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Wu J, Li L, Liu Z, Wang H, Chen Y, Zeng L, Wang G, Liu H, Fu R. Abnormal expression of CUX1 influences autophagy activation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:926-934. [PMID: 38315716 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying autophagy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) remains largely unknown. We previously sequenced the entire genome exon of the CD59- cells from 13 patients with PNH and found genes such as CUX1 encoding Cut-like homeobox 1. Peripheral blood samples from 9 patients with PNH and 7 healthy control subjects were obtained to measure CUX1 expression. The correlation between CUX1 messenger RNA expression and PNH clinical indicators was analyzed. To simulate CUX1 expression in patients with PNH, we generated a panel of PNH cell lines by knocking out PIGA in K562 cell lines and transfected lentivirus with CUX1. CCK-8 and EDU assay assessed cell proliferation. Western blotting was used to detect Beclin-1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR protein levels. Autophagosomes were observed with transmission electron microscopy. Chloroquine was used to observe CUX1 expression in PNH after autophagy inhibition. Leukocytes from patients with PNH had lower levels of CUX1 messenger RNA expression and protein content than healthy control subjects. The lactose dehydrogenase level and the percentage of PNH clones were negatively correlated with CUX1 relative expression. We reduced CUX1 expression in a PIGA knockout K562 cell line, leading to increased cell proliferation. Levels of autophagy markers Beclin-1, LC3B, LC3A, and ULK1 increased, and autophagosomes increased. Furthermore, PI3K/AKT/mTOR protein phosphorylation levels were lower. CUX1 expression did not change and cell proliferation decreased in CUX1 knocked down PNH cells after inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine. In brief, CUX1 loss-of-function mutation resulted in stronger autophagy in PNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshu Wu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zhaoyun Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lijie Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guanrou Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Failure and Malignant Hemopoietic Clone Control, 154 Anshan Street, Tianjin 300052, China
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2
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Ahmadi-Dehlaghi F, Mohammadi P, Valipour E, Pournaghi P, Kiani S, Mansouri K. Autophagy: A challengeable paradox in cancer treatment. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36760166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway conserved in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. This process plays a quality-control role by destroying harmful cellular components under normal conditions, maintaining cell survival, and establishing cellular adaptation under stressful conditions. Hence, there are various studies indicating dysfunctional autophagy as a factor involved in the development and progression of various human diseases, including cancer. In addition, the importance of autophagy in the development of cancer has been highlighted by paradoxical roles, as a cytoprotective and cytotoxic mechanism. Despite extensive research in the field of cancer, there are many questions and challenges about the roles and effects suggested for autophagy in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the paradoxical roles of autophagy in different tumors and related cancer treatment options. METHODS In this study, to find articles, a search was made in PubMed and Google scholar databases with the keywords Autophagy, Autophagy in Cancer Management, and Drug Design. RESULTS According to the investigation, some studies suggest that several advanced cancers are dependent on autophagy for cell survival, so when cancer cells are exposed to therapy, autophagy is induced and suppresses the anti-cancer effects of therapeutic agents and also results in cell resistance. However, enhanced autophagy from using anti-cancer drugs causes autophagy-mediated cell death in several cancers. Because autophagy also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion further research is needed to determine the precise mechanism of this process in cancer treatment. CONCLUSION We concluded in this article, autophagy manipulation may either promote or hinder the growth and development of cancer according to the origin of the cancer cells, the type of cancer, and the behavior of the cancer cells exposed to treatment. Thus, before starting treatment it is necessary to determine the basal levels of autophagy in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ahmadi-Dehlaghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Valipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Sanati M, Afshari AR, Kesharwani P, Sukhorukov VN, Sahebkar A. Recent trends in the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy: The involvement of oxidative stress. J Control Release 2022; 348:287-304. [PMID: 35644289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the biomedical area, the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology has the potential to bring numerous