) is caused by the oncogenic Marek's disease virus (MDV), and is a highly contagious avian infection with a complex underlying pathology that involves lymphoproliferative neoplasm formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in most cancers. The gga-miR-155 is downregulated in the MDV-infected chicken tissues or lymphocyte lines, although its exact role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of gga-miR-155 on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasiveness of an MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS The expression level of gga-miR-155 was manipulated in MSB1 cells using specific mimics and inhibitors. While overexpression of gga-miR-155 increased proliferation, decreased the proportion of G1 phase cells relative to that in S and G2 phases, reduced apoptosis rates and increased invasiveness. However, its downregulation had the opposite effects. Furthermore, gga-miR-155 directly targeted the RORA gene and downregulated its expression in the MSB1 cells. CONCLUSION The gga-miR-155 promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of the MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and inhibits apoptosis by targeting the RORA gene.
Collapse
|
15
|
RNA Sequencing revealed differentially expressed genes functionally associated with immunity and tumor suppression during latent phase infection of a vv + MDV in chickens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14182. [PMID: 31578366 PMCID: PMC6775254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Very virulent plus Marek's disease (MD) virus (vv + MDV) induces tumors in relatively resistant lines of chickens and early mortality in highly susceptible lines of chickens. The vv + MDV also triggers a series of cellular responses in both types of chickens. We challenged birds sampled from a highly inbred chicken line (line 63) that is relatively resistant to MD and from another inbred line (line 72) that is highly susceptible to MD with a vv + MDV. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed with samples extracted from spleen tissues taken at 10-day and 21-day post infection (dpi). A total of 64 and 106 differentially expressed genes was identified in response to the vv + MDV challenge at latent phase in the resistant and susceptible lines of chickens, respectively. Direct comparisons between samples of the two lines identified 90 and 126 differentially expressed genes for control and MDV challenged groups, respectively. The differentially expressed gene profiles illustrated that intensive defense responses were significantly induced by vv + MDV at 10 dpi and 21 dpi but with slight changes in the resistant line. In contrast, vv + MDV induced a measurable suppression of gene expression associated with host defense at 10 dpi but followed by an apparent activation of the defense response at 21 dpi in the susceptible line of chickens. The observed difference in gene expression between the two genetic lines of chickens in response to MDV challenge during the latent phase provided a piece of indirect evidence that time points for MDV reactivation differ between the genetic lines of chickens with different levels of genetic resistance to MD. Early MDV reactivation might be necessary and potent to host defense system readiness for damage control of tumorigenesis and disease progression, which consequently results in measurable differences in phenotypic characteristics including early mortality (8 to 20 dpi) and tumor incidence between the resistant and susceptible lines of chickens. Combining differential gene expression patterns with reported GO function terms and quantitative trait loci, a total of 27 top genes was selected as highly promising candidate genes for genetic resistance to MD. These genes are functionally involved with virus process (F13A1 and HSP90AB1), immunity (ABCB1LB, RGS5, C10ORF58, OSF-2, MMP7, CXCL12, GAL1, GAL2, GAL7, HVCN1, PDE4D, IL4I1, PARP9, EOMES, MPEG1, PDK4, CCLI10, K60 and FST), and tumor suppression (ADAMTS2, LXN, ARRDC3, WNT7A, CLDN1 and HPGD). It is anticipated that these findings will facilitate advancement in the fundamental understanding on mechanisms of genetic resistance to MD. In addition, such advancement may also provide insights on tumor virus-induced tumorigenesis in general and help the research community recognize MD study may serve as a good model for oncology study involving tumor viruses.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bai H, He Y, Ding Y, Carrillo JA, Selvaraj RK, Zhang H, Chen J, Song J. Allele-Specific Expression of CD4 + T Cells in Response to Marek's Disease Virus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E718. [PMID: 31533276 PMCID: PMC6770979 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a T cell lymphoma disease induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly oncogenic α herpesvirus primarily affecting chickens. MD is a chronic infectious disease that threatens the poultry industry. However, the mechanisms of genetic resistance for MD are complex and not completely understood. In this study, to identify high-confidence candidate genes of MD genetic resistance, high throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to obtain transcriptomic data of CD4+ T cells isolated from MDV-infected and non-infected groups of two reciprocal crosses of individuals mating by two highly inbred chicken lines (63 MD-resistant and 72 MD-susceptible). After RNA-seq analysis with two biological replicates in each group, we identified 61 and 123 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) annotated in 39 and 132 genes in intercrosses 63 × 72 and 72 × 63, respectively, which exhibited allele-specific expression (ASE) in response to MDV infection. Similarly, we identified 62 and 79 SNPs annotated in 66 and 96 genes in infected and non-infected groups, respectively. We identified 534 and 1543 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR < 0.05) related to MDV infection in intercrosses 63 × 72 and 72 × 63, respectively. We also identified 328 and 20 DEGs in infected and non-infected groups, respectively. The qRT-PCR using seven DEGs further verified our results of RNA-seq analysis. The qRT-PCR of 11 important ASE genes was performed for gene functional validation in CD4+ T cells and tumors. Combining the analyses, six genes (MCL1, SLC43A2, PDE3B, ADAM33, BLB1, and DMB2), especially MCL1, were highlighted as the candidate genes with the potential to be involved in MDV infection. Gene-set enrichment analysis revealed that many ASE genes are linked to T cell activation, T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR), ERK/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT-mTOR signaling pathways, which play potentially important roles in MDV infection. Our approach underlines the importance of comprehensive functional studies for gaining valuable biological insight into the genetic factors behind MD and other complex traits, and our findings provide additional insights into the mechanisms of MD and disease resistance breeding in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanghua He
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - José A Carrillo
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Jilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A healthy immune system is a cornerstone for poultry production. Any factor diminishing the immune responses will affect production parameters and increase cost. There are numerous factors, infectious and noninfectious, causing immunosuppression (IS) in chickens. This paper reviews the three viral diseases that most commonly induce IS or subclinical IS in chickens: Marek's disease virus (MDV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), as well as the interactions among them. MDV-induced IS (MDV-IS) affects both humoral and cellular immune responses. It is very complex, poorly understood, and in many cases underdiagnosed. Vaccination protects against some but not all aspects of MDV-IS. CIAV induces apoptosis of the hemocytoblasts resulting in anemia, hemorrhages, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. It also causes apoptosis of thymocytes and dividing T lymphocytes, affecting T helper functions, which are essential for antibody production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions. Control of CIAV is based on vaccination of breeders and maternal antibodies (MAbs). However, subclinical IS can occur after MAbs wane. IBDV infection affects the innate immune responses during virus replication and humoral immune responses as a consequence of the destruction of B-cell populations. Vaccines with various levels of attenuation are used to control IBDV. Interactions with MAbs and residual virulence of the vaccines need to be considered when designing vaccination plans. The interaction between IBDV, CIAV, and MDV is critical although underestimated in many cases. A proper control of IBDV is a must to have proper humoral immune responses needed to control CIAV. Equally, long-term control of MDV is not possible if chickens are coinfected with CIAV, as CIAV jeopardizes CTL functions critical for MDV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Gimeno
