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Xu X, Ma S, Liu Z, Yuan H, Wang Y, Chen M, Du M, Kan H, Wang Z, Chong X, Wen H. EV71 5'UTR interacts with 3D protein affecting replication through the AKT-mTOR pathway. Virol J 2024; 21:114. [PMID: 38778344 PMCID: PMC11110317 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EV71 is one of the important pathogens of Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), which causes serious neurological symptoms. Several studies have speculated that there will be interaction between 5'UTR and 3D protein. However, whether 5'UTR interacts with the 3D protein in regulating virus replication has not been clarified. METHODS Four 5'UTR mutation sites (nt88C/T, nt90-102-3C, nt157G/A and nt574T/A) and two 3D protein mutation sites (S37N and R142K) were mutated or co-mutated using virulent strains as templates. The replication of these mutant viruses and their effect on autophagy were determined. RESULTS 5'UTR single-point mutant strains, except for EGFP-EV71(nt90-102-3C), triggered replication attenuation. The replication ability of them was weaker than that of the parent strain the virulent strain SDLY107 which is the fatal strain that can cause severe neurological complications. While the replication level of the co-mutant strains showed different characteristics. 5 co-mutant strains with interaction were screened: EGFP-EV71(S37N-nt88C/T), EGFP-EV71(S37N-nt574T/A), EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt574T/A), EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt88C/T), and EGFP-EV71(R142K-nt157G/A). The results showed that the high replicative strains significantly promoted the accumulation of autophagosomes in host cells and hindered the degradation of autolysosomes. The low replicative strains had a low ability to regulate the autophagy of host cells. In addition, the high replicative strains also significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. CONCLUSIONS EV71 5'UTR interacted with the 3D protein during virus replication. The co-mutation of S37N and nt88C/T, S37N and nt574T/ A, R142K and nt574T/A induced incomplete autophagy of host cells and promoted virus replication by inhibiting the autophagy pathway AKT-mTOR. The co-mutation of R142K and nt88C/T, and R142K and nt157G/A significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of EV71 on the AKT-mTOR pathway and reduced the replication ability of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Shao Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, QiLu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Jinan Center For Disease Control And Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Haowen Yuan
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mengyu Du
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Haopeng Kan
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zequn Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaowen Chong
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hongling Wen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China.
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Wang S, Pang Z, Fan H, Tong Y. Advances in anti-EV-A71 drug development research. J Adv Res 2024; 56:137-156. [PMID: 37001813 PMCID: PMC10834817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is capable of causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which may lead to neurological sequelae and even death. As EV-A71 is resistant to environmental changes and mutates easily, there is still a lack of effective treatments or globally available vaccines. AIM OF REVIEW For more than 50 years since the HFMD epidemic, related drug research has been conducted. Progress in this area can promote the further application of existing potential drugs and develop more efficient and safe antiviral drugs, and provide useful reference for protecting the younger generation and maintaining public health security. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW At present, researchers have identified hundreds of EV-A71 inhibitors based on screening repurposed drugs, targeted structural design, and rational modification of previously effective drugs as the main development strategies. This review systematically introduces the current potential drugs to inhibit EV-A71 infection, including viral inhibitors targeting key sites such as the viral capsid, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), 2C protein, internal ribosome entry site (IRES), 3C proteinase (3Cpro), and 2A proteinase (2Apro), starting from each stage of the viral life cycle. Meanwhile, the progress of host-targeting antiviral drugs and their development are summarized in terms of regulating host immunity, inhibiting autophagy or apoptosis, and regulating the cellular redox environment. In addition, the current clinical methods for the prevention and treatment of HFMD are summarized and discussed with the aim of providing support and recommendations for the treatment of enterovirus infections including EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehan Pang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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Wei Y, Liu H, Hu D, He Q, Yao C, Li H, Hu K, Wang J. Recent Advances in Enterovirus A71 Infection and Antiviral Agents. J Transl Med 2024; 104:100298. [PMID: 38008182 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that majorly affects children. Most of the time, HFMD is a mild disease but can progress to severe complications, such as meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. HFMD caused by EV-A71 has emerged as an acutely infectious disease of highly pathogenic potential in the Asia-Pacific region. In this review, we introduced the properties and life cycle of EV-A71, and the pathogenesis and the pathophysiology of EV-A71 infection, including tissue tropism and host range of virus infection, the diseases caused by the virus, as well as the genes and host cell immune mechanisms of major diseases caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, such as encephalitis and neurologic pulmonary edema. At the same time, clinicopathologic characteristics of EV-A71 infection were introduced. There is currently no specific medication for EV-A71 infection, highlighting the urgency and significance of developing suitable anti-EV-A71 agents. This overview also summarizes the targets of existing anti-EV-A71 agents, including virus entry, translation, polyprotein processing, replication, assembly and release; interferons; interleukins; the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and protein kinase B signaling pathways; the oxidative stress pathway; the ubiquitin-proteasome system; and so on. Furthermore, it overviews the effects of natural products, monoclonal antibodies, and RNA interference against EV-A71. It also discusses issues limiting the research of antiviral drugs. This review is a systematic and comprehensive summary of the mechanism and pathological characteristics of EV-A71 infection, the latest progress of existing anti-EV-A71 agents. It would provide better understanding and guidance for the research and application of EV-A71 infection and antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wei
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Da Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qun He
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenguang Yao
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanluo Li
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kanghong Hu
- National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Wu J, Lu J, Mao L, Xu M, Dai L, Wang Y. Targeting HNRNPA2B1 inhibits enterovirus 71 replication in SK-N-SH cells. Virus Res 2023; 336:199224. [PMID: 37716669 PMCID: PMC10511483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1) on the replication of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in SK-N-SH cells. METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of HNRNPA2B1 in SK-N-SH cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB), respectively. WB was used to detect HNRNPA2B1 protein expression in the nucleus and cytosol. The localization of HNRNPA2B1 protein in the nucleus and cytosol was detected by immunofluorescence (IF). The expression of HNRNPA2B1 was inhibited by small interfering RNA (si-HNRNPA2B1). Viral RNA, viral structural protein VP1, and viral titer were detected by qRT-PCR, WB, and viral dilution counting, respectively. RESULTS EV-71 infection significantly upregulates the expression of HNRNPA2B1 in SK-N-SH cells. EV-71 infection promotes HNRNPA2B1 nucleus-cytoplasm redistribution. Down-regulation of HNRNPA2B1 expression significantly inhibited EV-71 replication. CONCLUSION HNRNPA2B1 protein redistributed from nucleus to cytoplasm and is highly expressed in the cytoplasm during EV-71 infection. Inhibition of HNRNPA2B1 levels effectively inhibits EV-71 replication in SK-N-SH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China.
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
| | - Lingxiang Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Meiqin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou Mental Health Center, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, China
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Song JM. Experimental animal models for development of human enterovirus vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2023; 12:291-297. [PMID: 38025911 PMCID: PMC10655152 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2023.12.4.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus infections induce infectious diseases in young children, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease which is characterized by highly contagious rashes or blisters around the hands, feet, buttocks, and mouth. This predominantly arises from enterovirus A71 or coxsackievirus A16 infections and in severe cases, they can lead to encephalitis, paralysis, pulmonary edema, or even fatality, representing a global health threat. Due to the absence of effective therapeutic strategies for these infections, various experimental animal models are being investigated for the development of vaccines. During the early stages of research on enterovirus infections, non-human primate infections exhibited symptoms like those in humans, leading to their utilization as model animals. However, due to economic and ethical considerations, their current usage is limited. While enterovirus infections do not readily occur in mice, an infection model with mouse-adapted strain in neonatal mice has been employed. Cellular receptors have been identified in human cells, and genetically modified mice expressing these receptors have been used. Most recently, the utilization of Mongolian gerbil model is actively being considered and should be pursued for further animal model development. So, herein, we provide a summarized overview of the current portfolio of available enterovirus infection models, emphasizing their respective advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
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Li H, Wang X, Wang Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Wong YT, He J, He ML. Secreted LRPAP1 binds and triggers IFNAR1 degradation to facilitate virus evasion from cellular innate immunity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:374. [PMID: 37743411 PMCID: PMC10518340 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of interferon (IFN) signaling is well known in the restriction or eradication of pathogen invasion. Viruses take a variety of ways to antagonize host defense through eliminating IFN-signaling intracellularly for decades. However, the way by viruses target IFN-signaling extracellularly has not been discovered. Infection by both coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and enterovirus 71 (EV71 or EV-A71) can cause severe diseases such as neurological disorders and even death in children.1-3 Here, we show evidence that the protease of SARS-CoV-2 (3CLpro) and EV71 (2Apro) upregulates the expression and secretion of LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 (LRPAP1). As a ligand, the N-terminus of secreted LRPAP1 binds with the extracellular domain of IFNAR1 that triggers the receptor ubiquitination and degradation and promotes virus infection both in vitro, ex vivo in the mouse brain, and in vivo in newborn mice. A small peptide from the N-terminus of LRPAP1 effectively binds and causes IFNAR1 degradation that enhances both DNA and RNA viral infections, including herpesvirus HSV-1, hepatitis B virus (HBV), EV71, and beta-coronavirus HCoV-OC43; whereas α2M, a LRPAP1 inhibitor, arrests virus infections by stabilizing IFNAR1. Our study demonstrates a new mechanism used by viruses for evading host cell immunity, supporting a strategy for developing pan-antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin-Ting Wong
- Department of Neurosciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Neurosciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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Antiviral Properties of Pennisetum purpureum Extract against Coronaviruses and Enteroviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111371. [PMID: 36422622 PMCID: PMC9696772 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many severe epidemics are caused by enteroviruses (EVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs), including feline coronavirus (FCoV) in cats, epidemic diarrhea disease virus (PEDV) in pigs, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens, and EV71 in human. Vaccines and antiviral drugs are used to prevent and treat the infection of EVs and CoVs, but the effectiveness is affected due to rapidly changing RNA viruses. Many plant extracts have been proven to have antiviral properties despite the continuous mutations of viruses. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) has high phenolic content and has been used as healthy food materials, livestock feed, biofuels, and more. This study tested the antiviral properties of P. purpureum extract against FCoV, PEDV, IBV, and EV71 by in vitro cytotoxicity assay, TCID50 virus infection assay, and chicken embryo infection assay. The findings showed that P. purpureum extract has the potential of being disinfectant to limit the spread of CoVs and EVs because the extract can inhibit the infection of EV71, FCoV, and PEDV in cells, and significantly reduce the severity of symptoms caused by IBV in chicken embryos.