unique applications, including better tactics for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been the topic of many research and material applications throughout the last decade. Unlike small-molecule medications, NPs are defined by distinct physicochemical characteristics, such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, which allows them to permeate live cells with relative ease. The versatility of NPs as both therapeutics and diagnostics makes them ideal for a broad spectrum of illnesses, from infectious diseases to cancer. A significant amount of data has been participated in the current scientific publications, emphasizing the concept that NPs often produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to a larger degree than micro-sized particles. It is important to note that oxidative stress governs a wide range of cell signaling cascades, many of which are responsible for cancer cell cytotoxicity. Here, we aimed to provide insight into the signaling pathways triggered by oxidative stress in cancer cells in response to several types of nanomaterials, such as metallic and polymeric NPs and quantum dots. We discuss recent advances in developing integrated anticancer medicines based on NPs targeted to destroy malignant cells by increasing their ROS setpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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4
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Autophagy and cellular senescence in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 236:153964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Wang Y, Hao CL, Zhang ZH, Wang LH, Yan LN, Zhang RJ, Lin L, Yang Y. Valproic Acid Increased Autophagic Flux in human Multiple Myeloma Cells in Vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110167. [PMID: 32344258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of valproic acid (VPA) on autophagic flux in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell proliferation was assayed by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The qRT-PCR was used to measure the expressions of LC3-II at mRNA level. Autophagic flux was measured by LC3-II turnover using western blot analysis and flow cytometry using the fluorescent dye Cyto-ID. An assay using the RFP-GFP-LC3 tandem construct was performed to monitor autophagic flux. Cell proliferation assay showed that VPA could inhibit the proliferation of MM cells and the inhibitory effects were enhanced with the extension of time. The qRT-PCR and western blot showed that the expression level of LC3-II in the VPA plus CQ group was significantly higher than that in CQ group. Cyto-ID autophagy test showed that the intracellular average fluorescence intensity in VPA plus CQ group was significantly higher than that in control and VPA group (all p < 0.001). The results of RFP-GFP-LC3 tandem construct showed that the numbers of yellow puncta and red puncta in VPA group was higher than that in control group. CONCLUSIONS VPA could inhibit the proliferation of MM cells and the inhibitory effects were enhanced with the extension of time. VPA could enhance autophagic flux in MM cells, and the increase of autophagosomes was caused by autophagy enhancement rather than inhibition. These findings provided rationale for the treatment of MM with VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Chang-Lai Hao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China.
| | - Li-Hong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Na Yan
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Rong-Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Scientific Research, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
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6
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bardoliwala D, Maiti K, Banerjee S, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies. J Control Release 2019; 296:114-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Jiang J, Tam LM, Wang P, Wang Y. Arsenite Targets the RING Finger Domain of Rbx1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase to Inhibit Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of Nrf2. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:380-387. [PMID: 29658272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response signaling pathway is a major mechanism for the cellular defense against oxidative stress. Arsenite, a widespread contaminant in drinking water, is known to induce oxidative stress and activate the Nrf2-dependent signaling pathway through the stabilization of the Nrf2 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitination via the Cul3-Rbx1-Keap1 (cullin 3, RING-box 1, and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its degradation by the 26S proteasome, though the underlying mechanism, remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrated that arsenite could bind to the RING finger domain of Rbx1 in vitro and in cells, which led to the suppression of Cul3-Rbx1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, thereby impairing the Nrf2 ubiquitination and activating the Nrf2-induced antioxidant signaling pathway. Our finding provided novel insight into arsenic toxicity by uncovering a distinct mechanism accounting for arsenite-induced Nrf2 activation.
