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Cronin MTD, Ball N, Beken S, Bender H, Bercaru O, Caneva L, Corvaro M, Currie RA, Dawson JL, Desert P, Escher SE, Franco A, Irizar A, Mehta JM, Rogiers V, Tremblay RT, Westmoreland C, Maxwell G. Exposure considerations in human safety assessment: Report from an EPAA Partners' Forum. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 144:105483. [PMID: 37640101 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and estimating the exposure to a substance is one of the fundamental requirements for safe manufacture and use. Many approaches are taken to determine exposure to substances, mainly driven by potential use and regulatory need. There are many opportunities to improve and optimise the use of exposure information for chemical safety. The European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) therefore convened a Partners' Forum (PF) to explore exposure considerations in human safety assessment of industrial products to agree key conclusions for the regulatory acceptance of exposure assessment approaches and priority areas for further research investment. The PF recognised the widescale use of exposure information across industrial sectors with the possibilities of creating synergies between different sectors. Further, the PF acknowledged that the EPAA could make a significant contribution to promote the use of exposure data in human safety assessment, with an aim to address specific regulatory needs. To achieve this, research needs, as well as synergies and areas for potential collaboration across sectors, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicholas Ball
- Dow Europe GmbH, Bachtobelstrasse, 8810, Horgen, Switzerland.
| | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products (FAMHP), Avenue Galilée 5/03, 1210, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Ofelia Bercaru
- European Chemicals Agency, Telakkakatu 6, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Laura Caneva
- Zoetis Belgium, Veterinary Medicine Research & Development, Mercuriusstraat 20, B-1930, Zaventem, Belgium.
| | | | - Richard A Currie
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK.
| | - Jeffrey L Dawson
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Washington DC, 20004, USA.
| | - Paul Desert
- Sanofi, 1541 avenue Marcel Mérieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Antonio Franco
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - Amaia Irizar
- The International Fragrance Association (IFRA), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Vera Rogiers
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Raphaël T Tremblay
- Procter & Gamble Services Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek-Bever, Belgium.
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Gavin Maxwell
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom.
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2
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Luijten M, Sprong RC, Rorije E, van der Ven LTM. Prioritization of chemicals in food for risk assessment by integrating exposure estimates and new approach methodologies: A next generation risk assessment case study. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:933197. [PMID: 36199824 PMCID: PMC9527283 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.933197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation risk assessment is defined as a knowledge-driven system that allows for cost-efficient assessment of human health risk related to chemical exposure, without animal experimentation. One of the key features of next generation risk assessment is to facilitate prioritization of chemical substances that need a more extensive toxicological evaluation, in order to address the need to assess an increasing number of substances. In this case study focusing on chemicals in food, we explored how exposure data combined with the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) concept could be used to prioritize chemicals, both for existing substances and new substances entering the market. Using a database of existing chemicals relevant for dietary exposure we calculated exposure estimates, followed by application of the TTC concept to identify substances of higher concern. Subsequently, a selected set of these priority substances was screened for toxicological potential using high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches. Remarkably, this approach resulted in alerts for a selection of substances that are already on the market and represent relevant exposure in consumers. Taken together, the case study provides proof-of-principle for the approach taken to identify substances of concern, and this approach can therefore be considered a supportive element to a next generation risk assessment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Mirjam Luijten,
| | - R. Corinne Sprong
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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3
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Krewski D, Andersen ME, Tyshenko MG, Krishnan K, Hartung T, Boekelheide K, Wambaugh JF, Jones D, Whelan M, Thomas R, Yauk C, Barton-Maclaren T, Cote I. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: progress in the past decade and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:1-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Kosnik MB, Reif DM. Determination of chemical-disease risk values to prioritize connections between environmental factors, genetic variants, and human diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 379:114674. [PMID: 31323264 PMCID: PMC6708494 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional methods for chemical risk assessment are too time-consuming and resource-intensive to characterize either the diversity of chemicals to which humans are exposed or how that diversity may manifest in population susceptibility differences. The advent of novel toxicological data sources and their integration with bioinformatic databases affords opportunities for modern approaches that consider gene-environment (GxE) interactions in population risk assessment. Here, we present an approach that systematically links multiple data sources to relate chemical risk values to diseases and gene-disease variants. These data sources include high-throughput screening (HTS) results from Tox21/ToxCast, chemical-disease relationships from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), hazard data from resources like the Integrated Risk Information System, exposure data from the ExpoCast initiative, and gene-variant-disease information from the DisGeNET database. We use these integrated data to identify variants implicated in chemical-disease enrichments and develop a new value that estimates the risk of these associations toward differential population responses. Finally, we use this value to prioritize chemical-disease associations by exploring the genomic distribution of variants implicated in high-risk diseases. We offer this modular approach, termed DisQGOS (Disease Quotient Genetic Overview Score), for relating overall chemical-disease risk to potential for population variable responses, as a complement to methods aiming to modernize aspects of risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa B Kosnik
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America.
| | - David M Reif
- Toxicology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, United States of America.