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Xie Y, Hu Q, Jiang W, Ji W, Chen S, Jin Y, Duan G. Laboratory Indicators for Identifying Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1829. [PMID: 36366337 PMCID: PMC9694715 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to study laboratory indicators for the identification of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) severity. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science for literature that was published before May 2022. The main results are presented as forest plots. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias were also performed. RESULTS Our study indicated that white blood cells (WBC) (95%CI: 0.205-0.778), blood glucose (95%CI: 0.505-0.778), lymphocytes (95%CI: 0.072-0.239), creatinine (95%CI: 0.024-0.228), interleukin (IL)-2 (95%CI: 0.192-1.642), IL-6 (95%CI: 0.289-0.776), IL-8 (95%CI: 0.499-0.867), IL-10 (95%CI: 0.226-0.930), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (95%CI: 0.193-2.584), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (95%CI: 1.078-2.715), and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) (95%CI: 0.571-1.459) were associated with an increased risk of HFMD severity, and the results of the sensitivity analysis of these indicators were stable and free of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that various deleterious immune and metabolic changes can increase the risk of HFMD severity, which can provide a basis for predicting the prognosis and useful evidence for clinicians to manage patients efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Quanman Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Spatiotemporal cluster patterns of hand, foot, and mouth disease at the province level in mainland China, 2011–2018. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270061. [PMID: 35994464 PMCID: PMC9394824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although three monovalent EV-A71 vaccines have been launched in mainland China since 2016, hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) still causes a considerable disease burden in China. Vaccines’ use may change the epidemiological characters of HFMD. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan statistics analysis were used to explore the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of this disease at the provincial level in mainland China. The effects of meteorological factors, socio-economic factors, and health resources on HFMD incidence were analyzed using Geodetector. Interrupted time series (ITS) was used to analyze the impact of the EV-A71 vaccine on the incidence of HFMD. This study found that the median annual incidence of HFMD was 153.78 per 100,000 (ranging from 120.79 to 205.06) in mainland China from 2011 to 2018. Two peaks of infections were observed per year. Children 5 years and under were the main morbid population. The spatial distribution of HFMD was presented a significant clustering pattern in each year (P<0.001). The distribution of HFMD cases was clustered in time and space. The range of cluster time was between April and October. The most likely cluster appeared in the southern coastal provinces (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan) from 2011 to 2017 and in the eastern coastal provinces (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang) in 2018. The spatial heterogeneity of HFMD incidence could be attributed to meteorological factors, socioeconomic factors, and health resource. After introducing the EV-A71 vaccine, the instantaneous level of HFMD incidence decreased at the national level, and HFMD incidence trended downward in the southern coastal provinces and increased in the eastern coastal provinces. The prevention and control policies of HFMD should be adapted to local conditions in different provinces. It is necessary to advance the EV-A71 vaccination plan, expand the vaccine coverage and develop multivalent HFMD vaccines as soon as possible.
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Gou F, Yang X, Cheng Y, McClymont H, Li H, Liu X, Hu W. Prototypes virus of hand, foot and mouth disease infections and severe cases in Gansu, China: a spatial and temporal analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:408. [PMID: 35473588 PMCID: PMC9040212 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07393-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little research has been conducted on the spatio-temporal relationship between the severe cases and the enteroviruses infections of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). This study aimed to investigate epidemic features and spatial clusters of HFMD incidence rates and assess the relationship between Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) and severe cases of HMFD in Gansu province, China. Methods Weekly county-specific data on HFMD between 1st January and 31st December 2018 were collected from the China Infectious Disease Information System (CIDIS), including enterovirus type (EV71 and CoxA16), severe and non-severe cases in Gansu province, China. Temporal risk [frequency index (α), duration index (β) and intensity index (γ)] and spatial cluster analysis were used to assess epidemic features and identify high-risk areas for HFMD. Time-series cross-correlation function and regression model were used to explore the relationship between the ratios of two types of viruses (i.e. EV71/Cox16) (EC) and severe cases index (i.e. severe cases/non-severe cases) (SI) of HFMD. Results Some counties in Dingxi City, Gansu were identified as a hot spot for the temporal risk indices. Time-series cross-correlation analysis showed that SI was significantly associated with EC (r = 0.417, P < 0.05) over a 4-week time lag. The regression analysis showed that SI was positively associated with EC (β = 0.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.06). Conclusion The spatial patterns of HFMD incidence were associated with enteroviruses in Gansu. The research suggested that the EC could be considered a potential early warning sign for predicting severe cases of HFMD in Gansu province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuzhou Zhang
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Research, Baolue Technology (Zhejiang) Co., Ltd, Ningbo, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yunhe Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Faxiang Gou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hannah McClymont
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Guo X, Zeng S, Ji X, Meng X, Lei N, Yang H, Mu X. Type I Interferon-Induced TMEM106A Blocks Attachment of EV-A71 Virus by Interacting With the Membrane Protein SCARB2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817835. [PMID: 35359978 PMCID: PMC8963425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide. Studies showed that EV-A71 and CV-A16 antagonize the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway; however, how IFN controls this viral infection is largely unknown. Here, we identified an IFN-stimulated gene, Transmembrane Protein 106A (TMEM106A), encoding a protein that blocks EV-A71 and CV-A16 infection. Combined approaches measuring viral infection, gene expression, and protein interactions uncovered that TMEM106A is required for optimal IFN-mediated viral inhibition and interferes with EV-A71 binding to host cells on the receptor scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2). Our findings reveal a new mechanism contributing to the IFN-mediated defense against EV-A71 and CV-A16 infection and provide a potential strategy for HFMD treatment by using the antiviral role of TMEM106A against enterovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Guo
- Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Shinuan Zeng
- Department of Surgery, HKU-SZH & Faculty of Medicine,The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxin Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaobin Meng
- Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Nanfeng Lei
- Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Xin Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University and Health-Biotech United Group Joint Laboratory of Innovative Drug Development and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Li Z, Wu Y, Li H, Li W, Tan J, Qiao W. 3C protease of enterovirus 71 cleaves promyelocytic leukemia protein and impairs PML-NBs production. Virol J 2021; 18:255. [PMID: 34930370 PMCID: PMC8686290 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) usually infects infants causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD), even fatal neurological disease like aseptic meningitis. Effective drug for preventing and treating EV71 infection is unavailable currently. EV71 3C mediated the cleavage of many proteins and played an important role in viral inhibiting host innate immunity. Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein, the primary organizer of PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), can be induced by interferon and is involved in antiviral activity. PML inhibits EV71 replication, and EV71 infection reduces PML expression, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. METHODS The cleavage of PMLIII and IV was confirmed by co-transfection of EV71 3C protease and PML. The detailed cleavage sites were evaluated further by constructing the Q to A mutant of PML. PML knockout cells were infected with EV71 to identify the effect of cleavage on EV71 replication. Immunofluorescence analysis to examine the interference of EV71 3C on the formation of PML-NBs. RESULTS EV71 3C directly cleaved PMLIII and IV. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PMLIV at the sites of Q430-A431 and Q444-S445 through its protease activity. Overexpression of PMLIV Q430A/Q444A variant exhibited stronger antiviral potential than the wild type. PMLIV Q430A/Q444A formed normal nuclear bodies that were not affected by 3C, suggesting that 3C may impair PML-NBs production via PMLIV cleavage and counter its antiviral activities. PML, especially PMLIV, which sequesters viral proteins in PML-NBs and inhibits viral production, is a novel target of EV71 3C cleavage. CONCLUSIONS EV71 3C cleaves PMLIV at Q430-A431 and Q444-S445. Cleavage reduces the antiviral function of PML and decomposes the formation of PML-NBs, which is conducive to virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ya'ni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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13
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The changes in the epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease after the introduction of the EV-A71 vaccine. Vaccine 2021; 39:3319-3323. [PMID: 33994239 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Three inactive monovalent EV-A71 vaccines have been launched in China since 2016, which may change the HFMD pathogen spectrum and epidemiological trend. Using notifications from the national surveillance system, we analyzed the epidemiological character profiles and the possible pathogen replacement. The proportion of HFMD cases aged 0-12 months decreased from 23.0% to 15.3% between 2013-2015 and 2017-2019 (p < 0.01). EV-A71 among laboratory-confirmed severe cases in 2013-2015 (62.8%) transformed to other EVs (67.2%) in 2017-2019. The age distribution of EV-A71 infection shifted to the older. The cumulative coverage of the EV-A71 vaccine for children aged six months to five years in Guangxi has increased, while in severe cases, the positive rate declined. After gradually expanded vaccination, EV-A71 associated incidence rate, case-severity rate has decreased, and other serotypes are becoming dominant. Thus, bivalent even polyvalent vaccines are urgently needed to control HFMD.
