Role of interleukin-10 in the regulation of tumorigenicity of a T cell lymphoma

Mechanisms of esophageal cancer metastasis and treatment progress

Esophageal cancer is a prevalent tumor of the digestive tract worldwide. The detection rate of early-stage esophageal cancer is very low, and most patients are diagnosed with metastasis. Metastasis of esophageal cancer mainly includes direct diffusion metastasis, hematogenous metastasis, and lymphatic metastasis. This article reviews the metabolic process of esophageal cancer metastasis and the mechanisms by which M2 macrophages, CAF, regulatory T cells, and their released cytokines, including chemokines, interleukins, and growth factors, form an immune barrier to the anti-tumor immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells, impeding their ability to kill tumor cells during tumor immune escape. The effect of Ferroptosis on the metastasis of esophageal cancer is briefly mentioned. Moreover, the paper also summarizes common drugs and research directions in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy for advanced metastatic esophageal cancer. This review aims to serve as a foundation for further investigations into the mechanism and management of esophageal cancer metastasis.

The Role of Inflammation in CKD

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects many adults worldwide. Persistent low-grade inflammation is a substantial factor in its development and progression and has correlated with increased mortality and cardiovascular problems. This low-grade inflammation is a product of dysregulation of the normal balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Various factors such as increased innate immune system activation, reactive oxygen species production, periodontal disease, dysregulation of anti-inflammatory systems and intestinal dysbiosis result in the dysregulation of this balance. Furthermore, this low-grade inflammation has down-effects such as hypertension, renal fibrosis and acceleration of renal function decline. Moreover, low-grade inflammation over time has been linked to malignancy in CKD. As CKD progresses, many patients require dialysis, which has a negative bidirectional relationship with persistent inflammation. Treatment options for inflammation in CKD are vast, including cytokine inhibitors, statins and diets. However, more research is needed to create a standardized management plan. In this review, we will examine the normal physiology of the kidney and its relationship with the immune system. We will then delve into the pathology behind persistent inflammation, the various causes of inflammation, the downstream effects of inflammation, dialysis and potential treatments for inflammation in CKD.

Implications and Emerging Therapeutic Avenues of Inflammatory Response in HPV+ Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies which have shown exponential incidence in the last two decades especially due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV family comprises more than 100 types of viruses with HPV16 and HPV18 being the most prevalent strains in HNSCC. Literature data reveal that the mutation profile as well as the response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy are distinct among HPV+ versus HPV-negative tumors. Furthermore, the presence of the virus induces activation of an immune response, in particular the recruitment of specific antiviral T lymphocytes to tumor sites. These T cells when activated produce soluble factors including cytokines and chemokines capable of modifying the local immune tumor microenvironment and impact on tumor response to the treatment. In this comprehensive review we investigated current knowledge on how the presence of an HPV can modify the inflammatory response systemically and within the tumor microenvironment's immunological responses, thereby impacting on disease prognosis and survival. We highlighted the research gaps and emerging approaches necessary to discover novel immunotherapeutic targets for HPV-associated HNSCC.

INPP5A/HLA-G1/IL-10/MMP-21 Axis in Progression of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

Background: Type I inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase A (INPP5A) is involved in different cellular events, including cell proliferation. Since INPP5A, HLAG1, IL-10, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-21 genes play fundamental roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tumorigenesis, we aimed in this study to clarify the possible interplay of these genes and explore the potential of these chemistries as a predictor marker for diagnosis in ESCC disease.

Methods

Methods: Gene expression analysis of INPP5A, HLAG-1, IL-10, and MMP-21 was performed using relative comparative real-time PCR in 56 ESCCs compared to their margin normal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was accomplished for INPP5A in ESCCs. Analysis of ROC curves and the AUC were applied to evaluate the diagnostic capability of the candidate genes.

Results

Results: High levels of HLA-G1, MMP-21, and IL-10 were detected in nearly 23.2%, 62.5%, and 53.5% of ESCCs compared to the normal tissues, respectively, whereas INPP5A underexpression was detected in 19.6% of ESCCs, which all tested genes indicated significant correlations with each other. The protein expression level of INPP5A in ESCC tissues was significantly lower than that of the non-tumor esophageal tissues (p = 0.001). Interestingly, the concomitant expression of the INPP5A/HLA-G1, INPP5A/MMP-21, INPP5A/IL-10, HLA-G1/MMP-21, HLA-G1/IL-10, and MMP-21/IL-10 was significantly correlated with several clinicopathological variables. INPP5A, HLA-G1, MMP-21, and IL-10 showed to be the most appropriate candidates to discriminate tumor/non-tumor groups due to the total AUCs of all combinations (>60%).