- A Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - K A Schat
- B Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun GR, Zhou LY, Zhang YP, Zhang F, Yu ZH, Pan Q, Gao L, Li K, Wang YQ, Cui HY, Qi X, Gao YL, Wang XM, Liu CJ. Differential expression of type I interferon mRNA and protein levels induced by virulent Marek's disease virus infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 212:15-22. [PMID: 31213247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), an α-herpesvirus targeting avian species, causes fatal Marek's disease (MD) in chickens. The host interferon (IFN) responses play a key role in resisting viral infection. However, host IFN responses following MDV infection in the chicken central immune organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius), which contain numerous MDV target cells, is poorly understood. In this study, we performed animal experiments in specific pathogen-free chickens infected with two virulent MDV strains (BS/15 and Md5) or without infection as negative controls. Specifically, the type I IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β) transcriptional and proteomic expression levels at 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21 days post infection (dpi) were detected and analyzed. Our results indicated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of IFN-α and IFN-β in the thymus and bursa of Fabricius were mainly downregulated in cytolytic infection (such as 10 dpi) and reactivation (such as 17 dpi) stages, but not the latent (such as 14 dpi) stage of MDV infection, which was determined by comprehensively analyzing the MDV viral load and immune organ damage caused by MDV infection. These data suggest that MDV could inhibit the expression of host type I IFNs, which may be involved in the MDV-induced host immunosuppression and contribute to the immune escape of MDV from host immunity. Furthermore, we found that the downregulated expression of the host type I IFNs induced by BS/15 and Md5 infection was significantly different, which we speculated may be related to the diverse virulence and pathogenicity of MDV strains. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that MDV mostly inhibited the expression of type I IFNs in infected hosts, which may be associated to its pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong Sun
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Lin-Yi Zhou
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Zheng-Hao Yu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Xiaole Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Yu-Long Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pauker VI, Bertzbach LD, Hohmann A, Kheimar A, Teifke JP, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A, Kaufer BB. Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis of Marek's Disease Virus-Induced Tumors. mSphere 2019; 4:e00569-18. [PMID: 30651403 PMCID: PMC6336081 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00569-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes immense economic losses in the poultry industry. MDV induces a variety of symptoms in infected chickens, including neurological disorders and immunosuppression. Most notably, MDV induces transformation of lymphocytes, leading to T cell lymphomas in visceral organs with a mortality of up to 100%. While several factors involved in MDV tumorigenesis have been identified, the transformation process and tumor composition remain poorly understood. Here we developed an imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) approach that allows sensitive visualization of MDV-induced lymphoma with a specific mass profile and precise differentiation from the surrounding tissue. To identify potential tumor markers in tumors derived from a very virulent wild-type virus and a telomerase RNA-deficient mutant, we performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) and thereby obtained tumor samples with no or minimal contamination from surrounding nontumor tissue. The proteomes of the LCM samples were subsequently analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry based on stable isotope labeling. Several proteins, like interferon gamma-inducible protein 30 and a 70-kDa heat shock protein, were identified that are differentially expressed in tumor tissue compared to surrounding tissue and naive T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that MDV-induced tumors can be visualized using IMS, and we identified potential MDV tumor markers by analyzing the proteomes of virus-induced tumors.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes the most frequent clinically diagnosed cancer in the animal kingdom. Not only is MDV an important pathogen that threatens the poultry industry but it is also used as a natural virus-host model for herpesvirus-induced tumor formation. In order to visualize MDV-induced lymphoma and to identify potential biomarkers in an unbiased approach, we performed imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and noncontact laser capture microdissection. This study provides a first description of the visualization of MDV-induced tumors by IMS that could be applied also for diagnostic purposes. In addition, we identified and validated potential biomarkers for MDV-induced tumors that could provide the basis for future research on pathogenesis and tumorigenesis of this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V I Pauker
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - L D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Hohmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - J P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B B Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Unraveling the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of an oncogenic avian herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11603-11607. [PMID: 30337483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813964115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes immunosuppression, paralysis, and deadly lymphomas in chickens. In infected animals, B cells are efficiently infected and are thought to amplify the virus and transfer it to T cells. MDV subsequently establishes latency in T cells and transforms CD4+ T cells, resulting in fatal lymphomas. Despite many years of research, the exact role of the different B and T cell subsets in MDV pathogenesis remains poorly understood, mostly due to the lack of reverse genetics in chickens. Recently, Ig heavy chain J gene segment knockout (JH-KO) chickens lacking mature and peripheral B cells have been generated. To determine the role of these B cells in MDV pathogenesis, we infected JH-KO chickens with the very virulent MDV RB1B strain. Surprisingly, viral load in the blood of infected animals was not altered in the absence of B cells. More importantly, disease and tumor incidence in JH-KO chickens was comparable to wild-type animals, suggesting that both mature and peripheral B cells are dispensable for MDV pathogenesis. Intriguingly, MDV efficiently replicated in the bursa of Fabricius in JH-KO animals, while spread of the virus to the spleen and thymus was delayed. In the absence of B cells, MDV readily infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, allowing efficient virus replication in the lymphoid organs and transformation of T cells. Taken together, our data change the dogma of the central role of B cells, and thereby provide important insights into MDV pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gga-miR-130b-3p inhibits MSB1 cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and its downregulation in MD tumor is attributed to hypermethylation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24187-24198. [PMID: 29849932 PMCID: PMC5966247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease is an oncogenic and lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by Marek's disease virus. Hypermethylation or hypomethylation of CpG islands in gene promoter region are involved in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In this study, we analyzed differential methylation levels of upstream region of gga-miR-130b-3p gene between Marek's disease virus-infected tumorous and non-infected spleens. Around the upstream 1 kb of gga-miR-130b-3p gene, two amplicons were designed that covered 616 bp. There were forty-eight CpG sites in this region. CpG sites in this region presented higher methylation level in tumorous spleens compared with that in non-infected ones. There were eight CpG sites significantly hypermethylated in tumorous spleens. The expression level of three DNA methyltransferases including DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b increased and the expression level of Tet ten-eleven translocation protein 2 remarkably decreased in tumorous spleens. Hypermethylation in the upstream region of gga-miR-130b-3p gene might be a direct reason for its downregulation in MD tumorous tissues. Moreover, cell proliferation of Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell line MDCC-MSB1 was remarkably inhibited at 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h post-gga-miR-130b-3p-agomir transfection. The transwell migration assay indicated cell number of migration was significantly lower in miRNA agomir transfection group. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 and MMP9 are involved in tumor invasion, and their protein levels were significantly downregulated at 72 h post-miRNA-agomir transfection. Collectively, these results indicated that hypermethylation in upstream region of gga-miR-130b-3p gene contributed to its downregulation in tumorous tissues. Gga-miR-130b-3p plays an inhibitory role in lymphomatous cell transformation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lian X, Ming X, Xu J, Cheng W, Zhang X, Chen H, Ding C, Jung YS, Qian Y. First molecular detection and characterization of Marek's disease virus in red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis): a case report. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:122. [PMID: 29615025 PMCID: PMC5883596 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease virus (MDV) resides in the genus Mardivirus in the family Herpesviridae. MDV is a highly contagious virus that can cause neurological lesions, lymphocytic proliferation, immune suppression, and death in avian species, including Galliformes (chickens, quails, partridges, and pheasants), Strigiformes (owls), Anseriformes (ducks, geese, and swans), and Falconiformes (kestrels). Case presentation In 2015, two red-crowned cranes died in Nanjing (Jiangsu, China). It was determined that the birds were infected with Marek’s disease virus by histopathological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene sequencing and sequence analysis of tissue samples from two cranes. Gross lesions included diffuse nodules in the skin, muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, gizzard and heart, along with liver enlargement and gizzard mucosa hemorrhage. Histopathological assay showed that infiltrative lymphocytes and mitotic figures existed in liver and heart. The presence of MDV was confirmed by PCR. The sequence analysis of the Meq gene showed 100% identity with Md5, while the VP22 gene showed the highest homology with CVI988. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis of the VP22 and Meq genes suggested that the MDV (from cranes) belongs to MDV serotype 1. Conclusion We describe the first molecular detection of Marek’s disease in red-crowned cranes based on the findings previously described. To our knowledge, this is also the first molecular identification of Marek’s disease virus in the order Gruiformes and represents detection of a novel MDV strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiarong Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xunhai Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Control and Monitoring of Poultry Diseases, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Long intergenic non-coding RNA GALMD3 in chicken Marek's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10294. [PMID: 28860661 PMCID: PMC5579197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are transcribed from non-coding DNA sequences. Studies have revealed that aberrant expressions of lincRNAs are associated with various types of cancers and neurological disorders. Marek's disease (MD) is a highly contagious T-cell lymphoid neoplasia of chicken induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV). In this study, we first identified and validated linc-GALMD3 highly expressed in MDV-infected CD4+ T cells by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. By RNA-Seq analysis in MDCC-MSB1 cells after loss of function of linc-GALMD3 by shRNA, we found that linc-GALMD3 could positively cis-regulate its downstream gga-miR-223 gene expression. In contrast, it could trans-regulate the 748 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.01) that were mainly enriched into mitochondrial structure and cell cycle processes using GO analysis. Of these, the most significantly expressed gene EPYC might cause iris lesion in MD. The other eight genes, NDUFA4, NDUFB6, NDUFV1, NDUFS8, SDHB, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, and COX7A2, actively participated in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Most importantly, we found that the MDV replication was repressed when linc-GALMD3 was knocked down in CEF cells. Our results suggested that linc-GALMD3 might be a critical regulator in chicken MD and could be used as a candidate-promising mark for MD prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li J, He L, Zhang Y, Xue C, Cao Y. A novel method for genome-wide profiling of dynamic host-pathogen interactions using 3' end enriched RNA-seq. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8681. [PMID: 28819105 PMCID: PMC5561256 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease is a contagious lymphoproliferative disease of chickens and typical model of viral oncogenesis. Mapping changes or different states over the course of infection for both host and pathogen would provide important insights into dynamic host-pathogen interactions. Here we introduced 3' end enriched RNA-seq as a novel method to study host-pathogen interactions in chicken embryo fibroblasts cells challenged with Marek's disease virus. The method allowed accurate profiling of gene expression and alternative polyadenylation sites for host and pathogen simultaneously. We totally identified 476 differentially expressed genes and 437 APA switching genes in host, including switching in tandem 3' UTRs and switching between coding region and 3' UTR. Most of these genes were related to innate immunity, apoptosis and metabolism, but two sets of genes overlapped a little, suggesting two complementary mechanisms in gene regulation during MDV infection. In summary, our results provided a relatively comprehensive insight into dynamic host-pathogen interactions in regulation of gene transcription during infection of Marek's disease virus and suggested that 3' end enriched RNA-seq was a promising method to investigate global host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd. Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li X, Su S, Cui N, Zhou H, Liu X, Cui Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Chicken Embryo Fibroblast Cell Infected with Marek’s Disease Virus of GX0101 ∆ LTR. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - S Su
- Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - N Cui
- Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - H Zhou
- University of California, USA
| | - X Liu
- Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Z Cui