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14
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Yi L, Zeng H, Zheng H, Peng J, Guo X, Liu L, Xiong Q, Sun L, Tan X, He J, Lu J, Li H. Molecular surveillance of coxsackievirus A16 in southern China, 2008-2019. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1653-1659. [PMID: 33796884 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A national surveillance system on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) was launched in 2008 in China. Since then, millions of HFMD cases have been reported each year, with enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), and coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) as the major causative pathogens. Long-term surveillance of viral infection rates and genetic changes is essential for understanding the disease epidemiology pattern. Here, we analyzed molecular surveillance data on CV-A16 covering a period of 12 years (2008-2019) in Guangdong, China, one of the regions reporting the largest number of HFMD cases. Full VP1 sequences of 456 strains were determined to examine the genetic diversity and changes in the distribution of CV-A16 variants. Our study revealed an irregular pattern of CV-A16 infections in Guangdong. Different from the cyclic epidemics observed in some Asia-Pacific regions, there was a continuously high CV-A16 infection rate from 2008 to 2014, and after a period of lower epidemic activity in 2015-2017, an upsurge of CV-A16 infection was observed in 2018-2019. Cocirculation of subgenotypes B1a and B1b was observed, but while subgenotype B1a was predominant from 2008 to 2012, it appears to have been replaced by B1b, which has circulated as the predominant subgenotype since 2013. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the circulating CV-A16 strains are endemic, with occasional transmission between neighboring regions. The re-emergence of B1a in 2016-2019 in Guangdong was likely the result of introduction(s) from Southeast Asia. These results highlight the importance of continuous molecular surveillance from different areas, which will improve our understanding of the origin of the epidemic and facilitate the development of strategies for HFMD disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanri Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinju Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianling Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Tee HK, Zainol MI, Sam IC, Chan YF. Recent advances in the understanding of enterovirus A71 infection: a focus on neuropathogenesis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:733-747. [PMID: 33183118 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1851194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is more frequently associated with neurological complications and deaths compared to other enteroviruses.Areas covered: The authors discuss current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 based on various clinical, human, and animal model studies. The authors discuss the important advancements in virus entry, virus dissemination, and neuroinvasion. The authors highlight the role of host immune system, host genetic factors, viral quasispecies, and heparan sulfate in EV-A71 neuropathogenesis.Expert opinion: Comparison of EV-A71 with EV-D68 and PV shows similarity in primary target sites and dissemination to the central nervous system. More research is needed to understand cellular tropisms, persistence of EV-A71, and other possible invasion routes. EV-A71 infection has varied clinical manifestations which may be attributed to multiple receptors usage. Future development of antivirals and vaccines should target neurotropic enteroviruses. Repurposing drug and immunomodulators used in combination could reduce the severity of EV-A71 infection. Only a few drugs have been tested in clinical trials, and in the absence of antiviral and vaccines (except China), active virus surveillance, good hand hygiene, and physical distancing should be advocated. A better understanding of EV-A71 neuropathogenesis is critical for antiviral and multivalent vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kang Tee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izwan Zainol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Yu J, Dai Y, Fu Y, Wang K, Yang Y, Li M, Xu W, Wei L. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides suppress EV71 infection via regulating antiviral response and inhibiting viral binding. Antiviral Res 2021; 187:105021. [PMID: 33508330 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides (human LL-37 and mouse CRAMP) are mainly virucidal to enveloped virus. However, the effects and relative mechanisms of LL-37 and CRAMP on non-enveloped virus are elusive. We herein found that CRAMP expression was significantly up-regulated post non-enveloped Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in different tissues of newborn ICR mice, while EV71 replication gradually declined post CRAMP up-regulation, indicating the antiviral potential of cathelicidin against EV71. In vitro antiviral assay showed that LL-37 and CRAMP markedly reduced cytopathic effects (CPE), intracellular viral RNA copy numbers, viral VP1 protein levels, and extracellular virons in U251 cells post EV71 infection, indicating that LL-37 and CRAMP significantly inhibited EV71 replication. Mechanism of action assay showed that LL-37 and CRAMP were not virucidal to EV71, but markedly regulated antiviral immune response in U251 cells. Co-incubation of LL-37 or CRAMP with U251 cells markedly increased the basal interferon-β (IFN-β) expression and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, modestly enhanced IFN-β production and IRF3 phosphorylation upon EV71 infection, and significantly reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation post EV71 infection. Additionally, LL-37 and CRAMP directly inhibited viral binding to U251 cells. Collectively, LL-37 and CRAMP markedly inhibited EV71 replication via regulating antiviral response and inhibiting viral binding, providing potent candidates for peptide drug development against EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Lei L, Li Q, Xu S, Tian M, Zheng X, Bi Y, Huang B. Transplantation of Enterovirus 71 Virion Protein Particle Vaccine Protects Against Enterovirus 71 Infection in a Neonatal Mouse Model. Ann Transplant 2021; 26:e924461. [PMID: 33397838 PMCID: PMC7796071 DOI: 10.12659/aot.924461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the pathogen most likely to cause HFMD in young children (1–5 years old). A small number of virion protein (VP) vaccine candidates are considered as the protective molecules in EV71 models. This study aimed to observe comprehensive immunogenicity for a promising EV71 vaccine depending on VP1 in neonatal mouse EV71 models. Material/Methods VP1 was isolated from patients and associated peptides were synthesized. EV71 particles were inactivated and mixed with Freund’s complete adjuvant to prepare peptide vaccines. An EV71 vaccine was administered to establish the mouse model and the mice were infected with EV71. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to examine inflammatory response in EV71-infected neonatal mice. A semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was performed to evaluate the levels of EV71 virus in skeletal muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues. Results Three peptides were selected from 20 VP1 peptides due to their exhibition of the highest immunogenicity. The peptide injection improved inflammation and decreased EV71 particle levels in muscle, small intestines, and brain tissues. The injection also decreased lesions in the small intestines of EV71-infected mice and protected brain tissues from the EV71 infection. Conclusions The present study confirmed the immuno-protective effects of VP1 vaccine transplantation in mice infected with EV71 virus. Our results provide valuable information that can be used in further studies investigating the specific mechanism of the anti-EV71 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland).,Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Shuhong Xu
- Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Mingyang Tian
- Graduate School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Xinghui Zheng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Yunxia Bi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University/The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, Guizhou, China (mainland)
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18
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Ji T, Guo Y, Lv L, Wang J, Shi Y, Yu Q, Zhang F, Tong W, Ma J, Zeng H, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Han T, Song Y, Yan D, Yang Q, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Xu W. Emerging recombination of the C2 sub-genotype of HFMD-associated CV-A4 is persistently and extensively circulating in China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13668. [PMID: 31541120 PMCID: PMC6754396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic outbreaks caused by coxsackievirus A4 (CV-A4) have been reported worldwide. To further elucidate the detailed genetic characteristics and evolutionary recombination events of CV-A4, virus samples from nationwide hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) surveillance, encompassing 27 out of the 31 provinces in China, were investigated. Comprehensive and systematic phylogenetic analyses were performed by using 29 complete genomes, 142 complete CV-A4 VP1 sequences. Four genotypes (A, B, C and D) and five sub-genotypes (C1-C5) were re-identified based on the complete VP1 sequences. C2 is the predominant sub-genotype of CV-A4 associated with HFMD and has evolved into 3 clusters. Cluster 1 is a major cluster that has been persistently and extensively circulating in China since 2006 and has been associated with all severe cases. All the sequences showed high homology with the CV-A4 prototype in the P1 region, while higher identities with CV-A5, CV-14 and CV-16 in the P2 and P3 regions. Recombination analysis revealed that C2 had two specific genetic recombination patterns with other EV-A prototypes in the 5'-UTR and 3D region compared with C5. These recombination patterns might be associated with the increased transmissibility of C2 viruses, which were obtained due to their persistent and extensive circulation in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Ji
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Likun Lv
- Tianjin Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin Municipal, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Shi
- Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuli Yu
- Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Hunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Tong
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Ma
- Ningxia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanri Zeng
- Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing Municipal, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Taoli Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases (National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Zhou F, Wan Q, Lu J, Chen Y, Lu G, He ML. Pim1 Impacts Enterovirus A71 Replication and Represents a Potential Target in Antiviral Therapy. iScience 2019; 19:715-727. [PMID: 31476618 PMCID: PMC6726883 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases, and there are no effective treatments. Host factors play key roles in establishing viral infection and determining the disease progression and outcome of antiviral therapies. In this study, we found that the expression of Pim1 was significantly upregulated in EV-A71 infection. Ectopic expression or silencing of Pim1 promoted or inhibited EV-A71 replication through two distinct mechanisms. Pim1 enhanced viral IRES activity by increasing viral 2A protease-mediated eIF4G cleavage and blocked AUF1, a suppressor of IRES, translocation from the nucleus to cytosol. More importantly, we discovered that Pim1 inhibitors (SGI-1776, AZD-1208, and CX-6258) reduced EV-A71 reproduction. Particularly, CX-6258 remarkably reduced EV-A71 reproduction more than 1,000 times, providing a potential therapeutic agent for EV-A71 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Gui Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China; CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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20
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Lin WY, Yu YJ, Jinn TR. Evaluation of the virucidal effects of rosmarinic acid against enterovirus 71 infection via in vitro and in vivo study. Virol J 2019; 16:94. [PMID: 31366366 PMCID: PMC6670152 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an important public health threat, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, there are still no effective drugs or vaccines to treat and prevent EV71 infection. Therefore, it is critical to develop prophylactic and therapeutic agents against EV71. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phytochemical, has been discovered to possess a broad spectrum of biological activities. METHODS The virucidal effects of RA on EV71 were determined by MTT, western blot, median cell culture infectious dose, apoptosis detection, plaque reduction, semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence detection, molecular docking analysis, and mouse protection assay. RESULTS RA showed a strong protective effect against EV71 infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells when the multiplicity of infection was 1, with a low IC50 value (4.33 ± 0.18 μM) and high therapeutic index (340). RA not only protected cells from EV71-induced cytopathic effects, but also from EV71-induced apoptosis. The results of time-of-addition analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of RA was highest at the early stage of viral infection. Consistent with this, the infectivity of EV71 in the early stage of viral infection also was observed to be limited in neonatal mice treated with RA. Further, molecular docking predicts that RA could replace the natural pocket factor within the VP1 capsid-binding hydrophobic pocket. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RA has the potential to be developed as an antiviral agent against initial EV71 infection to prevent or reduce EV71-induced pathogenesis and complications, since RA can effectively reduce EV71 infection in the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jen Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzyy-Rong Jinn
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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21
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He Y, Feng Z, Wang W, Chen Y, Cheng J, Meng J, Yang H, Wang Y, Yao X, Feng Q, Chen L, Zhang H, Wang MHT, Zee BCY, Wang X, He ML. Global cytokine/chemokine profile identifies potential progression prediction indicators in hand-foot-and-mouth disease patients with Enterovirus A71 infections. Cytokine 2019; 123:154765. [PMID: 31255913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE New clinical indicators are urgently needed for predicting the progression and complications of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by EV-A71 infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum specimens from 132 EV-A71 HFMD patients and 73 health children were collected during 2012-2014 in Shenzhen, China. The specific cytokines/chemokines were detected with a 274-human cytokine antibody array, followed by a 38-inflammation cytokine array, and further validated by ELISA. RESULTS Cytokines varied in different severity of EV-A71 HFMD patients. The ROC curve analysis revealed 5 serum cytokines with high sensitivity and specificity in predicting the disease progression. Eotaxin, IL-8 and IP-10 have showed high AUC values (0.90-0.95) for discrimination between the health controls and the patient group. The three cytokines showed high sensitivity (80-91%) and specificity (88-95%). MMP-8 had a high sensitivity and specificity to predict mild HFMD (100%, 100%). IL-1b and leptin discriminated the severe/critical group from the mild group (79% and 69% in sensitivity, 73% and 63% in specificity). CONCLUSIONS Eotaxin, IP-10 and IL-8 could be potential indicators for predicting HFMD progression with EV-A71 infection. MMP-8 is a specific indicator for mild infection, while IL-1b and leptin display potential for predicting the severity and criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing He
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuoying Feng
- Department of Biomedical Science, The City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Science, The City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, The City University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- The Zhenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiangjie Yao
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- The Cancer Institute, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory, The Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Maggie H T Wang
- The Cancer Institute, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China; Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benny C Y Zee
- The Cancer Institute, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China; Division of Biostatistics, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Science, The City University of Hong Kong, China; The CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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22
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Hsp27 Responds to and Facilitates Enterovirus A71 Replication by Enhancing Viral Internal Ribosome Entry Site-Mediated Translation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02322-18. [PMID: 30814282 PMCID: PMC6475798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02322-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of infections with EV-A71, which causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, severe neurological disorders, and even death, have been repeatedly reported worldwide in recent decades and are a great public health problem for which no approved treatments are available. We show that Hsp27, a heat shock protein, supports EV-A71 infection in two distinct ways to promote viral IRES-dependent translation. A small-molecule Hsp27 inhibitor isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb effectively reduces virus yields. Together, our findings demonstrate that Hsp27 plays an important role in EV-A71 infection and may serve as an antiviral target. Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a human pathogen that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases, and no effective treatment is available. Characterization of key host factors is important for understanding its pathogenesis and developing antiviral drugs. Here we report that Hsp27 is one of the most upregulated proteins in response to EV-A71 infection, as revealed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteomics studies. Depletion of Hsp27 by small interfering RNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout significantly inhibited viral replication, protein expression, and reproduction, while restoration of Hsp27 restored such virus activities. Furthermore, we show that Hsp27 plays a crucial role in regulating viral internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activities by two different mechanisms. Hsp27 markedly promoted 2Apro-mediated eukaryotic initiation factor 4G cleavage, an important process for selecting and initiating IRES-mediated translation. hnRNP A1 is a key IRES trans-acting factor (ITAF) for enhancing IRES-mediated translation. Surprisingly, knockout of Hsp27 differentially blocked hnRNP A1 but not FBP1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and therefore abolished the hnRNP A1 interaction with IRES. Most importantly, the Hsp27 inhibitor 1,3,5-trihydroxy-13,13-dimethyl-2H-pyran [7,6-b] xanthone (TDP), a compound isolated from a traditional Chinese herb, significantly protected against cytopathic effects and inhibited EV-A71 infection. Collectively, our results demonstrate new functions of Hsp27 in facilitating virus infection and provide novel options for combating EV-A71 infection by targeting Hsp27. IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of infections with EV-A71, which causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, severe neurological disorders, and even death, have been repeatedly reported worldwide in recent decades and are a great public health problem for which no approved treatments are available. We show that Hsp27, a heat shock protein, supports EV-A71 infection in two distinct ways to promote viral IRES-dependent translation. A small-molecule Hsp27 inhibitor isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb effectively reduces virus yields. Together, our findings demonstrate that Hsp27 plays an important role in EV-A71 infection and may serve as an antiviral target.
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Huang J, Liao Q, Ooi MH, Cowling BJ, Chang Z, Wu P, Liu F, Li Y, Luo L, Yu S, Yu H, Wei S. Epidemiology of Recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, China, 2008-2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24. [PMID: 29460747 PMCID: PMC5823341 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.171303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children who have received the enterovirus A71 vaccine are still at risk for disease with infections of enteroviruses of other serotypes. Using China’s national surveillance data on hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) for 2008–2015, we described the epidemiologic and virologic features of recurrent HFMD. A total of 398,010 patients had HFMD recurrence; 1,767 patients had 1,814 cases of recurrent laboratory-confirmed HFMD: 99 reinfections of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) with EV-A71, 45 of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) with CV-A16, 364 of other enteroviruses with other enteroviruses, 383 of EV-A71 with CV-A16 and CV-A16 with EV-A71, and 923 of EV-A71 or CV-A16 with other enteroviruses and other enteroviruses with EV-A71 or CV-A16. The probability of HFMD recurrence was 1.9% at 12 months, 3.3% at 24 months, 3.9% at 36 months, and 4.0% at 38.8 months after the primary episode. HFMD severity was not associated with recurrent episodes or time interval between episodes. Elucidation of the mechanism underlying HFMD recurrence with the same enterovirus serotype and confirmation that HFMD recurrence is not associated with disease severity is needed.