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5
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Kurek M, Barchańska H, Turek M. Degradation Processes of Pesticides Used in Potato Cultivations. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 242:105-151. [PMID: 27718007 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Potato is one of the most important crops, after maize, rice and wheat. Its global production is about 300 million tons per year and is constantly increasing. It grows in temperate climate and is used as a source of starch, food, and in breeding industry.Potato cultivation requires application of numerous agro-technical products, including pesticides, since it can be affected by insects, weeds, fungi, and viruses. In the European Union the most frequently used pesticides in potato cultivations check are: thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin (insecticides), rimsulfuron (herbicide) and metalaxyl (fungicide).Application of pesticides improves crop efficiency, however, as pesticides are not totally selective, it affects also non-target organisms. Moreover, the agrochemicals may accumulate in crops and, as a consequence, negatively influence the quality of food products and consumer health. Additional risks of plant protection products are related to their derivatives, that are created both in the environment (soil, water) and in plant organisms, since many of these compounds may exhibit toxic effects.This article is devoted to the degradation processes of pesticides used in potato crop protection. Attention is also paid to the toxicity of both parent compounds and their degradation products for living organisms, including humans. Information about the level of pesticide contamination in the environment (water, soil) and accumulation level in edible plants complement the current knowledge about the risks associated with widespread use of thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, rimsulfuron and metalaxyl in potato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurek
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - H Barchańska
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - M Turek
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 6, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Dellarco M, Zaleski R, Gaborek BJ, Qian H, Bellin CA, Egeghy P, Heard N, Jolliet O, Lander DR, Sunger N, Stylianou KS, Tanir JY. Using exposure bands for rapid decision making in the RISK21 tiered exposure assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:317-341. [PMID: 28266262 PMCID: PMC6091571 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1270255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Risk Assessment in the Twenty-first Century (RISK21) project was initiated to address and catalyze improvements in human health risk assessment. RISK21 is a problem formulation-based conceptual roadmap and risk matrix visualization tool, facilitating transparent evaluation of both hazard and exposure components. The RISK21 roadmap is exposure-driven, that is, exposure is used as the second step (after problem formulation) to define and focus the assessment. This paper describes the exposure tiers of the RISK21 matrix and the approaches to adapt readily available information to more quickly inform exposure at a screening level. In particular, exposure look-up tables were developed from available exposure tools (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA) for worker exposure, ECETOC TRA, European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG) Generic Exposure Scenario (GES) Risk and Exposure Tool (EGRET) for consumer exposure, and USEtox® for indirect exposure to humans via the environment) and were tested in a hypothetical mosquito bed netting case study. A detailed WHO risk assessment for a similar mosquito net use served as a benchmark for the performance of the RISK21 approach. The case study demonstrated that the screening methodologies provided suitable conservative exposure estimates for risk assessment. The results of this effort showed that the RISK21 approach is useful for defining future assessment efforts, focusing assessment activities and visualizing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dellarco
- a National Children?s Study, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - R Zaleski
- b Occupational and Public Health Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale , NJ , USA
| | - B J Gaborek
- c DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, DuPont , Newark , DE , USA
| | - H Qian
- b Occupational and Public Health Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale , NJ , USA
| | - C A Bellin
- c DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, DuPont , Newark , DE , USA
| | - P Egeghy
- d National Exposure Research Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - N Heard
- e Product Safety, Operator and Consumer Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - O Jolliet
- f Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - D R Lander
- c DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, DuPont , Newark , DE , USA
| | - N Sunger
- g Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - K S Stylianou
- f Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - J Y Tanir
- h ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute , Washington , DC , USA
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7
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Boué S, Exner T, Ghosh S, Belcastro V, Dokler J, Page D, Boda A, Bonjour F, Hardy B, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M. Supporting evidence-based analysis for modified risk tobacco products through a toxicology data-sharing infrastructure. F1000Res 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 29123642 PMCID: PMC5657032 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10493.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The US FDA defines modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) as products that aim to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products. Establishing a product’s potential as an MRTP requires scientific substantiation including toxicity studies and measures of disease risk relative to those of cigarette smoking. Best practices encourage verification of the data from such studies through sharing and open standards. Building on the experience gained from the OpenTox project, a proof-of-concept database and website (
INTERVALS) has been developed to share results from both
in vivo inhalation studies and