- Shandong Agricultural University, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wan X, Yang R, Liu G, Zhu M, Zhang T, Liu L, Wu R. Downregulation of cellular prion protein inhibited the proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis of Marek's disease virus-transformed avian T cells. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:171-8. [PMID: 26243599 PMCID: PMC4921665 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is ubiquitously expressed in the cytomembrane of a considerable number of eukaryotic cells. Although several studies have investigated the functions of PrP(C) in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and tumorigenesis of mammals, the correlated functions of chicken PrP(C) (chPrP(C)) remain unknown. In this study, stable chPrP(C)-downregulated Marek's disease (MD) virus-transformed avian T cells (MSB1-SiRNA-3) were established by introducing short interfering RNA (SiRNA) targeting chicken prion protein genes. We found that downregulation of chPrP(C) inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induces G1 cell cycle phase arrest and apoptosis of MSB1-SiRNA-3 cells compared with Marek's disease virus-transformed avian T cells (MSB1) and negative control cells. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence supporting the positive correlation between the expression level of chPrP(C) and the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of MSB1 cells, but appears to protect MSB1 cells from apoptosis, which suggests it functions in the formation and development of MD tumors. This evidence may contribute to future research into the specific molecular mechanisms of chPrP(C) in the formation and development of MD tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Wan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Runxia Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Guilin Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Manling Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Run Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly cell-associated lymphotropic α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of Marek's disease (MD) in domestic chickens. MDV replicates in chicken cells and establishes a latent infection within CD4+ T cells. Although MD vaccines have been in use for several decades, the exact mechanism of vaccine-induced protection is unclear. It is believed that the innate immune system plays a role in vaccine-induced immunity against pathogenic strains of MDV. To shed light on the possible function of the innate immunity in vaccine-mediated protection, we investigated the effect of vaccination, Rispens/CVI988, on the activation of cellular components of the innate immune system by analyzing the expression pattern of select immune-related genes in the cecal tonsils (CT) and duodenum of two MD-susceptible and MD-resistant chicken lines at 3, 5, and 10 days postvaccination (dpv). The differential expression patterns of the tested genes within the CT and duodenum of vaccinated birds revealed the activation of the innate immune system in both the susceptible and resistant lines. Stronger innate immune response was induced within the CT of the vaccinated birds of the susceptible line at 5 dpv. Upregulation of some of the tested genes at 10 dpv was likely due to the activation and response of the adaptive immune system to vaccination. Immunohistochemical analysis showed no increase in the number of CD3+ T cells in the CT and duodenum of the vaccinated birds of either line at 5 dpv. There was, however, an increase in the macrophage populations within the duodenum of the vaccinated birds of both the susceptible and resistant lines at 5 dpv. The vaccine strain antigen was detected in the CT and duodenum of the susceptible line, but not the resistant line at 5 dpv.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heidari
- 1 United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Dan Wang
- 2 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China
| | - Shuhong Sun
- 2 College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boodhoo N, Gurung A, Sharif S, Behboudi S. Marek's disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology. Vet Res 2016; 47:119. [PMID: 27894330 PMCID: PMC5127044 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rasschaert P, Figueroa T, Dambrine G, Rasschaert D, Laurent S. Alternative splicing of a viral mirtron differentially affects the expression of other microRNAs from its cluster and of the host transcript. RNA Biol 2016; 13:1310-1322. [PMID: 27715458 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1244600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between alternative splicing and the Microprocessor may have differential effects on the expression of intronic miRNAs organized into clusters. We used a viral model - the LAT long non-coding RNA (LAT lncRNA) of Marek's disease oncogenic herpesvirus (MDV-1), which has the mdv1-miR-M8-M6-M7-M10 cluster embedded in its first intron - to assess the impact of splicing modifications on the biogenesis of each of the miRNAs from the cluster. Drosha silencing and alternative splicing of an extended exon 2 of the LAT lncRNA from a newly identified 3' splice site (SS) at the end of the second miRNA of the cluster showed that mdv1-miR-M6 was a 5'-tailed mirtron. We have thus identified the first 5'-tailed mirtron within a cluster of miRNAs for which alternative splicing is directly associated with differential expression of the other miRNAs of the cluster, with an increase in intronic mdv1-miR-M8 expression and a decrease in expression of the exonic mdv1-miR-M7, and indirectly associated with regulation of the host transcript. According to the alternative 3SS used for the host intron splicing, the mdv1-miR-M6 is processed as a mirtron by the spliceosome, dispatching the other miRNAs of the cluster into intron and exon, or as a canonical miRNA by the Microprocessor complex. The viral mdv1-miR-M6 mirtron is the first mirtron described that can also follow the canonical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Rasschaert
- a Equipe Transcription et Lymphome Viro-Induit (TLVI), UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais , Parc de Grandmont , Tours , France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- a Equipe Transcription et Lymphome Viro-Induit (TLVI), UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais , Parc de Grandmont , Tours , France
| | - Ginette Dambrine
- a Equipe Transcription et Lymphome Viro-Induit (TLVI), UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais , Parc de Grandmont , Tours , France
| | - Denis Rasschaert
- a Equipe Transcription et Lymphome Viro-Induit (TLVI), UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais , Parc de Grandmont , Tours , France
| | - Sylvie Laurent
- a Equipe Transcription et Lymphome Viro-Induit (TLVI), UMR 7261 CNRS, Université François Rabelais , Parc de Grandmont , Tours , France.,b Département de Santé Animale , INRA , Nouzilly , France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Faiz NM, Cortes AL, Guy JS, Fletcher OJ, West M, Montiel E, Gimeno IM. Early infection with Marek's disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study MDV-induced immunosuppression. Avian Pathol 2016; 45:606-615. [PMID: 27207594 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1191618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphomas and immunosuppression in chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is divided into two phases: early-MDV-IS occurring mainly in chickens lacking maternal antibodies (MAb) against MDV and associated with lymphoid organ atrophy; and late-MDV-IS occurring once MDV enters latency and during tumour development. Our objectives were to document the impact of late-MDV-IS on commercial poultry (meat-type chickens bearing MAb against MDV and that were vaccinated or unvaccinated against MD) and to optimize a model to study late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions. The impact of late-MDV-IS was evaluated by assessing the effect of early infection (day of age) with a very virulent plus MDV (vv+MDV) on the efficacy of chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus vaccine against ILT challenge. The CEO ILT vaccine was administered in water at 14 days of age and ILT virus (ILTV) challenge was done intratracheally at 30 days of age. Development of ILT was monitored by daily evaluation of clinical signs, development of gross and histological lesions in trachea, and quantification of ILTV transcripts in trachea. Infection with vv+MDV strain 648A resulted in total abrogation of protection conferred by the CEO vaccine against ILTV challenge even in chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age with either HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988. Chickens exposed to vv+MDV prior to vaccination with CEO ILTV vaccine had similar (P < 0.05) clinical scores, gross lesions, histopathologic lesion scores, and load of ILTV transcripts in trachea after ILTV challenge, as chickens that were not vaccinated with CEO ILTV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nik M Faiz
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA.,b Department of Clinical Studies , College of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Aneg L Cortes
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - James S Guy
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Oscar J Fletcher
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Melissa West
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | | | - Isabel M Gimeno