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24
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Liu J, Xiang X, Pu Z, Long Y, Xiao D, Zhang W, Li Q, Li X, Li S, Shao Z, Yang X, Xiong Y. Epidemic pattern of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Xi'an, China from 2008 through 2015. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:19. [PMID: 30616531 PMCID: PMC6322279 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enteroviruses that has a severely impair for those high incidence countries such as China.The current study aimed to investigate the epidemic pattern of HFMD by time and region in Northwestern China. Methods All reported HFMD cases from 2008 to 2015 were collected from local Disease Control and Prevention.The HFMD was diagnosed in accordance with the guidebook provided by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Results A total of 154,869 cases of probable HFMD were reported. The overall incidence of HFMD has been increased from 91.68 per 100/000 in 2008 to 335.64 per 100/000 in 2015.The case mortality is decreased from 0.014 per100/000 to 0.011 per 100/000 during the time period. Most HFMD (93.82%) occurred in children younger than 5 years. The seasonal peak of HFMD infections occurred in April–July and September–November and Central regions of Xi’an city were the major locations of the clusters (incidence rate 245.75/100,000; relative risk 1.19, P < 0.01). EVA71 was the predominant enterovirus serotype, accounting for 50.0% of all reported HFMD cases since 2011.The most susceptible group infected by HFMD was children younger than 5 years, especially boys. Conclusions Incidence of HFMD has been increasing in the past few years, however, the case fatality is decreasing. Season and region shall be considered as influence factors in the prevention of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiFeng Liu
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiaoMei Xiang
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZhongShu Pu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 17, Changle West RD, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Long
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - WeiLu Zhang
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiTong Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - SiYao Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China; No,599 Xiying Rd, Xi'an 710054, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - ZhongJun Shao
- Xi'an Center for Maternal and Child Care Service, Fourth Military Medical University, No.73, Xi'an West Street, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - XiaoLi Yang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - YongMin Xiong
- Institute of Endemic Diseases of School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, YanTa West RD, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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25
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Wang H, Li Y. Recent Progress on Functional Genomics Research of Enterovirus 71. Virol Sin 2018; 34:9-21. [PMID: 30552635 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main pathogens that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). HFMD caused by EV71 infection is mostly self-limited; however, some infections can cause severe neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, and even death. There are still no effective clinical drugs used for the prevention and treatment of HFMD. Studying EV71 protein function is essential for elucidating the EV71 replication process and developing anti-EV71 drugs and vaccines. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the studies of EV71 non-coding regions (5' UTR and 3' UTR) and all structural and nonstructural proteins, especially the key motifs involving in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. This review will promote our understanding of EV71 virus replication and pathogenesis, and will facilitate the development of novel drugs or vaccines to treat EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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26
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USP4 positively regulates RLR-induced NF-κB activation by targeting TRAF6 for K48-linked deubiquitination and inhibits enterovirus 71 replication. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13418. [PMID: 30194441 PMCID: PMC6128947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor (RLR) is one of the most important pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system that detects positive and/or negative stranded RNA viruses. Subsequently, it stimulates downstream transcription of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inducing the production of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. Tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key protein involved in the RLR-mediated antiviral signalling pathway, recruiting additional proteins to form a multiprotein complex capable of activating the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. Despite TRAF6 playing an important role in regulating host immunity and viral infection, the deubiquitination of TRAF6 induced by viral infection remains elusive. In this study, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection attenuated the expression of Ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) in vitro and in vivo, while overexpression of USP4 significantly suppressed EV71 replication. Furthermore, it was found that EV71 infection reduced the RLR signalling pathway and enhanced the degradation of TRAF6. USP4 was also found to interact with TRAF6 and positively regulate the RLR-induced NF-κB signalling pathway, inhibiting the replication of EV71. Therefore, as a novel positive regulator of TRAF6, USP4 plays an essential role in EV71 infection by deubiquitinating K48-linked ubiquitin chains.
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27
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Polymorphism of OAS2 rs739901 C/A Involves the Susceptibility to EV71 Infection in Chinese Children. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:640-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Tseligka ED, Sobo K, Stoppini L, Cagno V, Abdul F, Piuz I, Meylan P, Huang S, Constant S, Tapparel C. A VP1 mutation acquired during an enterovirus 71 disseminated infection confers heparan sulfate binding ability and modulates ex vivo tropism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007190. [PMID: 30075025 PMCID: PMC6093697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease, a mild and self-limited illness that is sometimes associated with severe neurological complications. EV71 neurotropic determinants remain ill-defined to date. We previously identified a mutation in the VP1 capsid protein (L97R) that was acquired over the course of a disseminated infection in an immunocompromised host. The mutation was absent in the respiratory tract but was present in the gut (as a mixed population) and in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (as a dominant species). In this study, we demonstrated that this mutation does not alter the dependence of EV71 on the human scavenger receptor class B2 (SCARB2), while it enables the virus to bind to the heparan sulfate (HS) attachment receptor and modifies viral tropism in cell lines and in respiratory, intestinal and neural tissues. Variants with VP197L or VP197R were able to replicate to high levels in intestinal and neural tissues and, to a lesser extent, in respiratory tissues, but their preferred entry site (from the luminal or basal tissue side) differed in respiratory and intestinal tissues and correlated with HS expression levels. These data account for the viral populations sequenced from the patient's respiratory and intestinal samples and suggest that improved dissemination, resulting from an acquired ability to bind HS, rather than specific neurotropism determinants, enabled the virus to reach and infect the central nervous system. Finally, we showed that iota-carrageenan, a highly sulfated polysaccharide, efficiently blocks the replication of HS-dependent variants in cells and 2D neural cultures. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance of HS binding in EV71 pathogenesis and open new avenues for the development of antiviral molecules that may prevent this virus's dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini D. Tseligka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Komla Sobo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luc Stoppini
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, HES-SO/University of Applied Sciences, Geneva, Western Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Abdul
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Piuz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Meylan
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Wang X, Dong K, Long M, Lin F, Gao Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Chen X, Dai Y, Wang H, Zhang H. Induction of a high-titered antibody response using HIV gag-EV71 VP1-based virus-like particles with the capacity to protect newborn mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1851-1861. [PMID: 29582164 PMCID: PMC5999152 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the most frequently detected causative agent in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and is a serious threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region. Many EV71 vaccines are under development worldwide, and although both inactivated virus vaccines and virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered to be effective, the main focus has been on inactivated EV71vaccines. There have been very few studies on EV71 VLPs. In this study, using a strategy based on HIV gag VLPs, we constructed a gag-VP1 fusion gene to generate a recombinant baculovirus expressing the EV71 structural protein VP1 together with gag, which was then used to infect TN5 cells to form VLPs. The VLPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, electrophoresis and staining with Coomassie blue, and Western blotting. Mice immunized with gag-VP1 VLPs showed strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Finally, immunization of female mice with gag-VP1 VLPs provided effective protection of their newborn offspring against challenge with a lethal dose EV71. These results demonstrate a successful approach for producing EV71 VP1 VLPs based on the ability of HIV gag to self-assemble, thus providing a good foundation for producing high-titered anti-EV71 antibody by immunization with VLP-based gag EV71 VP1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Min Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Profiling of novel microRNAs elicited by EV71 and CA16 infection in human bronchial epithelial cells using high-throughput sequencing. Virus Res 2018; 247:111-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of EV71 in hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guangxi, southern China, from 2010 to 2015. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188640. [PMID: 29216216 PMCID: PMC5720782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a significant public health challenge in China. Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is regarded as the predominant causative pathogen of HFMD. Since 2015, two inactivated EV71 vaccines have been approved in mainland China, and because their use could change the HFMD pathogen spectrum, this should now be monitored. However, the epidemiological and genetic trends of EV71 with respect to HFMD in Guangxi, southern China, are still not clear. In this study, we describe the epidemiological and genetic characterization of this virus in clinically-diagnosed HFMD reported from 2010 to 2015 in Guangxi. Data showed that a two-year epidemic cycle, with a predominance of EV71 infections, contributed to HFMD outbreaks in Guangxi. Furthermore, this virus is a major causative agent of severe and fatal HFMD. Interestingly, in Guangxi, EV71-positive rates tended to decrease over time. In particular, EV71-positive rates were found in Fangchenggang city, which reported very few severe and fatal cases over the six-year period. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene revealed that the major circulating strains belonged exclusively to genotype C, subtype 4a (C4a), and most clustered with strains circulating in southern China. The most interesting finding was that a strain isolated in 2012 clustered with Vietnamese strains isolated from 2011–2012. The data highlight the importance of pathogen surveillance for HFMD in China, especially Guangxi, which is located on the border of China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
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32
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Yue Y, Li Z, Li P, Song N, Li B, Lin W, Liu S. Antiviral activity of a polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica against enterovirus 71. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:256-262. [PMID: 28987950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study investigated the antiviral activity of an acidic polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica against enterovirus 71 (EV71) as well as its mechanism of action. The LJ04 polysaccharide was purified from Laminaria japonica by affinity chromatography. To investigate its antiviral activity, an MTT assay, q-PCR, immunofluorescent staining and western-blot analysis were performed. To define its mechanism of action, ELISA, q-PCR and flow cytometry were conducted. LJ04 had a low EC50, high CC50 and high SI. LJ04 inhibited not only JN200804, but also JN200803 in RD cells, and viral proliferation was strongly inhibited, whereas LJ04 suppressed viral-induced apoptosis as detected by flow cytometry. In conclusion, LJ04 was found to have robust antiviral activity by inhibiting apoptosis and inducing IFN-β expression. Our findings indicate that LJ04 is a good candidate for the treatment of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yue
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nannan Song
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare and Uncommon Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuntao Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China.