Conclusion

Conclusion: Our results represent a new regulatory axis containing INPP5A/HLAG-1/IL-10/MMP-21 markers in ESCC development and may provide novel insight into the mechanism of immune evasion mediated by the INPP5A/HLAG-1/IL-10/MMP-21 regulatory network in the disease.

Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy

Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated mainly by immune-suppressive cytokines that control effector antitumor immunity and promote survival and the proliferation of cancer cells, which ultimately leads to enhanced tumor growth. In addition to tumor cells, the heterogeneous immune cells present within the tumor milieu are the significant source of immune-suppressive cytokines. These cytokines are classified into a broad range; however, in most tumor types, the interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 are consistently reported as immune-suppressive cytokines that help tumor growth and metastasis. The most emerging concern in cancer treatment is hijacking and restraining the activity of antitumor immune cells in the tumor niche due to a highly immune-suppressive environment. This review summarizes the role and precise functions of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in modulating tumor immune contexture and its implication in developing effective immune-therapeutic approaches.

CONCISE CONCLUSION

Recent effort geared toward developing novel immune-therapeutic approaches faces significant challenges due to sustained mutations in tumor cells and a highly immune-suppressive microenvironment present within the tumor milieu. The cytokines play a crucial role in developing an immune-suppressive environment that ultimately dictates the fate of tumorigenesis. This review critically covers the novel aspects of predominant immune-suppressive cytokines such as interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in dictating the fate of tumorigenesis and how targeting these cytokines can help the development of better immune-therapeutic drug regimens for the treatment of cancer.

Molecular monitoring of glioblastoma's immunogenicity using a combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics

Raman spectroscopy (RS) has been used as a powerful diagnostic and non-invasive tool in cancer diagnosis as well as in discrimination of cancer and immune cells. In this study RS in combination with chemometrics was applied to cellular Raman spectral data to distinguish the phenotype of T-cells and monocytes after incubation with media conditioned by glioblastoma stem-cells (GSCs) showing different molecular background. For this purpose, genetic modulations of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and expression of immunomodulator CD73 were introduced. Principal component analysis of the Raman spectral data showed that T-cells and monocytes incubated with tumour-conditioned media (TCMs) of GSCs with inhibited EMT activator ZEB1 or CD73 formed distinct clusters compared to controls highlighting their differences. Further discriminatory analysis performed using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine classification (SVM), yielded sensitivities and specificities of over 70 and 67% respectively upon validation against an independent test set. Supporting those results, flow cytometric analysis was performed to test the influence of TCMs on cytokine profile of T-cells and monocytes. We found that ZEB1 and CD73 influence T-cell and monocyte phenotype and promote monocyte differentiation into a population of mixed pro- and anti-tumorigenic macrophages (MΦs) and dendritic cells (DCs) respectively. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics enabled tracking T-cells and monocytes.

[Effect of 5-hydroxypyrimidine derivatives on tumor growth and cytokine concentration in blood serum of female CBA mice with cervical cancer (RSHM-5)]

The effects of intraperitoneal administration of SNK-411 (2-isobutyl-4,6-dimethyl-5-hydroxypyrimidine) in a dose of 25 mg/kg (the total dose of 350 mg/kg) and SNK-578 (hydrochloride of 2-isobutyl-4,6-dimethyl-5- hydroxypyrimidine) in a dose of 10 mg/kg (the total dose of 140 mg/kg) on tumor growth and concentration of cytokines in the blood serum were studied in female CBA mice. Substances were administrated from the 2nd to 15th days of tumor development. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) and serum cytokine level were studied on the 7th day after the end of compounds administration (21st day of tumor growth). In intact control group (n=10) median tumor mass was 1255 mg. TGI in the group of animals treated with SNK-411 was 47%; in the group of mice treated with SNK-578 TGI was 87%, tumor mass demonstrated 7.4-fold reduction. Serum concentrations of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and IFN-γ) in tumor-bearing group of mice were higher versus the intact control group by 229%, 40%, 60% and 81%, respectively. Highly active SNK-578 decreased concentrations of prooncogenic IL-10, IL-17A and proinflammatory IL-6, by 61%, 70% and 29% as compared to tumor-bearing control group. SNK-411 decreased concentrations of prooncogenic IL-10 and IL-17A by 48% and 60%, respectively, and did not affect concentration of IL-6. Taking into consideration that IL-6 participates in autoimmune reactions, we can assume that the immune control is one of the crucial mechanisms of antitumor effect of SNK-578. All results are statistically significant.