- a Department of Population Health and Pathobiology , Veterinary School, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Han B, Lian L, Li X, Zhao C, Qu L, Liu C, Song J, Yang N. Chicken gga-miR-130a targets HOXA3 and MDFIC and inhibits Marek's disease lymphoma cell proliferation and migration. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:667-76. [PMID: 27178573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is an infectious disease of chickens caused by MD virus (MDV), which is a herpesvirus that initiates tumor formation. Studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are linked with the development of cancers or tumors. Previously, gga-miR-130a was discovered downregulated in MDV-infected tissues. Here, we aimed to explore the further function of gga-miR-130a in MD. The expression of gga-miR-130a in MDV-infected and uninfected spleens was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Subsequently, proliferation and migration assays of MDV-transformed lymphoid cells (MSB1) were carried out by transfecting gga-miR-130a. The target genes of gga-miR-130a were predicted using TargetScan and miRDB and clustered through Gene Ontology analysis. The target genes were validated by western blot, qRT-PCR, and a dual luciferase reporter assay. Our results show that the expression of gga-miR-130a was reduced in MDV-infected spleens. Gga-miR-130a showed an inhibitory effect on MSB1 cell proliferation and migration. Two target genes, homeobox A3 (HOXA3) and MyoD family inhibitor domain containing (MDFIC), were predicted and clustered to cell proliferation. Results indicate that gga-miR-130a regulates HOXA3 and MDFIC at the protein level but not at the mRNA level. Moreover, the gga-miR-130a binding sites of two target genes have been confirmed. We conclude that gga-miR-130a can arrest MSB1 cell proliferation and migration, and target HOXA3 and MDFIC, which are both involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Collectively, gga-miR-130a plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis associated with chicken MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ling Lian
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chicken gga-miR-103-3p Targets CCNE1 and TFDP2 and Inhibits MDCC-MSB1 Cell Migration. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:1277-85. [PMID: 26935418 PMCID: PMC4856079 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.028498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), which can lead to huge economic losses in the poultry industry. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found in various cancers and tumors. In recent years, 994 mature miRNAs have been identified through deep sequencing in chickens, but only a few miRNAs have been investigated further in terms of their function. Previously, gga-miR-103-3p was found downregulated in MDV-infected samples by using Solexa deep sequencing. In this study, we further verified the expression of gga-miR-103-3p among MDV-infected spleen, MD lymphoma from liver, noninfected spleen, and noninfected liver, by qPCR. The results showed that the expression of gga-miR-103-3p was decreased in MDV-infected tissues, which was consistent with our previous study. Furthermore, two target genes of gga-miR-103-3p, cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and transcription factor Dp-2 (E2F dimerization partner 2) (TFDP2), were predicted and validated by luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, and western blot analysis. The results suggested that CCNE1 and TFDP2 are direct targets of gga-miR-103-3p in chickens. Subsequent cell proliferation and migration assay showed that gga-miR-103-3p suppressed MDCC-MSB1 migration, but did not obviously modulate MDCC-MSB1 cell proliferation. In conclusion, gga-miR-103-3p targets the CCNE1 and TFDP2 genes, and suppresses cell migration, which indicates that it might play an important role in MD tumor transformation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lian L, Li X, Zhao C, Han B, Qu L, Song J, Liu C, Yang N. Chicken gga-miR-181a targets MYBL1 and shows an inhibitory effect on proliferation of Marek's disease virus-transformed lymphoid cell line. Poult Sci 2016; 94:2616-21. [PMID: 26500265 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease of chickens and is characterized by MD lymphoma in multiple visceral organs of chicken. It causes great damage to poultry health. Recently, miRNA has been reported to be involved in Marek's disease lymphomagenesis. Our previous study showed that gga-miR-181a was downregulated in MDV-induced lymphoma, and its target gene, v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 1 (MYBL1), was predicted. In this study, the interaction between gga-miR-181a and MYBL1 was further verified by detecting protein expression levels of MYBL1 after transfecting miR-181a mimic into MD lymphoma cell line, MSB1. The result showed that protein level of MYBL1 was lower in gga-miR-181a mimic transfecting group than that in the negative control group at 96 h post transfection, which indicated that MYBL1 was a target gene of gga-miR-181a. Additionally, we found that the expression of MYBL1 was higher in MDV-infected samples than that in non-infected controls, which agreed with the proposition that miRNA showed a negatively correlated expression pattern with its target gene. We observed the inhibitory effect of gga-miR-181a on MSB1 cell proliferation. Collectively, the aberrant expression of gga-miR-181a and MYBL1 in MD lymphoma suggested that they might be involved in MD tumor transformation and played important roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lian
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Changjun Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
McPherson MC, Delany ME. Virus and host genomic, molecular, and cellular interactions during Marek's disease pathogenesis and oncogenesis. Poult Sci 2016; 95:412-29. [PMID: 26755654 PMCID: PMC4957504 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is a chicken alphaherpesvirus that causes paralysis, chronic wasting, blindness, and fatal lymphoma development in infected, susceptible host birds. This disease and its protective vaccines are highly relevant research targets, given their enormous impact within the poultry industry. Further, Marek's disease (MD) serves as a valuable model for the investigation of oncogenic viruses and herpesvirus patterns of viral latency and persistence--as pertinent to human health as to poultry health. The objectives of this article are to review MDV interactions with its host from a variety of genomic, molecular, and cellular perspectives. In particular, we focus on cytogenetic studies, which precisely assess the physical status of the MDV genome in the context of the chicken host genome. Combined, the cytogenetic and genomic research indicates that MDV-host genome interactions, specifically integration of the virus into the host telomeres, is a key feature of the virus life cycle, contributing to the viral achievement of latency, transformation, and reactivation of lytic replication. We present a model that outlines the variety of virus-host interactions, at the multiple levels, and with regard to the disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C McPherson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - M E Delany
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Parvizi P, Brisbin JT, Read LR, Sharif S. Cytokine Gene Expression in Lung Mononuclear Cells of Chickens Vaccinated with Herpesvirus of Turkeys and Infected with Marek's Disease Virus. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:538-43. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Payvand Parvizi
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jennifer T. Brisbin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Leah R. Read
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lian L, Zhang D, Wang Q, Yang N, Qu L. The inhibitory effects of gga-miR-199-3p, gga-miR-140-3p, and gga-miR-221-5p in Marek's disease tumorigenesis. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2131-5. [PMID: 26112035 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease in chickens, which is caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV). Our previous study profiled microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome in MD lymphoma, and found that gga-miR-199-3p, gga-miR-140-3p, and gga-miR-221-5p were down-regulated in MD lymphoma. In this study, we further investigated their differential expression between MDV-infected spleens and noninfected spleens at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection (dpi) to elucidate whether deregulation of them was specific to late tumor transformation phase or not. The results showed that gga-miR-199-3p was down-regulated at 14 and 28 dpi, and the expression of gga-miR-140-3p was decreased at 14 dpi, which indicated that deregulation of these miRNAs appeared since early stage of MD tumor transformation. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of gga-miR-199-3p, gga-miR-140-3p, and gga-miR-221-5p on MDV-transformed lymphoid cell line (MSB1) cells proliferation were observed, which suggested that these miRNAs acted as MD tumor suppressors. Their aberrant expression at early tumor transformation phase and suppressive role in cell proliferation indicated that they were involved in MD lymphoma transformation, and might play crucial roles in MD tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lian