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8
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Huang M, Garcia JS, Thomas D, Zhu L, Nguyen LXT, Chan SM, Majeti R, Medeiros BC, Mitchell BS. Autophagy mediates proteolysis of NPM1 and HEXIM1 and sensitivity to BET inhibition in AML cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74917-74930. [PMID: 27732946 PMCID: PMC5342712 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying activation of the BET pathway in AML cells remain poorly understood. We have discovered that autophagy is activated in acute leukemia cells expressing mutant nucleophosmin 1 (NPMc+) or MLL-fusion proteins. Autophagy activation results in the degradation of NPM1 and HEXIM1, two negative regulators of BET pathway activation. Inhibition of autophagy with pharmacologic inhibitors or through knocking down autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) expression increases the expression of both NPM1 and HEXIM1. The Brd4 inhibitors JQ1 and I-BET-151 also inhibit autophagy and increase NPM1 and HEXIM1 expression. We conclude that the degradation of NPM1 and HEXIM1 through autophagy in certain AML subsets contributes to the activation of the BET pathway in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Steven M Chan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruno C Medeiros
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Beverly S Mitchell
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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9
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Wang JY, Yao WX, Wang Y, Fan YL, Wu JB. Network analysis reveals crosstalk between autophagy genes and disease genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44391. [PMID: 28295050 PMCID: PMC5353691 DOI: 10.1038/srep44391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a protective and life-sustaining process in which cytoplasmic components are packaged into double-membrane vesicles and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. Accumulating evidence supports that autophagy is associated with several pathological conditions. However, research on the functional cross-links between autophagy and disease genes remains in its early stages. In this study, we constructed a disease-autophagy network (DAN) by integrating known disease genes, known autophagy genes and protein-protein interactions (PPI). Dissecting the topological properties of the DAN suggested that nodes that both autophagy and disease genes (inter-genes), are topologically important in the DAN structure. Next, a core network from the DAN was extracted to analyze the functional links between disease and autophagy genes. The genes in the core network were significantly enriched in multiple disease-related pathways, suggesting that autophagy genes may function in various disease processes. Of 17 disease classes, 11 significantly overlapped with autophagy genes, including cancer diseases, metabolic diseases and hematological diseases, a finding that is supported by the literatures. We also found that autophagy genes have a bridging role in the connections between pairs of disease classes. Altogether, our study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases and the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Wang
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xuan Yao
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- The department of gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lei Fan
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bing Wu
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, 555 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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10
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Wang Q, You T, Fan H, Wang Y, Chu T, Poncz M, Zhu L. Rapamycin and bafilomycin A1 alter autophagy and megakaryopoiesis. Platelets 2016; 28:82-89. [PMID: 27534900 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1204436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an effective strategy for cell development by recycling cytoplasmic constituents. Genetic deletion of autophagy mediator Atg7 in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can lead to failure of megakaryopoiesis and enhanced autophagy has been implicated in various hematological disorders such as immune thrombocytopenia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Here, we examined the hypothesis that optimal autophagy is essential for megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis by altering autophagy using pharmacological approaches. When autophagy was induced by rapamycin or inhibited by bafilomycin A1 in fetal liver cells, we observed a significant decrease in high ploidy megakaryocytes, a reduction of CD41 and CD61 co-expressing cells, and less proplatelet or platelet formation. Additionally, reduced cell size was shown in megakaryocytes derived from rapamycin, but not bafilomycin A1-treated mouse fetal liver cells. However, when autophagy was altered in mature megakaryocytes, we observed no significant change in proplatelet formation, which was consistent with normal platelet counts, megakaryocyte numbers, and ploidy in Atg7flox/flox PF4-Cre mice with megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific deletion of autophagy-related gene Atg7. Therefore, our findings suggest that either induction or inhibition of autophagy in the early stage of megakaryopoiesis suppresses megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,b Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Tao You
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,d Jiangsu Institute of Hematology of The First Affiliated Hospital , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Hongqiong Fan
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Yinyan Wang
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Tinatian Chu
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,d Jiangsu Institute of Hematology of The First Affiliated Hospital , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- f Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Li Zhu
- a Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,b Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,c MOH Key Lab of Thrombosis and Hemostasis , Soochow University , Suzhou , China.,e Jiangsu Key Lab of Preventive and translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
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11