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33
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Dong Q, Men R, Dan X, Chen Y, Li H, Chen G, Zee B, Wang MHT, He ML. Hsc70 regulates the IRES activity and serves as an antiviral target of enterovirus A71 infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 150:39-46. [PMID: 29180285 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a small positive-stranded RNA virus that causes human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological disorders in some cases without effective treatment. Here we show that heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), a molecular chaperone, displays pivotal role in viral infections. Knockdown of Hsc70 significantly suppresses viral replication evidenced by reducing not only the level of both viral replication intermediates (negative stranded RNA) and viral genomic RNA (positive stranded RNA), but also the level of viral protein expression; whereas ectopic expression of Hsc70 markedly promotes viral replication. Interestingly, depletion of Hsc70 decreases the IRES activity of EV-A71, and the ectopic expression of Hsc70 enhances the IRES activity accordingly. Further study shows that Hsc70 binds viral genomic RNA but does not directly interact with IRES. Moreover, we reveal that Hsc70 interacts with 2A protease and promotes eIF4G cleavage. More importantly, Hsc70 inhibitor Ver-155008 significantly protects cytopathic effects from EV-A71 infection and inhibits both IRES activity and viral reproduction in a dose-dependent manner. The cell viability assay shows that the IC50 and CC50 are 2.01 μM and 47.67 μM, respectively. These results demonstrate not only an important mechanism of Hsc70 in facilitating EV-A71 replication, but also a target for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruoting Men
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Jockey Club of School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuelian Dan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Departments of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Benny Zee
- Jockey Club of School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maggie H T Wang
- Jockey Club of School of Public Health, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Biotechnology and Health Center, CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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Yu P, Bao L, Xu L, Li F, Lv Q, Deng W, Xu Y, Qin C. Neurotropism In Vitro and Mouse Models of Severe and Mild Infection with Clinical Strains of Enterovirus 71. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110351. [PMID: 29156632 PMCID: PMC5707558 DOI: 10.3390/v9110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a common etiological agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and fatal neurological diseases in children. The neuropathogenicity of severe EV71 infection has been documented, but studies comparing mouse models of severe and mild EV71 infection are lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate the neurovirulence of EV71 strains and the differences in serum cytokine and chemokine levels in mouse models of severe and mild EV71 infection. Nine EV71 isolates belonging to the C4 subgenogroup (proposed as genotype D) displayed infectivity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells; moreover, ultrastructural observation confirmed viral particle replication. The survival rate of the severe model was 71.43% (5/7), and 60% (3/5) of the surviving severe model mice displayed sequelae of paralysis, whereas the only symptom in mild model mice was ruffled fur. Dynamic detection of serum cytokine and chemokine levels demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also called Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted (CCL5/RANTES) were significantly up-regulated at the early period of infection, indicating that these factors might herald a severe outcome. Our findings suggest that elevated cytokines and chemokines may have potential value as prognostic markers in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Yu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Linlin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Fengdi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100021, China.
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35
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Zhao D, Sun B, Sun S, Fu B, Liu C, Liu D, Chu Y, Ma Y, Bai L, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Su W, Hou A, Cai L, Xu F, Kong W, Jiang C. Characterization of human enterovirus71 virus-like particles used for vaccine antigens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181182. [PMID: 28732070 PMCID: PMC5521781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and has caused outbreaks with significant mortality among young children in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. Towards developing a vaccine for this disease, we have expressed and purified EV71 virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble the authentic virus in appearance, capsid structure and protein sequence, from insect cells (Sf9) using a multistep chromatography process. We demonstrated intracellular localization of the VLPs in host cells by in situ immunogold detection, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Characteristics of these EV71 VLPs were studied using a variety of immunological and physicochemical techniques, which aimed to reveal that the purified EV71 VLPs have good morphology and structure consistent with natural EV71 empty capsids. Results of the amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the high purity of the EV71 VLPs. However the sedimentation coefficient of the VLPs showed that they were smaller than that of secreted EV71 VLPs purified by discontinuous cesium chloride density gradients, they were similar to the empty capsids of natural EV71 virions reported previously. Combined with the previous study that EV71 VLPs purified by a multistep chromatography process were able to elicit strong humoral immune responses in mice, our results further supported the conclusion that our EV71 VLPs had well-preserved molecular and structural characteristics. The EV71 VLPs produced from the baculovirus expression system and purified by a multistep chromatography process displayed key structural and immunological features, which would contribute to their efficacy as a HFMD vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Sf9 Cells
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/chemistry
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/ultrastructure
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chuntian Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Company, Changchun, China
| | - Yanfei Chu
- Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Company, Changchun, China
| | - Youlei Ma
- Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Company, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Company, Changchun, China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiheng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (WK); (CJ)
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (WK); (CJ)
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36
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Antiviral effects of Retro-2 cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:311-321. [PMID: 28688753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially the form associated with fatal neurological disorders. Sustained outbreaks of EV71 infections remain a serious health threat worldwide. However, no antiviral agent against EV71 for clinical therapy has been approved. Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 are inhibitors of several pathogens specifically targeting the intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the EV71 lifecycle processes including progeny virus release. Here, we reported that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1, respectively, could inhibit EV71 infection with 50% effective concentrations of 12.56 μM and 0.05 μM in a cytopathic effect inhibition assay and showed relatively low cytotoxicity with 50% cytotoxicity concentrations of more than 500 μM and 267.80 μM. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 did not inhibit EV71 protein synthesis or RNA replication but could block progeny EV71 release specifically. Furthermore, administration of Retro-2cycl at the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly protected 90% of newborn mice from lethal EV71 challenge. Consequently, our results for the first time identified Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 as effective inhibitors of EV71 as well as lead compounds, which would contribute to anti-EV71 drug development. We also identified progeny virus release and the intracellular vesicle transport as antiviral targets for EV71.
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Wang C, Sun M, Yuan X, Ji L, Jin Y, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Enterovirus 71 suppresses interferon responses by blocking Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling through inducing karyopherin-α1 degradation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10262-10274. [PMID: 28455446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as one of the most important enteroviruses since the eradication of poliovirus, and it causes severe neurological symptoms for which no effective antiviral drugs are available. Type I interferons (IFN) α/β have been used clinically as antiviral therapy as the first line of defense against virus infections successfully for decades. However, treatment with type I interferons has not been effective in patients with EV71 infection. In this study, we found that in cells pretreated with IFN-β, EV71 infection could still lead to a cytopathic effect, and the viral replication was not affected. The mechanism by which EV71 antagonizes interferon signaling, however, has been controversial. Our study indicated that EV71 infection did not inhibit phosphorylation of STAT1/2 induced by IFN-β stimulation, but p-STAT1/2 transport into the nucleus was significantly blocked. We showed that EV71 infection reduced the formation of STAT/karyopherin-α1 (KPNA1) complex upon interferon stimulation and that the virus down-regulated the expression of KPNA1, a nuclear localization signal receptor for p-STAT1. Using specific caspase inhibitors and siRNA for caspase-3, we demonstrated that EV71 infection induced degradation of cellular KPNA1 in a caspase-3-dependent manner, which led to decreased induction of interferon-inducible genes and IFN response. Viral 2A and 3C proteases did not degrade KPNA1, inhibit the activity of ISRE or suppress the transcription of interferon-inducible genes induced by IFN-β. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism by which antiviral signaling is suppressed through degradation of KPNA1 by activated caspase-3 induced in an enteroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,the Clinical Medical College, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.,the Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, and
| | - Menghuai Sun
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,the Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, and
| | - Xinhui Yuan
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,the Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, and
| | - Lianfu Ji
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.,the Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, and
| | - Yu Jin
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,the Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, and
| | - Carol J Cardona
- the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Zheng Xing
- From the Medical School and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,the Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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38
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Tan Y, Yang T, Liu P, Chen L, Tian Q, Guo Y, He H, Liu Y, Chen Z. Association of the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism with severity of enterovirus-71 infection in Chinese Han children. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2305-2313. [PMID: 28444539 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is an interferon (IFN)-induced protein that plays an important role in the antiviral action of IFN, with OAS3 being one of the four OAS classes (OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL). The effect of OAS on several infectious viral diseases has been reported; however, a study of the effect of OAS3 on enterovirus 71 (EV71) is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism with susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection. We investigated 370 Chinese Han children with hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) (214 of which were mild cases while 156 were severe). An improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique was carried out to examine the genotype. The AA genotype distribution (p = 0.002) and A allele frequency (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.32-2.52, p < 0.001) of OAS3 rs1859330 in severe cases were significantly higher than in mild cases. When comparing the different genotypes in EV71-infected patients, there were statistical differences in relation to rash (p = 0.03), oral ulcers (p = 0.005), pathologic reflex (p = 0.003), WBC counts (p = 0.032), CRP (p = 0.024), BG concentrations (p = 0.029), ALT (p = 0.02), and EEG (p = 0.019). However, there were no differences in relation to age, gender, AST, CK-MB, CT/ MRI, as well as some symptoms and signs (e.g. duration of fever (days), headache, convulsions, consciousness disturbance, paralysis, sign of meningeal irritation). In the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of severe cases, there were no differences in the levels of white cells, protein, glucose, chloride, lymphocytes and monocytes between the different genotypes. The plasma levels of IFN-γ in EV71-infected patients were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). IFN-γ concentrations in severe cases were lower in A allele carriers (AA+GA) (118.5 ± 12.6pg/mL) than in GG homozygotes (152.6 ± 56.3pg/mL p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the OAS3 rs1859330 G/A genetic polymorphism is associated with the severity of EV-71 infection, and that the A allele is a risk factor for the development of severe EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255029, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zibo City Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zibo, 255029, Shandong, China