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Daixi Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
In vitro model for lytic replication, latency, and transformation of an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7279-84. [PMID: 26039998 PMCID: PMC4466724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424420112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T-cell lymphomas in chickens and serves as a natural small animal model for virus-induced tumor formation. In vivo, MDV lytically replicates in B cells that transfer the virus to T cells in which the virus establishes latency. MDV also malignantly transforms CD4+ T cells with a T(reg) signature, ultimately resulting in deadly lymphomas. No in vitro infection system for primary target cells of MDV has been available due to the short-lived nature of these cells in culture. Recently, we characterized cytokines and monoclonal antibodies that promote survival of cultured chicken B and T cells. We used these survival stimuli to establish a culture system that allows efficient infection of B and T cells with MDV. We were able to productively infect with MDV B cells isolated from spleen, bursa or blood cultured in the presence of soluble CD40L. Virus was readily transferred from infected B to T cells stimulated with an anti-TCRαVβ1 antibody, thus recapitulating the in vivo situation in the culture dish. Infected T cells could then be maintained in culture for at least 90 d in the absence of TCR stimulation, which allowed the establishment of MDV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). The immortalized cells had a signature comparable to MDV-transformed CD4+ α/β T cells present in tumors. In summary, we have developed a novel in vitro system that precisely reflects the life cycle of an oncogenic herpesivrus in vivo and will allow us to investigate the interaction between virus and target cells in an easily accessible system.
Collapse
|
38
|
Schat KA, Erb HN. Lack of evidence that avian oncogenic viruses are infectious for humans: a review. Avian Dis 2015; 58:345-58. [PMID: 25518427 DOI: 10.1637/10847-041514-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chickens may be infected with three different oncogenic viruses: avian leukosis virus (ALV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV). Several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between these viruses and different types of cancer in people working in poultry processing plants and with multiple sclerosis. In this article, we analyze the epidemiological evidence that these viruses are causative agents for human cancer, followed by description of the relevant key characteristics of ALV, REV, and MDV. Finally, we discuss the biological evidence or lack thereof that avian tumor viruses are involved in the etiology of human cancer and multiple sclerosis (MS). The recent primary epidemiologic articles that we reviewed as examples were only hypothesis-generating studies examining massive numbers of risk factors for associations with various imprecise, non-viral-specific outcomes. The studies lacked precise evidence of exposure to the relevant viruses and the statistical methods failed to adjust for the large risks of false-positive claims. ALV subgroups A-D and J have been eradicated in the United States from the pure lines down to the parent stocks by the breeder companies, which have greatly reduced the incidence of infection in layer flocks and broilers. As a consequence, potential exposure of humans to these viruses has greatly diminished. Infection of humans working in processing plants with ALV-A and ALV-B is unlikely, because broilers are generally resistant to infection with these two subgroups. Moreover, these viruses enter cells by specific receptors present on chicken, but not on mammalian, cells. Infection of mammalian cell cultures or animals with ALV-A, ALV-B, and ALV-J has not been reported. Moreover, humans vaccinated with exogenous or endogenous ALV-contaminated vaccines against yellow fever, measles, and mumps did not become antibody- or virus-positive for ALV. The risks for human infection with REV are similarly limited. First of all, REV also has been eradicated from pure lines down to parent stock by breeder companies in the United States. Broilers can still become infected with REV through infection with fowl pox virus containing REV. However, there is no indication that REV can infect human cells. Low levels of antibodies to ALV and REV in human sera have been reported by a few groups. Absorption of sera with chicken antigens reduced the antibody titers, and there was no clear association with contacts with poultry. Possible cross-reactions with human endogenous or exogenous retroviruses were not considered in these publications. MDV is typically associated with infection of chickens, and almost all experimental data show that MDV cannot infect mammalian cells or animals, including nonhuman primates. One study reports the presence of MDV gD DNA in human sera, but this finding could not be confirmed by another group. A Medline search of the term "gene expression in human cancers" was negative for publications with avian retroviruses or MDV. In conclusion, there is no indication that avian oncogenic viruses are involved in human cancer or MS or even able to infect and replicate in humans.
Collapse
|
39
|
Heidari M, Fitzgerald SD, Zhang H. Marek's Disease Virus-Induced Transient Cecal Tonsil Atrophy. Avian Dis 2014; 58:262-70. [DOI: 10.1637/10673-092013-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
40
|
Couteaudier M, Denesvre C. Marek's disease virus and skin interactions. Vet Res 2014; 45:36. [PMID: 24694064 PMCID: PMC4030002 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious herpesvirus which induces T-cell lymphoma in the chicken. This virus is still spreading in flocks despite forty years of vaccination, with important economical losses worldwide. The feather follicles, which anchor feathers into the skin and allow their morphogenesis, are considered as the unique source of MDV excretion, causing environmental contamination and disease transmission. Epithelial cells from the feather follicles are the only known cells in which high levels of infectious mature virions have been observed by transmission electron microscopy and from which cell-free infectious virions have been purified. Finally, feathers harvested on animals and dust are today considered excellent materials to monitor vaccination, spread of pathogenic viruses, and environmental contamination. This article reviews the current knowledge on MDV-skin interactions and discusses new approaches that could solve important issues in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Couteaudier
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
The effects of administration of ligands for Toll-like receptor 4 and 21 against Marek's disease in chickens. Vaccine 2014; 32:1932-8. [PMID: 24530927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to stimulate immune responses, leading to protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of various TLR ligands on the development of Marek's disease in chickens. Specific-pathogen free chickens were treated with a series of TLR ligands that interact with TLR3, TLR9 and TLR21. In a pilot study, it was determined that TLR4 and TLR21 ligands are efficacious, in that they could reduce the incidence of Marek's disease tumors in infected birds. Hence, in a subsequent study, chickens were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a TLR4 and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) as TLR21 agonists before being challenged with the RB1B strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) via the respiratory route. The results demonstrated that the administration of LPS or CpG ODN, but not PBS or non-CpG ODN, delayed disease onset and reduced MDV genome copy number in the spleens of infected chickens. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TLR4 and 21 agonists modulate anti-virus innate immunity including cytokine responses in MD-infected chicken and this response can only delay, but not inhibit, disease progression.