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Birkenmeier K, Moll K, Newrzela S, Hartmann S, Dröse S, Hansmann ML. Basal autophagy is pivotal for Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells' survival and growth revealing a new strategy for Hodgkin lymphoma treatment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:46579-46588. [PMID: 27366944 PMCID: PMC5216819 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As current classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) treatment strategies have pronounced side-effects, specific inhibition of signaling pathways may offer novel strategies in cHL therapy. Basal autophagy, a regulated catabolic pathway to degrade cell's own components, is in cancer linked with both, tumor suppression or promotion. The finding that basal autophagy enhances tumor cell survival would thus lead to immediately testable strategies for novel therapies. Thus, we studied its contribution in cHL.We found constitutive activation of autophagy in cHL cell lines and primary tissue. The expression of key autophagy-relevant proteins (e.g. Beclin-1, ULK1) and LC3 processing was increased in cHL cells, even in lymphoma cases. Consistently, cHL cells exhibited elevated numbers of autophagic vacuoles and intact autophagic flux. Autophagy inhibition with chloroquine or inactivation of ATG5 induced apoptosis and reduced proliferation of cHL cells. Chloroquine-mediated inhibition of basal autophagy significantly impaired HL growth in-vivo in NOD SCID γc-/- (NSG) mice. We found that basal autophagy plays a pivotal role in sustaining mitochondrial function.We conclude that cHL cells require basal autophagy for growth, survival and sustained metabolism making them sensitive to autophagy inhibition. This suggests basal autophagy as useful target for new strategies in cHL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Birkenmeier
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Moll
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Newrzela
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sylvia Hartmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Dröse
- Clinic of Anesthesiology, Intensive-Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Goethe-University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin-Leo Hansmann
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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TLR9-ERK-mTOR signaling is critical for autophagic cell death induced by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 107 combined with irradiation in glioma cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27104. [PMID: 27251306 PMCID: PMC4890034 DOI: 10.1038/srep27104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODN) function as potential radiosensitizers for glioma treatment, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. It was observed that CpG ODN107, when combined with irradiation, did not induce apoptosis. Herein, the effect of CpG ODN107 + irradiation on autophagy and the related signaling pathways was investigated. In vitro, CpG ODN107 + irradiation induced autophagosome formation, increased the ratio of LC3 II/LC3 I, beclin 1 and decreased p62 expression in U87 cells. Meanwhile, CpG ODN107 also increased LC3 II/LC3 I expression in U251 and CHG-5 cells. In vivo, CpG ODN107 combined with local radiotherapy induced autophagosome formation in orthotopic transplantation tumor. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms demonstrated that CpG ODN107 + irradiation increased the levels of TLR9 and p-ERK, and decreased the level of p-mTOR in glioma cells. Further, TLR9-specific siRNA could affect the expressions of p-ERK and autophagy-related proteins in glioma cells. Taken together, CpG ODN107 combined with irradiation could induce autophagic cell death, and this effect was closely related to the TLR9-ERK-mTOR signaling pathway in glioma cells, providing new insights into the investigation mechanism of CpG ODN.
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13
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Booth L, Roberts JL, Tavallai M, Chuckalovcak J, Stringer DK, Koromilas AE, Boone DL, McGuire WP, Poklepovic A, Dent P. [Pemetrexed + Sorafenib] lethality is increased by inhibition of ERBB1/2/3-PI3K-NFκB compensatory survival signaling. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23608-32. [PMID: 27015562 PMCID: PMC5029651 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the completed phase I trial NCT01450384 combining the anti-folate pemetrexed and the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib it was observed that 20 of 33 patients had prolonged stable disease or tumor regression, with one complete response and multiple partial responses. The pre-clinical studies in this manuscript were designed to determine whether [pemetrexed + sorafenib] -induced cell killing could be rationally enhanced by additional signaling modulators. Multiplex assays performed on tumor material that survived and re-grew after [pemetrexed + sorafenib] exposure showed increased phosphorylation of ERBB1 and of NFκB and IκB; with reduced IκB and elevated G-CSF and KC protein levels. Inhibition of JAK1/2 downstream of the G-CSF/KC receptors did not enhance [pemetrexed + sorafenib] lethality whereas inhibition of ERBB1/2/4 using kinase inhibitory agents or siRNA knock down of ERBB1/2/3 strongly promoted killing. Inhibition of ERBB1/2/4 blocked [pemetrexed + sorafenib] stimulated NFκB activation and SOD2 expression; and expression of IκB S32A S36A significantly enhanced [pemetrexed + sorafenib] lethality. Sorafenib inhibited HSP90 and HSP70 chaperone ATPase activities and reduced the interactions of chaperones with clients including c-MYC, CDC37 and MCL-1. In vivo, a 5 day transient exposure of established mammary tumors to lapatinib or vandetanib significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effect of [pemetrexed + sorafenib], without any apparent normal tissue toxicities. Identical data to that in breast cancer were obtained in NSCLC tumors using the ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor afatinib. Our data argue that the combination of pemetrexed, sorafenib and an ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor should be explored in a new phase I trial in solid tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jane L. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mehrad Tavallai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Antonis E. Koromilas
- Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David L. Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA
| | | | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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14
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Gomez-Puerto MC, Folkerts H, Wierenga ATJ, Schepers K, Schuringa JJ, Coffer PJ, Vellenga E. Autophagy Proteins ATG5 and ATG7 Are Essential for the Maintenance of Human CD34(+) Hematopoietic Stem-Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1651-63. [PMID: 26930546 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process that involves sequestration and lysosomal degradation of cytosolic components such as damaged organelles and misfolded proteins. While autophagy can be considered to be a general cellular housekeeping process, it has become clear that it may also play cell type-dependent functional roles. In this study, we analyzed the functional importance of autophagy in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and how this is regulated during differentiation. Western blot-based analysis of LC3-II and p62 levels, as well as flow cytometry-based autophagic vesicle quantification, demonstrated that umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) /CD38(-) immature hematopoietic progenitors show a higher autophagic flux than CD34(+) /CD38(+) progenitors and more differentiated myeloid and erythroid cells. This high autophagic flux was critical for maintaining stem and progenitor function since knockdown of autophagy genes ATG5 or ATG7 resulted in reduced HSPC frequencies in vitro as well as in vivo. The reduction in HSPCs was not due to impaired differentiation, but at least in part due to reduced cell cycle progression and increased apoptosis. This is accompanied by increased expression of p53, proapoptotic genes BAX and PUMA, and the cell cycle inhibitor p21, as well as increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our data demonstrate that autophagy is an important regulatory mechanism for human HSCs and their progeny, reducing cellular stress and promoting survival. Stem Cells 2016;34:1651-1663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Folkerts
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertus T J Wierenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schepers
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Coffer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Vellenga
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Cruickshanks N, Roberts JL, Bareford MD, Tavallai M, Poklepovic A, Booth L, Spiegel S, Dent P. Differential regulation of autophagy and cell viability by ceramide species. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:733-42. [PMID: 25803131 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1026509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies sought to determine whether the anti-folate pemetrexed (Alimta) and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 (Fingolimod, Gilenya) interacted to kill tumor cells. FTY720 and pemetrexed interacted in a greater than additive fashion to kill breast, brain and colorectal cancer cells. Loss of p53 function weakly enhanced the toxicity of FTY720 whereas deletion of activated RAS strongly or expression of catalytically inactive AKT facilitated killing. Combined drug exposure reduced the activity of AKT, p70 S6K and mTOR and activated JNK and p38 MAPK. Expression of activated forms of AKT, p70 S6K and mTOR or inhibition of JNK and p38 MAPK suppressed the interaction between FTY720 and pemetrexed. Treatment of cells with FTY720 and pemetrexed increased the numbers of early autophagosomes but not autolysosomes, which correlated with increased LC3II processing and increased p62 levels, suggestive of stalled autophagic flux. Knock down of ATG5 or Beclin1 suppressed autophagosome formation and cell killing. Knock down of ceramide synthase 6 suppressed autophagosome production and cell killing whereas knock down of ceramide synthase 2 enhanced vesicle formation and facilitated death. Collectively our findings argue that pemetrexed and FTY720 could be a novel adjunct modality for breast cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- Ad, adenovirus
- Alimta
- CMV, empty vector plasmid or virus
- CerS, ceramide synthase
- CerS2
- CerS6
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERK, extracellular regulated kinase
- FTY720
- Gilenya
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- LASS, longevity assurance gene
- MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MEK, mitogen activated extracellular regulated kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10
- PTX, pemetrexed
- Pemetrexed
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- S1P
- SCR, scrambled
- VEH, vehicle.
- autophagy
- ca, constitutively active
- ceramide
- dn, dominant negative
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- si, small interfering
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Cruickshanks
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University ; Richmond , VA , USA
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16
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Abstract
The fate of both endogenous and transplanted stem cells is dependent on the functional status of the regulatory local microenvironment, which is compromised by disease and therapeutic intervention. The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the hematopoietic microenvironment. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of HA in regulating mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelium in bone marrow (BM) and their crosstalk within the hematopoietic microenvironment. HA not only determines the volume, hydration, and microfluidics of the BM interstitial space, but also, via interactions with specific receptors, regulates multiple cell functions including differentiation, migration, and production of regulatory factors. The effects of HA are dependent on the polymer size and are influenced by the formation of complexes with other molecules. In healthy BM, HA synthases and hyaluronidases form a molecular network that maintains extracellular HA levels within a discrete physiological window, but HA homeostasis is often perturbed in pathological conditions, including hematological malignancies. Recent studies have suggested that HA synthases may have functions beyond HA production and contribute to the intracellular regulatory machinery. We discuss a possible role for HA synthases, intracellular and extracellular HA in the malignant BM microenvironment, and resistance to therapy.