Increased Serum Level of Interleukin-10 Predicts Poor Survival and Early Recurrence in Patients With Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is an alloplasm group of aggressive and lymphoproliferative tumors with heterogeneous morphological changes of mature T cell immunophenotype. It has multiple subtypes and most of them have poor prognosis. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is one kind of multi-cell-derived and multifunctional cytokine. It regulates the growth and differentiation of cells, participates in inflammation and immune response, plays an important role in tumor and infection, and is closely related to blood system diseases. Therefore, we implemented a retrospective study of 205 patients who were newly diagnosed with PTCL to explore the relationship between IL-10 and prognosis and early recurrence. We found patients with IL-10 ≥3.6 pg/ml achieved a lower CR rate and higher 1-year recurrence rate than patients with IL-10 <3.6 pg/ml (14.4 vs. 51.9%; 17.6 vs. 49.5%). On multivariate analysis, moreover, elevated IL-10 is an extremely important prognostic factor in PTCL, which can lead to worsening of overall survival (OS), low complete response (CR) rate and higher early relapse rate. Therefore, measurement of IL-10 levels in peripheral blood at the initial stage are useful for predicting the prognosis and helping us to make different treatment plans for individual patients. In the near future, IL-10 inhibitors or antagonists may become a new method of immunotargeting therapy for patients with PTCL.

The importance of cytokines analysis in the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma

PURPOSE

To evaluate the efficacy of the different diagnostic tests for vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL).

METHODS

A cohort of 150 patients with a presumed diagnosis of VRL. Vitrectomy samples were analysed for cytology, monoclonality [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] and cytokine levels, and anterior chamber taps were analysed for cytokine levels. Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was diagnosed after confirming the clinical suspicion with vitreal or brain cytology.

RESULTS

Vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) was diagnosed in 78 patients. Vitreal cytology was positive for 53/132 patients (40.2%), 36/53 had positive cytology from both the eye and the brain. Additional 25 patients had positive brain cytology. Vitreal PCR for monoclonality was positive for 32/91 patients (35.2%). Vitreal cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-10/IL-6 were >1 for 47/110 patients (43.1%). For cytology, PCR and cytokine analysis, the respective sensitivity was 73.6%, 46.0% and 81.4%, and the accuracy of the tests was 85.6%, 60.4% and 80.9%, respectively. All three tests were available for 79 patients. In this subset, for cytology, PCR and cytokine analysis the respective sensitivity was 79.5%, 41.0% and 82.1%, respectively, and the accuracy of the tests was 89.9%, 60.8% and 81.0%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Cytokines analysis has an important role in the diagnosis of VRL. We suggest analysing cytokines levels in all cases suspected of VRL along with cytology and PCR analysis.

Tumor Arrests DN2 to DN3 Pro T Cell Transition and Promotes Its Conversion to Thymic Dendritic Cells by Reciprocally Regulating Notch1 and Ikaros Signaling