Collapse
|
42
|
Davison F, Nair V. Use of Marek’s disease vaccines: could they be driving the virus to increasing virulence? Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:77-88. [PMID: 15757475 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is an economically important neoplastic disease of poultry. MD almost devastated the poultry industry in the 1960s but the disease was brought under control after Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) was identified and vaccines were developed. This is the first effective use of an antiviral vaccination to prevent a naturally occurring cancer in any species. MDV infection has many effects. Initially causing a cytolytic infection in B-lymphocytes, MDV infects activated T-lymphocytes where it becomes latent. In susceptible chicken genotypes MDV transforms CD4+ lymphocytes, causing visceral lymphomas and/or neural lesions and paralysis. Fully productive infection and shedding of infectious virus only occurs in the feather-follicle epithelium. Vaccination of newly-hatched chicks with live vaccines has been widely used to successfully control MD since the early 1970s. However, vaccinated chickens still become infected and shed MDV. Vaccine breaks have occurred with regularity and there is evidence that the use of MD vaccines could be driving MDV to greater virulence. MD continues to be a threat and a number of strategies have been adopted such as the use of more potent vaccines and vaccination of the embryonic stage to provide earlier protection. Recombinant MD vaccines are useful vectors and are being exploited to carry both viral and host genes to enhance protective immune responses. The future aim must be to develop a sustainable vaccine strategy that does not drive MDV to increased virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Davison
- Head and Avian Immunology Group, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Subclinical immunosuppression in chickens is an important but often underestimated factor in the subsequent development of clinical disease. Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). Mycotoxins and stress, often caused by poor management practices, can also cause immunosuppression. The effects on the innate and acquired immune responses and the mechanisms by which mycotoxins, stress and infectious agents cause immunosuppression are discussed. Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory non-structural proteins or multi-functional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g., Newcastle disease virus).
Collapse
|
44
|
Rémy S, Blondeau C, Le Vern Y, Lemesle M, Vautherot JF, Denesvre C. Fluorescent tagging of VP22 in N-terminus reveals that VP22 favors Marek's disease virus (MDV) virulence in chickens and allows morphogenesis study in MD tumor cells. Vet Res 2013; 44:125. [PMID: 24359464 PMCID: PMC3899609 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alpha-herpesvirus causing Marek’s disease in chickens, mostly associated with T-cell lymphoma. VP22 is a tegument protein abundantly expressed in cells during the lytic cycle, which is essential for MDV spread in culture. Our aim was to generate a pathogenic MDV expressing a green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fused to the N-terminus of VP22 to better decipher the role of VP22 in vivo and monitor MDV morphogenesis in tumors cells. In culture, rRB-1B EGFP22 led to 1.6-fold smaller plaques than the parental virus. In chickens, the rRB-1B EGFP22 virus was impaired in its ability to induce lymphoma and to spread in contact birds. The MDV genome copy number in blood and feathers during the time course of infection indicated that rRB-1B EGFP22 reached its two major target cells, but had a growth defect in these two tissues. Therefore, the integrity of VP22 is critical for an efficient replication in vivo, for tumor formation and horizontal transmission. An examination of EGFP fluorescence in rRB-1B EGFP22-induced tumors showed that about 0.1% of the cells were in lytic phase. EGFP-positive tumor cells were selected by cytometry and analyzed for MDV morphogenesis by transmission electron microscopy. Only few particles were present per cell, and all types of virions (except mature enveloped virions) were detected unequivocally inside tumor lymphoid cells. These results indicate that MDV morphogenesis in tumor cells is more similar to the morphorgenesis in fibroblastic cells in culture, albeit poorly efficient, than in feather follicle epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOVA team, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haq K, Schat KA, Sharif S. Immunity to Marek's disease: where are we now? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:439-446. [PMID: 23588041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) in chickens was first described over a century ago and the causative agent of this disease, Marek's disease virus (MDV), was first identified in the 1960's. There has been extensive and intensive research over the last few decades to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between the virus and its host. We have also made considerable progress in terms of developing efficacious vaccines against MD. The advent of the chicken genetic map and genome sequence as well as development of approaches for chicken transcriptome and proteome analyses, have greatly facilitated the process of illuminating underlying genetic mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to disease. However, there are still major gaps in our understanding of MDV pathogenesis and mechanisms of host immunity to the virus and to the neoplastic events caused by this virus. Importantly, vaccines that can disrupt virus transmission in the field are lacking. The current review explores mechanisms of host immunity against Marek's disease and makes an attempt to identify the areas that are lacking in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of Marek's disease (MD) and the causative Marek's disease virus (MDV) biology, a number of major features of this complex viral disease remain unknown. Significant information on critical aspects of virus latency in lymphoid cells, and the virus-host interaction in MDV-induced lymphoma, remains to be identified. Moreover, the nature of the unique milieu of the feather follicle epithelial cell that allows cytolytic infection to continue, despite maintaining the latent infection in the lymphoid cells, is not fully understood. Although there has been significant progress in our understanding of the functions of a number of viral genes in the pathogenesis of the disease, the characteristics of the latent infection, how it differs from tumor phase, and whether latency is a prerequisite for the tumor phase are all important questions still to be answered. Reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed cell lines have been shown to support MDV latency in a manner almost identical to that seen in MDV-transformed cell lines. There are increasing data on the role of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, in maintaining viral latency. Onset of MD tumor is relatively rapid, and recent studies based on chromosomal integration and T-cell repertoire analysis demonstrated the clonal nature of MD lymphomas. Among the viral determinants of oncogenicity, the basic leucine zipper protein Meq is considered to be the most important and the most extensively studied. Deleting the Meq proteins or abolishing some of the important interactions does affect the oncogenicity of the virus. In addition, the noncoding sequences in the viral genome, such as the viral telomerase RNA and the virus-encoded microRNAs, also have significant influence on MDV-encoded oncogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Nair