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17
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Abstract
It is a need to define the line between pathological and physiological functions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to understand their beneficial role over their injurious consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
| | - Gourav Taneja
- Department of Pharmacology
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
| | - Deepa Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology
- Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences
- Sirsa-125 055
- India
| | - Satyendra K. Rajput
- Department of Pharmacology
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy
- Amity University
- Noida-201303
- India
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18
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Ludin A, Gur-Cohen S, Golan K, Kaufmann KB, Itkin T, Medaglia C, Lu XJ, Ledergor G, Kollet O, Lapidot T. Reactive oxygen species regulate hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, migration and development, as well as their bone marrow microenvironment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1605-19. [PMID: 24762207 PMCID: PMC4175025 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Blood forming, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) mostly reside in the bone marrow in a quiescent, nonmotile state via adhesion interactions with stromal cells and macrophages. Quiescent, proliferating, and differentiating stem cells have different metabolism, and accordingly different amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, ROS is not just a byproduct of metabolism, but also plays a role in stem cell state and function. RECENT ADVANCES ROS levels are dynamic and reversibly dictate enhanced cycling and myeloid bias in ROS(high) short-term repopulating stem cells, and ROS(low) quiescent long-term repopulating stem cells. Low levels of ROS, regulated by intrinsic factors such as cell respiration or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) activity, or extrinsic factors such as stem cell factor or prostaglandin E2 are required for maintaining stem cell self-renewal. High ROS levels, due to stress and inflammation, induce stem cell differentiation and enhanced motility. CRITICAL ISSUES Stem cells need to be protected from high ROS levels to avoid stem cell exhaustion, insufficient host immunity, and leukemic transformation that may occur during chronic inflammation. However, continuous low ROS production will lead to lack of stem cell function and opportunistic infections. Ultimately, balanced ROS levels are crucial for maintaining the small stem cell pool and host immunity, both in homeostasis and during stress situations. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Deciphering the signaling pathway of ROS in HSC will provide a better understanding of ROS roles in switching HSC from quiescence to activation and vice versa, and will also shed light on the possible roles of ROS in leukemia initiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ludin
- 1 Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, Israel
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19
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Bosnjak M, Ristic B, Arsikin K, Mircic A, Suzin-Zivkovic V, Perovic V, Bogdanovic A, Paunovic V, Markovic I, Bumbasirevic V, Trajkovic V, Harhaji-Trajkovic L. Inhibition of mTOR-dependent autophagy sensitizes leukemic cells to cytarabine-induced apoptotic death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94374. [PMID: 24714637 PMCID: PMC3979773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the role of autophagy, a cellular self-digestion process, in the cytotoxicity of antileukemic drug cytarabine towards human leukemic cell lines (REH, HL-60, MOLT-4) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leukemic patients. The induction of autophagy was confirmed by acridine orange staining of intracellular acidic vesicles, electron microscopy visualization of autophagic vacuoles, as well as by the increase in autophagic proteolysis and autophagic flux, demonstrated by immunoblot analysis of p62 downregulation and LC3-I conversion to autophagosome-associated LC3-II in the presence of proteolysis inhibitors, respectively. Moreover, the expression of autophagy-related genes Atg4, Atg5 and Atg7 was stimulated by cytarabine in REH cells. Cytarabine reduced the phosphorylation of the major negative regulator of autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and its downstream target p70S6 kinase in REH cells, which was associated with downregulation of mTOR activator Akt and activation of extracellular signal- regulated kinase. Cytarabine had no effect on the activation of mTOR inhibitor AMP-activated protein kinase. Leucine, an mTOR activator, reduced both cytarabine-induced autophagy and cytotoxicity. Accordingly, pharmacological downregulation of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of LC3β or p62, markedly increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation and subsequent DNA fragmentation and apoptotic death in cytarabine-treated REH cells. Cytarabine also induced mTOR-dependent cytoprotective autophagy in HL-60 and MOLT-4 leukemic cell lines, as well as primary leukemic cells, but not normal leukocytes. These data suggest that the therapeutic efficiency of cytarabine in leukemic patients could be increased by the inhibition of the mTOR-dependent autophagic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihajlo Bosnjak
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Ristic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Arsikin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Mircic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Violeta Suzin-Zivkovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Perovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrija Bogdanovic
- Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivanka Markovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Bumbasirevic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (VT); (LHT)
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20
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Karlic H, Herrmann H, Varga F, Thaler R, Reitermaier R, Spitzer S, Ghanim V, Blatt K, Sperr WR, Valent P, Pfeilstöcker M. The role of epigenetics in the regulation of apoptosis in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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21
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Pierdominici M, Barbati C, Vomero M, Locatelli SL, Carlo-Stella C, Ortona E, Malorni W. Autophagy as a pathogenic mechanism and drug target in lymphoproliferative disorders. FASEB J 2013; 28:524-35. [PMID: 24196588 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy represents a key mechanism of cytoprotection that can be activated by a variety of extracellular and intracellular stresses and allows the cell to sequester cytoplasmic components and damaged organelles, delivering them to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. However, the autophagy process has also been associated with the death of the cell. It has been demonstrated to be constitutive in some instances and inducible in others, and the idea that it could represent a pathogenetic determinant as well as a possible prognostic tool and a therapeutic target in a plethora of human diseases has recently been considered. Among these, cancer represents a major one. In this review, we recapitulate the critical implications of autophagy in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders. Leukemias and lymphomas, in fact, represent paradigmatic human diseases in which advances have recently been made in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pierdominici
- 2Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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22
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Bolisetty S, Jaimes EA. Mitochondria and reactive oxygen species: physiology and pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6306-44. [PMID: 23528859 PMCID: PMC3634422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14036306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The air that we breathe contains nearly 21% oxygen, most of which is utilized by mitochondria during respiration. While we cannot live without it, it was perceived as a bane to aerobic organisms due to the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen metabolites by mitochondria and other cellular compartments. However, this dogma was challenged when these species were demonstrated to modulate cellular responses through altering signaling pathways. In fact, since this discovery of a dichotomous role of reactive species in immune function and signal transduction, research in this field grew at an exponential pace and the pursuit for mechanisms involved began. Due to a significant number of review articles present on the reactive species mediated cell death, we have focused on emerging novel pathways such as autophagy, signaling and maintenance of the mitochondrial network. Despite its role in several processes, increased reactive species generation has been associated with the origin and pathogenesis of a plethora of diseases. While it is tempting to speculate that anti-oxidant therapy would protect against these disorders, growing evidence suggests that this may not be true. This further supports our belief that these reactive species play a fundamental role in maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Bolisetty
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Edgar A. Jaimes
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; E-Mail:
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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23
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Yin F, Liu X, Li D, Wang Q, Zhang W, Li L. Bioinformatic analysis of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 and SPARC-like protein 1 revealing their associations with drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1305-16. [PMID: 23404140 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) and SPARC-like protein 1 (SPARCL1/MAST9/hevin/SC-1) are associated with various biological behavior in the development of cancers. Although the expression of CCL21 and SPARCL1 is downregulated in many solid tumors, their roles in ovarian cancer and their associations with drug resistance have rarely been studied. We performed a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis consisting of motif analysis, literature co-occurrence, gene/protein-gene/protein interaction network, protein-small molecule interaction network, and microRNAs enrichments which revealed that CCL21 and SPARCL1 directly or indirectly interact with a number of genes, proteins, small molecules and pathways associated with drug resistance in ovarian and other cancers. These results suggested that CCL21 and SPARCL1 may contribute to drug resistance in ovarian cancer. This study provided important information for further investigation of drug resistance-related functions of CCL21 and SPARCL1 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Yin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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24
