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Spampinato M, Zuppelli T, Dulcamare I, Longhitano L, Sambataro D, Santisi A, Alanazi AM, Barbagallo IA, Vicario N, Parenti R, Romano A, Musumeci G, Li Volti G, Palumbo GA, Di Raimondo F, Nicolosi A, Giallongo S, Del Fabro V. Enhanced Antitumor Activity by the Combination of Dasatinib and Selinexor in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:894. [PMID: 39065744 PMCID: PMC11279392 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia is a hematological malignancy characterized by the abnormal proliferation of leukemic cells. Despite significant progress with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as Dasatinib, resistance remains a challenge. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of Selinexor, an Exportin-1 inhibitor, to improve TKI effectiveness on CML. METHODS Human CML cell lines (LAMA84 and K562) were treated with Selinexor, Dasatinib, or their combination. Apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial mass were assessed using flow cytometry. Real-time RT-PCR was used to evaluate the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function. Western blot and confocal microscopy examined PINK and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein levels. RESULTS Selinexor induced apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization in CML cell lines, reducing cell viability. The Dasatinib/Selinexor combination further enhanced cytotoxicity, modified mitochondrial fitness, and downregulated HO-1 nuclear translocation, which has been associated with drug resistance in different models. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study suggests that Dasatinib/Selinexor could be a promising therapeutic strategy for CML, providing new insights for new targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (I.A.B.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Tatiana Zuppelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (I.A.B.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Ilaria Dulcamare
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Lucia Longhitano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (I.A.B.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Domenico Sambataro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (I.D.); (D.S.)
| | - Annalisa Santisi
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Amer M. Alanazi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ignazio A. Barbagallo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (I.A.B.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (N.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (T.Z.); (L.L.); (I.A.B.); (G.L.V.)
| | - Giuseppe A. Palumbo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, A.O.U. “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (F.D.R.)
| | - Anna Nicolosi
- Hospital Pharmacy Unit, Ospedale Cannizzaro, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Department of Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (G.A.P.)
| | - Vittorio Del Fabro
- Division of Hematology with BMT, A.O.U. Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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2
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Intermolecular Interactions in Crystal Structures of Imatinib-Containing Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238970. [PMID: 33255944 PMCID: PMC7731260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib, one of the most used therapeutic agents to treat leukemia, is an inhibitor that specifically blocks the activity of tyrosine kinases. The molecule of imatinib is flexible and contains several functional groups able to take part in H-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Analysis of molecular conformations for this drug was carried out using density functional theory calculations of rotation potentials along single bonds and by analyzing crystal structures of imatinib-containing compounds taken from the Cambridge Structural Database and the Protein Data Bank. Rotation along the N-C bond in the region of the amide group was found to be the reason for two relatively stable molecular conformations, an extended and a folded one. The role of various types of intermolecular interactions in stabilization of the particular molecular conformation was studied in terms of (i) the likelihood of H-bond formation, and (ii) their contribution to the Voronoi molecular surface. It is shown that experimentally observed hydrogen bonds are in accord with the likelihood of their formation. The number of H-bonds in ligand-receptor complexes surpasses that in imatinib salts due to the large number of donors and acceptors of H-bonding within the binding pocket of tyrosine kinases. Contribution of hydrophilic intermolecular interactions to the Voronoi molecular surface is similar for both conformations, while π...π stacking is more typical for the folded conformation of imatinib.
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3
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Alhmoud JF, Mustafa AG, Malki MI. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197365. [PMID: 33036137 PMCID: PMC7582413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair plays an essential role in protecting cells that are repeatedly exposed to endogenous or exogenous insults that can induce varying degrees of DNA damage. Any defect in DNA repair mechanisms results in multiple genomic changes that ultimately may result in mutation, tumor growth, and/or cell apoptosis. Furthermore, impaired repair mechanisms can also lead to genomic instability, which can initiate tumorigenesis and development of hematological malignancy. This review discusses recent findings and highlights the importance of DNA repair components and the impact of their aberrations on hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad F. Alhmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Ayman G. Mustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44403-7847
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4
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Non-Coding RNA Networks in ALK-Positive Anaplastic-Large Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092150. [PMID: 31052302 PMCID: PMC6539248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression. In recent years, it has become more and more evident that the different classes of ncRNAs, such as micro RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs are organized in tightly controlled networks. It has been suggested that deregulation of these networks can lead to disease. Several studies show a contribution of these so-called competing-endogenous RNA networks in various cancer entities. In this review, we highlight the involvement of ncRNA networks in anaplastic-large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a T-cell neoplasia. A majority of ALCL cases harbor the molecular hallmark of this disease, a fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene with the nucleophosmin (NPM, NPM1) gene leading to a permanently active kinase that promotes the malignant phenotype. We have focused especially on ncRNAs that are regulated by the NPM-ALK fusion gene and illustrate how their deregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL. Lastly, we summarize the findings and point out potential therapeutic implications.