Tumor progression in the host leads to severe impairment of intrathymic T-cell differentiation/maturation, leading to the paralysis of cellular anti-tumor immunity. Such suppression manifests the erosion of CD4⁺CD8⁺ double-positive (DP) immature thymocytes and a gradual increase in CD4^-CD8^- double negative (DN) early T-cell progenitors. The impact of such changes on the T-cell progenitor pool in the context of cancer remains poorly investigated. Here, we show that tumor progression blocks the transition of Lin^-Thy1.2⁺CD25⁺CD44⁺c-Kit^lowDN2b to Lin^-Thy1.2⁺CD25⁺CD44^-c-Kit^-DN3 in T-cell maturation, instead leading to DN2-T-cell differentiation into dendritic cells (DC). We observed that thymic IL-10 expression is upregulated, particularly at cortico-medullary junctions (CMJ), under conditions of progressive disease, resulting in the termination of IL-10R^high DN2-T-cell maturation due to dysregulated expression of Notch1 and its target, CCR7 (thus restricting these cells to the CMJ). Intrathymic differentiation of T-cell precursors in IL-10^-/- mice and in vitro fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that IL-10 promotes the interaction between thymic stromal cells and Notch1^low DN2-T cells, thus facilitating these DN2-T cells to differentiate toward CD45⁺CD11c⁺MHC-II⁺ thymic DCs as a consequence of activating the Ikaros/IRF8 signaling axis. We conclude that a novel function of thymically-expressed IL-10 in the tumor-bearing host diverts T-cell differentiation toward a DC pathway, thus limiting the protective adaptive immune repertoire.

Inflammation and cancer

Inflammation is often associated with the development and progression of cancer. The cells responsible for cancer-associated inflammation are genetically stable and thus are not subjected to rapid emergence of drug resistance; therefore, the targeting of inflammation represents an attractive strategy both for cancer prevention and for cancer therapy. Tumor-extrinsic inflammation is caused by many factors, including bacterial and viral infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, tobacco smoking, asbestos exposure, and excessive alcohol consumption, all of which increase cancer risk and stimulate malignant progression. In contrast, cancer-intrinsic or cancer-elicited inflammation can be triggered by cancer-initiating mutations and can contribute to malignant progression through the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells. Both extrinsic and intrinsic inflammations can result in immunosuppression, thereby providing a preferred background for tumor development. The current review provides a link between inflammation and cancer development.

Inflammatory Microenvironment Modulation of Alternative Splicing in Cancer: A Way to Adapt

The relationship between inflammation and cancer has been long recognized by the medical and scientific community. In the last decades, it has returned to the forefront of clinical oncology since a wealth of knowledge has been gathered about the cells, cytokines and physiological processes that are central to both inflammation and cancer. It is now robustly established that chronic inflammation can induce certain cancers but also that solid tumors, in turn, can initiate and perpetuate local inflammatory processes that foster tumor growth and dissemination. Inflammation is the hallmark of the innate immune response to tissue damage or infection, but also mediates the activation, expansion and recruitment to the tissues of cells and antibodies of the adaptive immune system. The functional integration of both components of the immune response is crucial to identify and subdue tumor development, progression and dissemination. When this tight control goes awry, altered cells can avoid the immune surveillance and even subvert the innate immunity to promote their full oncogenic transformation. In this chapter, we make a general overview of the most recent data linking the inflammatory process to cancer. We start with the overall inflammatory cues and processes that influence the relationship between tumor and the microenvironment that surrounds it and follow the ever-increasing complexity of processes that end up producing subtle changes in the splicing of certain genes to ascertain survival advantage to cancer cells.

Comparison of serum cytokine levels between dogs with multicentric lymphoma and healthy dogs

In humans, multiple cytokines have been linked to the development of lymphoma, and are relevant biomarkers for response to chemotherapy and prognosis. In contrast, only a few circulating cytokines have been studied in dogs with lymphoma. We prospectively enrolled thirty-one dogs newly diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma. Immunophenotype was determined by flow cytometry in all dogs, separating them into 2 subgroups: B cell lymphoma (n=21) and T cell lymphoma (n=10). Nineteen healthy dogs were enrolled in the control group. Circulating cytokine concentrations were measured using a commercial canine multiplex magnetic bead-based assay which included Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon γ (IFN-γ), IFN-γ induced Protein-10 (IP-10), Keratinocyte Chemoattractant-like (KC-like), and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1). The serum levels of each cytokine were first compared between the lymphoma and control groups, and then between the B cell lymphoma, T cell lymphoma, and control groups. There was no significant difference between the lymphoma and healthy control groups regarding sex, age and weight. MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly higher in dogs with lymphoma compared to healthy dogs (p<0.01, p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). MCP-1 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the B cell lymphoma group than in the healthy group (p=0.01, p=0.01, respectively). MCP-1 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the T cell lymphoma group than in the healthy group (p=0.02, p<0.01, respectively). IL-6 was significantly higher in the T cell lymphoma group than in the B cell lymphoma group (p=0.03). Significant differences among the groups were found for IL-15 and KC-like, but they were affected by age and/or sex. There were no significant differences in serum IL-2, IL-7, IL-8, IL-18, GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IP-10 between any of the groups. Significant differences in red blood cell, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts were also found between the different groups of dogs. Our data showed different serum cytokine and peripheral blood cell profiles between dogs with lymphoma and healthy dogs, and between dogs with B cell and T cell lymphoma. Further study is necessary to investigate the role of these cytokines in lymphoma pathogenesis, response to treatment, and prognosis, and the influence of age, sex and blood cell counts on their expression.