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Bareford MD, Hamed HA, Allegood J, Cruickshanks N, Poklepovic A, Park MA, Ogretmen B, Spiegel S, Grant S, Dent P. Sorafenib and pemetrexed toxicity in cancer cells is mediated via SRC-ERK signaling. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:793-803. [PMID: 22673740 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present studies sought to further understand how the anti-folate pemetrexed and the multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib interact to kill tumor cells. Sorafenib activated SRC, and via SRC the drug combination activated ERK1/2. Expression of dominant negative SRC or dominant negative MEK1 abolished drug-induced ERK1/2 activation, together with drug-induced autophagy, acidic lysosome formation, and tumor cell killing. Protein phosphatase 2A is an important regulator of the ERK1/2 pathway. Fulvestrant resistant MCF7 cells expressed higher levels of the PP2A inhibitor SET/I2PP2A, had lower endogenous PP2A activity, and had elevated basal ERK1/2 activity compared with their estrogen dependent counterparts. Overexpression of I2PP2A blocked drug-induced activation of ERK1/2 and tumor cell killing. PP2A can be directly activated by ceramide and SET/I2PP2A can be inhibited by ceramide. Inhibition of the de novo ceramide synthase pathway blocked drug-induced ceramide generation, PP2A activation and tumor cell killing. Collectively these findings demonstrate that ERK1/2 plays an essential role downstream of SRC in pemetrexed and sorafenib lethality and that PP2A plays an important role in regulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Danielle Bareford
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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25
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Gupta SC, Hevia D, Patchva S, Park B, Koh W, Aggarwal BB. Upsides and downsides of reactive oxygen species for cancer: the roles of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis, prevention, and therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1295-322. [PMID: 22117137 PMCID: PMC3324815 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Extensive research during the last quarter century has revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the body, primarily by the mitochondria, play a major role in various cell-signaling pathways. Most risk factors associated with chronic diseases (e.g., cancer), such as stress, tobacco, environmental pollutants, radiation, viral infection, diet, and bacterial infection, interact with cells through the generation of ROS. RECENT ADVANCES ROS, in turn, activate various transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells [NF-κB], activator protein-1, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), resulting in the expression of proteins that control inflammation, cellular transformation, tumor cell survival, tumor cell proliferation and invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Paradoxically, ROS also control the expression of various tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb, and PTEN). Similarly, γ-radiation and various chemotherapeutic agents used to treat cancer mediate their effects through the production of ROS. Interestingly, ROS have also been implicated in the chemopreventive and anti-tumor action of nutraceuticals derived from fruits, vegetables, spices, and other natural products used in traditional medicine. CRITICAL ISSUES These statements suggest both "upside" (cancer-suppressing) and "downside" (cancer-promoting) actions of the ROS. Thus, similar to tumor necrosis factor-α, inflammation, and NF-κB, ROS act as a double-edged sword. This paradox provides a great challenge for researchers whose aim is to exploit ROS stress for the development of cancer therapies. FUTURE DIRECTIONS the various mechanisms by which ROS mediate paradoxical effects are discussed in this article. The outstanding questions and future directions raised by our current understanding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Wang Y, Yang J, Yi J. Redox sensing by proteins: oxidative modifications on cysteines and the consequent events. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:649-57. [PMID: 21967570 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only essential for the cell's normal functions, but also mediate many pathological effects. When cells experience oxidative stress, proteins are modulated by redox changes and ultimately generate novel signaling patterns. It remains elusive how proteins are modulated, rather than simply damaged, by ROS and then mediate the diverse cellular responses. RECENT ADVANCES During the past decade, researchers frequently used "redox sensor" for proteins. However, the term "redox sensing" has not been clearly defined to date. Thiols of cysteines are subjected to oxidative modifications. The conformation changes and the various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) may result from thiol oxidation of the same protein or other proteins. The molecular effects of redox sensing include changes in protein activity, abundance, localization, and interaction with other biomacromolecules. CRITICAL ISSUES We discuss the emerging concept of cysteine-based redox sensing, emphasizing "sensing redox changes by proteins using their thiols." ROS are an input, and the conformation changes and/or the other PTMs after thiol oxidation are the output of redox sensing. Among dozens of redox sensing proteins listed in this article, SENP3 and caspase-9, which have been investigated in our work, are given particular attention. We also introduce the notion of biphasic and compartment-specific redox sensing by nuclear factor kappa B. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding chemical modifications and conformational changes following protein redox sensing requires more studies in mass spectrometry and crystallography. Redox-indicative probes in live cells and tissues will help monitor redox-related biological and pathological progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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