- Avian Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jie H, Lian L, Qu LJ, Zheng JX, Hou ZC, Xu GY, Song JZ, Yang N. Differential expression of Toll-like receptor genes in lymphoid tissues between Marek's disease virus-infected and noninfected chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:645-54. [PMID: 23436515 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are trans-membrane sensors recognizing invading microbes. Toll-like receptors play a central role in initiating immune responses against several pathogens. In this study, we investigated the response of TLR and downstream genes to Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection. Forty 1-d-old chicks were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 20 chicks infected with MDV and 20 chicks mock-infected. Four chickens were euthanized respectively from infected and age-matched noninfected groups at 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d postinfection (dpi). Bursas, spleens, and thymuses were removed. The differential expression of TLR genes, including TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, and TLR21, and downstream genes of TLR7, including MyD88, TRAF3, TRAF6, IFNA, IFNB, and IL6, in lymphoid tissues of MDV-infected and noninfected chickens was determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that the change of TLR genes was different in 3 lymphoid tissues. Expression of TLR7 and MyD88 was upregulated at 14 dpi and downregulated at 28 dpi in MDV-infected compared with noninfected spleens. The TRAF6 and IFNB were upregulated, and TRAF3, IFNA, and IL6 genes showed increasing trends in MDV-infected compared with noninfected spleens at 14 dpi. The expression of TLR3 and TLR15 genes was downregulated in MDV-infected compared with noninfected spleens at 28 dpi. The results indicated that TLR7 and its downstream genes were a response to MDV infection at 14 dpi. However, the function of TLR was impaired when the infection entered the tumor transformation phase. In bursas, TLR3 and TLR15 genes were upregulated at 7 and 4 dpi, respectively. It indicated that TLR3 and TLR15 might be involved in response to MDV infection in bursa at early phases. However, no differential expression of TLR genes was observed between MDV-infected and noninfected thymuses, which indicated that the thymus had little response to MDV infection mediated by TLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jie
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Genome-wide copy number variant analysis in inbred chickens lines with different susceptibility to Marek's disease. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2013; 3:217-23. [PMID: 23390598 PMCID: PMC3564982 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breeding of genetically resistant chickens to Marek’s disease (MD) is a vital strategy to poultry health. To find the markers underlying the genetic resistance to MD, copy number variation (CNV) was examined in inbred MD-resistant and -susceptible chicken lines. A total of 45 CNVs were found in four lines of chickens, and 28 were potentially involved in immune response and cell proliferation, etc. Importantly, two CNVs related with MD resistance were transmitted to descendent recombinant congenic lines that differ in susceptibility to MD. Our findings may lead to better strategies for genetic improvement of disease resistance in poultry.
Collapse
|
49
|
Haq K, Fear T, Ibraheem A, Abdul-Careem MF, Sharif S. Influence of vaccination with CVI988/Rispens on load and replication of a very virulent Marek's disease virus strain in feathers of chickens. Avian Pathol 2012; 41:69-75. [PMID: 22845323 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.640304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several highly efficacious vaccines are currently available for control of Marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. However, these vaccines are unable to prevent infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV) in vaccinated birds. This leads to shedding of virulent MDV from feather follicle epithelium and skin epithelial cells of vaccinated and infected chickens. The objective of the present study was to study the interactions between a vaccine strain (CVI988/Rispens) and a very virulent strain of MDV (RB1B) in feathers. We examined genome load and replication of CVI988 and MDV-RB1B strains at various time points post infection. Moreover, we evaluated cytokine expression in feathers as indicators of immunity generated in response to vaccines against MDV. Analysis of feathers collected between 4 and 21 days post infection (d.p.i.) revealed a steady level of CVI988 genome load in the presence or absence of RB1B. Infection with MDV resulted in a significant increase in RB1B genome load peaking at 14 d.p.i. Importantly, vaccination with CVI988 resulted in a significant reduction in accumulation of MDV-RB1B in feathers. RB1B genome accumulation in feather tips was associated with increased expression of interferon-α at 14 d.p.i. and interferon-Sγ at earlier time points, 4 and 7 d.p.i. compared with 10 and 14 d.p.i. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 were up-regulated at 14 d.p.i. in the infected groups. This study expands our understanding of the dynamics of replication of vaccine and virulent MDV strains in the feathers and illuminates mechanisms associated with immunity to Marek's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
A systematic analysis of miRNA transcriptome in Marek's disease virus-induced lymphoma reveals novel and differentially expressed miRNAs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51003. [PMID: 23226446 PMCID: PMC3511444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease of the chicken, which poses a serious threat to poultry health. Marek's disease virus (MDV)-induced T-cell lymphoma is also an excellent biomedical model for neoplasia research. Recently, miRNAs have been demonstrated to play crucial roles in mediating neoplastic transformation. To investigate host miRNA expression profiles in the tumor transformation phase of MDV infection, we performed deep sequencing in two MDV-infected samples (tumorous spleen and MD lymphoma from liver), and two non-infected controls (non-infected spleen and lymphocytes). In total, 187 and 16 known miRNAs were identified in chicken and MDV, respectively, and 17 novel chicken miRNAs were further confirmed by qPCR. We identified 28 down-regulated miRNAs and 11 up-regulated miRNAs in MDV-infected samples by bioinformatic analysis. Of nine further tested by qPCR, seven were verified. The gga-miR-181a, gga-miR-26a, gga-miR-221, gga-miR-222, gga-miR-199*, and gga-miR-140* were down-regulated, and gga-miR-146c was up-regulated in MDV-infected tumorous spleens and MD lymphomas. In addition, 189 putative target genes for seven differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted. The luciferase reporter gene assay showed interactions of gga-miR-181a with MYBL1, gga-miR-181a with IGF2BP3, and gga-miR-26a with EIF3A. Differential expression of miRNAs and the predicted targets strongly suggest that they contribute to MDV-induced lymphomagenesis.
Collapse
|