| | - Qingwu Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hongfang He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 59, Haier Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Chiang YW, Yeh CF, Yen MH, Lu CY, Chiang LC, Shieh DE, Chang JS. Flos Farfarae Inhibits Enterovirus 71-Induced Cell Injury by Preventing Viral Replication and Structural Protein Expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:299-317. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause airway symptoms, brainstem encephalitis, neurogenic shock, and neurogenic pulmonary edema with high morbidity and mortality. There is no proven therapeutic modality. Flos Farfarae is the dried flower bud of Tussilago farfara L. that has been used to manage airway illnesses for thousands of years. It has neuro-protective activity and has been used to manage neuro-inflammatory diseases. However, it is unknown whether Flos Farfarae has activity against EV71-induced neuropathy. The current study used both human foreskin fibroblast (CCFS-1/KMC) and human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines to test the hypothesis that a hot water extract of Flos Farfarae could effectively inhibit EV71 infection. The authenticity of Flos Farfarae was confirmed by HPLC-UV fingerprint. Through plaque reduction assays and flow cytometry, Flos Farfarae was found to inhibit EV71 infection ([Formula: see text]). Inhibition of viral replication and protein expression were further confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and western blot, respectively. The estimated IC[Formula: see text]s were 106.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL in CCFS-1/KMC, and 15.0[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL in RD cells. Therefore, Flos Farfarae could be beneficial to inhibit EV71 infection by preventing viral replication and structural protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wen Chiang
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia Feng Yeh
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming Hong Yen
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chi Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Center of Excellence for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Lien Chai Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Den En Shieh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tajen University of Technology, Ping-Tung, Taiwan
| | - Jung San Chang
- Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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40
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Yi EJ, Shin YJ, Kim JH, Kim TG, Chang SY. Enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:4-14. [PMID: 28168168 PMCID: PMC5292356 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting young children during the spring to fall seasons. Recently, serious outbreaks of HFMD were reported frequently in the Asia-Pacific region, including China and Korea. The symptoms of HFMD are usually mild, comprising fever, loss of appetite, and a rash with blisters, which do not need specific treatment. However, there are uncommon neurological or cardiac complications such as meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis that can be fatal. HFMD is most commonly caused by infection with coxsackievirus A16, and secondly by enterovirus 71 (EV71). Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also cause HFMD. Importantly, HFMD caused by EV71 tends to be associated with fatal complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect against EV71 infection. Development of vaccines against EV71 would be the most effective approach to prevent EV71 outbreaks. Here, we summarize EV71 infection and development of vaccines, focusing on current scientific and clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Je Yi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yun-Ju Shin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Wang M, Dong Q, Wang H, He Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Wu R, Chen X, Zhou B, He J, Kung HF, Huang C, Wei Y, Huang JD, Xu H, He ML. Oblongifolin M, an active compound isolated from a Chinese medical herb Garcinia oblongifolia, potently inhibits enterovirus 71 reproduction through downregulation of ERp57. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8797-808. [PMID: 26848777 PMCID: PMC4891005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no effective drug to treat EV71 infection yet. Traditional Chinese herbs are great resources for novel antiviral compounds. Here we showed that Oblongifolin M (OM), an active compound isolated from Garcinia oblongifolia, potently inhibited EV71 infection in a dose dependent manner. To identify its potential effectors in the host cells, we successfully identified 18 proteins from 52 differentially expressed spots by comparative proteomics studies. Further studies showed that knockdown of ERp57 inhibited viral replication through downregulating viral IRES (internal ribosome entry site) activities, whereas ectopic expression of ERp57 increased IRES activity and partly rescued the inhibitory effects of OM on viral replication. We demonstrated that OM is an effective antiviral agent; and that ERp57 is one of its cellular effectors against EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaqing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shenzhen CDC), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The 3rd Peoples' Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The 3rd Peoples' Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason He
- College of Letter and Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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42
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Zou L, Yi L, Song Y, Zhang X, Liang L, Ni H, Ke C, Wu J, Lu J. A cluster of coxsackievirus A21 associated acute respiratory illness: the evidence of efficient transmission of CVA21. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1057-1059. [PMID: 28025712 PMCID: PMC7087265 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In March 2016, a cluster of unexplained respiratory illnesses was reported by the acute respiratory infections (ARI) surveillance system of Guangdong Province, China. Twenty-three high school students and one teacher from the four neighboring classes were admitted to a hospital. CVA21 was found in eight of fourteen patients. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the CVA21 outbreak was most likely caused by transmission of the virus from person to person. This is the first report of an ARI outbreak caused by CVA21, which suggests that CVA21 has the potential to be transmitted efficiently from person to person and should be closely monitored by clinicians and public health agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Lina Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China.,Guangdong Provincial Institutes of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Yingchao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Hanzhong Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Institutes of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong, 514300, China.
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43
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Zhao G, Zhang X, Wang C, Wang G, Li F. Characterization of VP1 sequence of Coxsackievirus A16 isolates by Bayesian evolutionary method. Virol J 2016; 13:130. [PMID: 27464503 PMCID: PMC4963925 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), a major etiopathologic cause of pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) worldwide, has been reported to have caused several fatalities. Revealing the evolutionary and epidemiologic dynamics of CV-A16 across time and space is central to understanding its outbreak potential. METHODS In this study, we isolated six CV-A16 strains in China's Jilin province and construct a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree for CV-A16 VP1 gene by the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method using 708 strains from GenBank with epidemiological information. The evolution characteristics of CV-A16 VP1 gene was also analysed dynamicly through Bayesian skyline plot. RESULTS All CV-A16 strains identified could be classified into five major genogroups, denoted by GI-GV. GIV and GV have co-circulated in China since 2007, and the CV-A16 epidemic strain isolated in the Jilin province, China, can be classified as GIV-3. The CV-A16 genogroups circulating recently in China have the same ancestor since 2007. The genetic diversity of the CV-A16 VP1 gene shows a continuous increase since the mid-1990s, with sharp increases in genetic diversity in 1997 and 2007 and reached peak in 2007. Very low genetic diversity existed after 2010. The CV-A16 VP1 gene evolutionary rate was 6.656E-3 substitutions per site per year. CONCLUSIONS We predicted the dynamic phylogenetic trends, which indicate outbreak trends of CV-A16, and provide theoretical foundations for clinical prevention and treatment of HFMD which caused by a CV-A16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolian Zhao
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Changmin Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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44
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Sun S, Gao F, Mao Q, Shao J, Jiang L, Liu D, Wang Y, Yao X, Wu X, Sun B, Zhao D, Ma Y, Lu J, Kong W, Jiang C, Liang Z. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an EV71 virus-like particle vaccine against lethal challenge in newborn mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:2406-13. [PMID: 26036916 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1053675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71(EV71) has caused severe epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in the Asia Pacific in recent years, particularly in infants and pre-school children. It has become a serious public health threat, as currently there are no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs for EV71 infection. Many EV71 vaccines have been under development worldwide, however the main focus is inactivated EV71 vaccines. For example, the inactivated EV71 vaccine has recently finished phase III clinical trial in Mainland China. There have been very few studies on EV71 virus like particles (VLPs). In this study, the immunogenicity and protective potency of the EV71 VLPs produced in insect cells were evaluated in mice with different dosages. Our results showed that EV71 VLPs could elicit high titers of neutralizing antibodies (NTAbs) in a dose-dependent manner and NTAbs were sustained after the second injection with an average GMT (geometric mean titer) level from 19 to 2960 in immunized mice. Survival rates were 100%, 100%, 85%, and 40% after challenge with 15 LD50 (median lethal dose) of EV71 in these newborn mice, respectively. ED50 (50% effective dose) of VLPs was 0.20 μg/dose in newborn mice, while NTAb titer under this dosage was about 50. Passive protection was determined with 2 methods and demonstrated that the survival rates were positively correlated with NTAb titers, which at 24 and 54 induced 50% survival rates in experimental animals. The ED50 of VLP vaccines and the passive NTAb titers were also analyzed. The maternal NTAb titer was similar as the passive NTAb titer in the mouse model challenged with our lethal mouse EV71 strain. Hence, our work has provided preliminary data on the protection potency of VLPs as a vaccine candidate and would facilitate future VLP vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Sun
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Fan Gao
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
| | - Qunying Mao
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
| | - Jie Shao
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Liping Jiang
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Dawei Liu
- d Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co. ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Yiping Wang
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
| | - Xin Yao