in vitro studies conducted by Philip Morris International R&D to assess candidate MRTPs. As datasets are often generated by diverse methods and standards, they need to be traceable, curated, and the methods used well described so that knowledge can be gained using data science principles and tools. The data-management framework described here accounts for the latest standards of data sharing and research reproducibility. Curated data and methods descriptions have been prepared in ISA-Tab format and stored in a database accessible via a search portal on the INTERVALS website. The portal allows users to browse the data by study or mechanism (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress) and obtain information relevant to study design, methods, and the most important results. Given the successful development of the initial infrastructure, the goal is to grow this initiative and establish a public repository for 21
st-century preclinical systems toxicology MRTP assessment data and results that supports open data principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Joh Dokler
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | - David Page
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Akash Boda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filipe Bonjour
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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8
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Boué S, Exner T, Ghosh S, Belcastro V, Dokler J, Page D, Boda A, Bonjour F, Hardy B, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J, Peitsch M. Supporting evidence-based analysis for modified risk tobacco products through a toxicology data-sharing infrastructure. F1000Res 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 29123642 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The US FDA defines modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) as products that aim to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease associated with commercially marketed tobacco products. Establishing a product's potential as an MRTP requires scientific substantiation including toxicity studies and measures of disease risk relative to those of cigarette smoking. Best practices encourage verification of the data from such studies through sharing and open standards. Building on the experience gained from the OpenTox project, a proof-of-concept database and website ( INTERVALS) has been developed to share results from both in vivo inhalation studies and in vitro studies conducted by Philip Morris International R&D to assess candidate MRTPs. As datasets are often generated by diverse methods and standards, they need to be traceable, curated, and the methods used well described so that knowledge can be gained using data science principles and tools. The data-management framework described here accounts for the latest standards of data sharing and research reproducibility. Curated data and methods descriptions have been prepared in ISA-Tab format and stored in a database accessible via a search portal on the INTERVALS website. The portal allows users to browse the data by study or mechanism (e.g., inflammation, oxidative stress) and obtain information relevant to study design, methods, and the most important results. Given the successful development of the initial infrastructure, the goal is to grow this initiative and establish a public repository for 21 st-century preclinical systems toxicology MRTP assessment data and results that supports open data principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Joh Dokler
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | - David Page
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Akash Boda
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Filipe Bonjour
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Zeiningen, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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9
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Wolf DC, Bachman A, Barrett G, Bellin C, Goodman JI, Jensen E, Moretto A, McMullin T, Pastoor TP, Schoeny R, Slezak B, Wend K, Embry MR. Illustrative case using the RISK21 roadmap and matrix: prioritization for evaluation of chemicals found in drinking water. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:43-53. [PMID: 26451723 PMCID: PMC4732461 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1082973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The HESI-led RISK21 effort has developed a framework supporting the use of twenty-first century technology in obtaining and using information for chemical risk assessment. This framework represents a problem formulation-based, exposure-driven, tiered data acquisition approach that leads to an informed decision on human health safety to be made when sufficient evidence is available. It provides a transparent and consistent approach to evaluate information in order to maximize the ability of assessments to inform decisions and to optimize the use of resources. To demonstrate the application of the framework's roadmap and matrix, this case study evaluates a large number of chemicals that could be present in drinking water. The focus is to prioritize which of these should be considered for human health risk as individual contaminants. The example evaluates 20 potential drinking water contaminants, using the tiered RISK21 approach in combination with graphical representation of information at each step, using the RISK21 matrix. Utilizing the framework, 11 of the 20 chemicals were assigned low priority based on available exposure data alone, which demonstrated that exposure was extremely low. The remaining nine chemicals were further evaluated, using refined estimates of toxicity based on readily available data, with three deemed high priority for further evaluation. In the present case study, it was determined that the greatest value of additional information would be from improved exposure models and not from additional hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammie Bachman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Annandale,
NJ,
USA
| | | | - Cheryl Bellin
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health & Environmental Sciences,
Newark,
DE,
USA
| | - Jay I. Goodman
- Pharmcology & Toxicology, Michigan State University,
East Lansing,
MI,
USA
| | - Elke Jensen
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Milan,
Milan,
Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Milan,
Milan,
Italy
| | | | | | - Rita Schoeny
- United States Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC,
USA
| | - Brian Slezak
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health & Environmental Sciences,
Newark,
DE,
USA
| | - Korinna Wend
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital,
Los Angeles,
CA,
USA
- Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles,
CA,
USA
| | - Michelle R. Embry
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Washington, DC,
USA
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