Interleukin-10 deficiency impairs regulatory T cell-derived neuropilin-1 functions and promotes Th1 and Th17 immunity

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expand in peripheral lymphoid organs and can produce immunosuppressive cytokines to support tumor growth. IL-10 abrogation efficiently induces Treg formation but dampens tumoral neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1) Treg signaling, which simultaneously augments Th1 and Th17 immunity. These effects are associated with the plasticity and stability of Tregs and effector T cell functions that can limit tumorigenesis. Within the tumor microenvironment, there appears to be a “mutual antagonism” between immunoenhancement and immunosuppression mechanisms, eventually leading to decreased metastasis. In contrast, tumor progression is paralleled by a reduction in Nrp-1-producing Tregs controlled by the IL-10 and TGF-β1 levels. However, Th1, Th17 and Treg immunity is primarily regulated by IL-10 or Nrp-1 and not TGF-β1 except when combined with IL-10. These results emphasize the important implications for the therapeutic use of Tregs. The number of Treg cells must be maintained in a healthy and dynamic homeostatic range to prevent malignant diseases. Moreover, Treg-mediated immunosuppression can be limited by reducing tumor-derived Treg Nrp-1 levels.

Increased serum levels of interleukin-10 predict poor prognosis in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma patients receiving asparaginase-based chemotherapy

There are currently no prognostic biomarkers for extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) patients receiving asparaginase-based chemotherapy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in the stimulation and suppression of immune responses and influences the prognosis of different subtypes of lymphoma. We retrospectively analyzed 98 newly diagnosed patients with ENKTL receiving asparaginase-based chemotherapy. Baseline serum IL-10 levels were tested with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Patients with high IL-10 (≥12.28 pg/mL) at diagnosis tended to have more adverse clinical features. Patients with low IL-10 (<12.28 pg/mL) at diagnosis had better progression-free survival (PFS) (P>0.001) and overall survival (OS) (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that baseline serum IL-10 level ≥12.28 pg/mL, stage III/IV, elevated serum ferritin, and elevated serum Epstein-Barr virus DNA level at diagnosis were four adverse factors for PFS and OS. Based on these four independent prediction factors, we divided the patients into different subgroups as follows: group 1, no adverse factors; group 2, one factor; group 3, two factors; and group 4, three or four factors. Furthermore, significant differences in PFS and OS were found between the groups. Our results suggest that pretreatment serum IL-10 is a novel, powerful predictor of prognosis for ENKTL patients receiving asparaginase-based chemotherapy, which suggests a role for IL-10 in the pathogenesis of this disease and offers new insight into potential therapeutic strategies.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) signaling: Implications for Parkinson's disease

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) dysregulation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) encompassing both neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Several lines of evidence have illustrated a key role of the GSK-3 and its cellular and molecular signaling cascades in the control of neuroinflammation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), one of the GSK-3 isomers, plays a major role in neuronal apoptosis and its inhibition decreases expression of alpha-Synuclein (α-Synuclein), which make this kinase an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive and massive loss of dopaminergic neurons by neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta and depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which lead to pathological and clinical abnormalities. Thus, understanding the role of GSK-3β in PD will enhance our knowledge of the basic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic avenues. In recent years, GSK-3β has been shown to play essential roles in modulating a variety of cellular functions, which have prompted efforts to develop GSK-3β inhibitors as therapeutics. In this review, we summarize GSK-3 signaling pathways and its association with neuroinflammation. Moreover, we highlight the interaction between GSK-3β and several cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of PD, including the accumulation of α-Synuclein aggregates, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we discuss about GSK-3β inhibitors as a potential therapeutic strategy in PD.