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
| | - Xing Wu
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
| | - Bo Sun
- d Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co. ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Youlei Ma
- d Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Co. ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Jingcai Lu
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,e Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering; The Ministry of Education; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- a School of Life Sciences; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,b National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China.,e Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering; The Ministry of Education; Jilin University ; Changchun , PR China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- c National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ; Beijing , PR China
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45
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Long L, Gao LD, Hu SX, Luo KW, Chen ZH, Ronsmans C, Zhou DL, Lan YJ. Risk factors for death in children with severe hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hunan, China. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:744-8. [PMID: 27195893 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1185801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) have increased throughout East and Southeast Asia, especially in mainland China. The disease now presents as an increasingly serious public health threat in China. METHODS A case-control study was designed to examine risk factors associated with death from severe HFMD. A total of 553 severe HFMD cases were collected from the National Surveillance System. RESULTS Multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyse independent associations between potential influence factors and death from severe HFMD. We found that the migrants were more likely to die from severe HFMD than the resident population (OR = 3.07, 95%CI: 1.39-8.32). Additionally, the children whose first visit was to a village-level clinic had a high risk of death from severe HFMD. Patients with EV71 infection or symptoms of convulsion, dyspnoea, cyanosis, coolness of extremities, and vomiting had an increased risk of death from severe HFMD. While breastfeeding children, having a confirmed diagnosis at the first visit to the hospital and with symptom of hyperarousal were identified as protective factors for death from severe HFMD. CONCLUSIONS To reduce the mortality from severe HFMD, doctors and health care providers need to pay attention to the patients with EV71 infection or with symptoms of convulsion, dyspnoea, cyanosis, coolness of extremities, and vomiting. Health administration departments should pay more attention to the rational allocation of health resources. Furthermore, they should increase financial support and manpower in village-level health institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Long
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Sichuan , China
| | - Li-Dong Gao
- b Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hunan , China
| | - Shi-Xiong Hu
- b Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hunan , China
| | - Kai-Wei Luo
- b Department of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control , Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Hunan , China
| | - Zhen-Hua Chen
- c Department of Microbiology Laboratory , Chengdu Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Sichuan , China
| | - Carine Ronsmans
- d Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , United Kingdom ;,e Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health , Sichuan University , Sichuan , China
| | - Ding-Lun Zhou
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Sichuan , China
| | - Ya-Jia Lan
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University , Sichuan , China
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46
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Differential Regulation of TLR Signaling on the Induction of Antiviral Interferons in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Infected with Enterovirus 71. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152177. [PMID: 27007979 PMCID: PMC4805281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease, which can lead to fatal neurological complications in young children and infants. Few gastrointestinal symptoms are observed clinically, suggesting the presence of a unique immunity to EV71 in the gut. We reported a robust induction of interferons (IFNs) in human intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29), which was suppressed in other types such as RD and HeLa cells. The underlying mechanism for the apparent difference remains obscure. In this study we report that in EV71-infected HT-29 cells, TLR/TRIF signaling was essential to IFN induction; viral replication increased and the induction of IFN-α, -β, -ω, -κ, and -ε decreased markedly in TRIF-silenced HT-29 cells. Importantly, TRIF was degraded by viral 3Cpro in RD cells, but resisted cleavage, and IRF3 was activated and translocated into the nucleus in HT-29 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that IFNs were induced differentially in human HT-29 cells through an intact TLR/TRIF signaling, which differs from other cell types and may be implicated in viral pathogenesis in EV71 infection.
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47
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Zhang W, Kong Y, Jiang Z, Li C, Wang L, Xia J. Comprehensive safety assessment of a human inactivated diploid enterovirus 71 vaccine based on a phase III clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:922-30. [PMID: 26837471 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1115934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). In a previous phase III trial in children, a human diploid cell-based inactivated EV71 vaccine elicited EV71 specific immune responses and protection against EV71 associated HFMD. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the severity of adverse events observed in this previous trial. This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase III clinical trial of a human diploid vaccine carried out in 12,000 children in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01569581). Solicited events were recorded for 7 days and unsolicited events were reported for 28 days after each injection. Age trend analysis of adverse reaction was conducted in each treatment group. Multiple logistic regression models were built to identify factors influencing the severity of adverse reactions. Fewer solicited adverse reactions were observed in older participants within the first 7 days after vaccination (P < 0.0001), except local pain and pruritus. More severe adverse reactions were observed after the initial injection than after the booster injection. Serious cold or respiratory tract infections (RTI) were observed more often in children aged 6-36 months than in older children. Only the severity of local swelling was associated with body mass index. Children with throat discomfort before injection had a higher risk of serious cold or RTI. These results indicated that the human diploid cell-based vaccine achieved a satisfactory safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Yujia Kong
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,b Department of Public Health , Weifang Medical College , Weifang , Shandong , China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Ling Wang
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| | - Jielai Xia
- a Department of Health Statistics , Faculty of Preventative Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
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48
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Lai FF, Yan Q, Ge SX, Tang X, Chen RJ, Xu HM. Epidemiologic and etiologic characteristics of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Chongqing, China between 2010 and 2013. J Med Virol 2015; 88:408-16. [PMID: 26255857 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) has become very common in children, with widespread occurrence across China. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic and etiologic characteristics of HFMD, including etiologic variations in Chongqing, China. An epidemiologic investigation was based on 3,472 patients who presented with HFMD manifestations and were admitted at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between 2010 and 2013. Fecal specimens from 830 patients were analyzed by nested RT-PCR to identify the enterovirus pathogens, and the molecular characterization of HFMD was illustrated by phylogenetic tree analysis. The results of this study indicate that the peak of the HFMD epidemic in Chongqing between 2010 and 2013 occurred between April and July each year. The median age of onset was 2.24 years old, and children under the age of five accounted for 96.4% of all the HFMD cases; the male-to-female ratio was 1.89:1. Enterovirus 71 accounted for a major proportion of the isolated strains every year, including the majority (74%) of severe cases. However, the proportion of Coxsackie A (CV-A) 6 infections increased from 2.11% in 2010 to 16.36% in 2013, while the proportion of CV-A16 infections decreased from 31.23% in 2010 to 4.67% in 2013. Molecular epidemiologic study showed that all enterovirus 71 strains belonged to subgenotype C4a, whereas all CV-A16 strains belonged to genotype B1, including subgenotype B1a and subgenotype B1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Lai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Ge
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ru-Juan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hosptital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Developmental Diseases in Childhood, Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Committee of Science and Technology in Chongqing, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
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Yan W, Qing J, Mei H, Nong J, Huang J, Zhu J, Jiang H, Liu L, Zhang L, Li J. Identification, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel anti-EV71 agents via cyclophilin A inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5682-6. [PMID: 26564266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and EV71 prompted us to screen a series of small molecular CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were discovered as non-immunosuppressive anti-EV71 agents with an EC50 values of 1.07±0.17μM and 3.36±0.45μM in virus assay, respectively, which were desirably for the further study. The subsequent chemical modifications derived a novel class of molecules, among which compound 11 demonstrated the most potent anti-EV71 activity in virus assay (EC50=0.37±0.17μM), and low cytotoxicity (CC50>25μM). The following CypA enzyme inhibition studies indicated that there was not only the enzyme inhibition activity, undoubtedly important, functioning in the antiviral process, but also some unknown mechanisms worked in combination, and the further study is underway in our laboratory. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, compound 11 was probably the most potent small molecular anti-EV71 agent via CypA inhibitory mechanism to date. Consequently, our study provided a new potential small molecule for curing EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Qing
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanbing Mei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junxiu Nong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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50
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Ma LL, Ge M, Wang HQ, Yin JQ, Jiang JD, Li YH. Antiviral Activities of Several Oral Traditional Chinese Medicines against Influenza Viruses. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:367250. [PMID: 26557857 PMCID: PMC4618326 DOI: 10.1155/2015/367250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is still a serious threat to human health with significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses poses a great challenge to existing antiviral drugs. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) may be an alternative to overcome the challenge. Here, 10 oral proprietary Chinese medicines were selected to evaluate their anti-influenza activities. These drugs exhibit potent inhibitory effects against influenza A H1N1, influenza A H3N2, and influenza B virus. Importantly, they demonstrate potent antiviral activities against drug-resistant strains. In the study of mechanisms, we found that Xiaoqinglong mixture could increase antiviral interferon production by activating p38 MAPK, JNK/SAPK pathway, and relative nuclear transcription factors. Lastly, our studies also indicate that some of these medicines show inhibitory activities against EV71 and CVB strains. In conclusion, the 10 traditional Chinese medicines, as kind of compound combination medicines, show broad-spectrum antiviral activities, possibly also including inhibitory activities against strains resistant to available antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Miao Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Yin
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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