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5
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Liu H, Cui Y, Wang GF, Dong Q, Yao Y, Li P, Cao C, Liu X. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl phosphorylates Runx1 and regulates Runx1-mediated megakaryocyte maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1060-1072. [PMID: 29730354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx1 is an essential regulator of definitive hematopoiesis, megakaryocyte (MK) maturation, and lymphocyte differentiation. Runx1 mutations that interfere with its transcriptional activity are often present in leukemia patients. Recent work demonstrated that the transcriptional activity of Runx1 is regulated by kinase-mediated phosphorylation. In this study, we showed that c-Abl, but not Arg tyrosine kinase, associated with Runx1 both in cultured cells and in vitro. c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in the Runx1 transcription inhibition domain negatively regulated the transcriptional activity of Runx1 and inhibited Runx1-mediated MK maturation. Consistent with these findings, increased numbers of MKs were detected in the spleens and bone marrow of abl gene conditional knockout mice. Our findings demonstrate an important role of c-Abl kinase in Runx1-mediated MK maturation and platelet formation and provide a potential mechanism of Abl kinase-regulated hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guang-Fei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qincai Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yebao Yao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, 27 Taiping Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China.
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6
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Ghelli Luserna di Rora’ A, Iacobucci I, Martinelli G. The cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of leukemias. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:77. [PMID: 28356161 PMCID: PMC5371185 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway in the treatment of cancers has recently reached an exciting stage with several cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors that are now being tested in several clinical trials in cancer patients. Although the great amount of pre-clinical and clinical data are from the solid tumor experience, only few studies have been done on leukemias using specific cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors. This review aims to summarize the most recent data found on the biological mechanisms of the response to DNA damages highlighting the role of the different elements of the DDR pathway in normal and cancer cells and focusing on the main genetic alteration or aberrant gene expression that has been found on acute and chronic leukemias. This review, for the first time, outlines the most important pre-clinical and clinical data available on the efficacy of cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors in single agent and in combination with different agents normally used for the treatment of acute and chronic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Iacobucci
- Department of Hematology and Medical Sciences “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
- Present: Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - G. Martinelli
- Department of Hematology and Medical Sciences “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Manteniotis S, Wojcik S, Brauhoff P, Möllmann M, Petersen L, Göthert JR, Schmiegel W, Dührsen U, Gisselmann G, Hatt H. Functional characterization of the ectopically expressed olfactory receptor 2AT4 in human myelogenous leukemia. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:15070. [PMID: 27551494 PMCID: PMC4979481 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory receptor (OR) family was found to be expressed mainly in the nasal epithelium. In the last two decades members of the OR family were detected to be functional expressed in different parts of the human body such as in liver, prostate or intestine cancer cells. Here, we detected the expression of several ORs in the human chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line K562 and in white blood cells of clinically diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. With calcium-imaging, we characterized in greater detail the cell biological role of one OR (OR2AT4) in leukemia. In both cell systems, the OR2AT4 agonist Sandalore-evoked strong Ca2+ influx via the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-mediated pathway. The OR2AT4 antagonist Phenirat prevented the Sandalore-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase. Western blot and flow cytometric experiments revealed that stimulation of OR2AT4 reduced the proliferation by decreasing p38-MAPK phosphorylation and induced apoptosis via phosphorylation of p44/42-MAPK. Furthermore, Sandalore increased the number of hemoglobin-containing cells in culture. We described for the first time an OR-mediated pathway in CML and AML that can regulate proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation after activation. This mechanism offers novel therapeutic options for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manteniotis
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - S Wojcik
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - P Brauhoff
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - M Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - L Petersen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - J R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - W Schmiegel
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - U Dührsen
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen , Essen, Germany
| | - G Gisselmann
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
| | - H Hatt
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum, Germany
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8
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Muvarak N, Kelley S, Robert C, Baer MR, Perrotti D, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Civin C, Scheibner K, Rassool FV. c-MYC Generates Repair Errors via Increased Transcription of Alternative-NHEJ Factors, LIG3 and PARP1, in Tyrosine Kinase-Activated Leukemias. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:699-712. [PMID: 25828893 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leukemias expressing the constitutively activated tyrosine kinases (TK) BCR-ABL1 and FLT3/ITD activate signaling pathways that increase genomic instability through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), and error-prone repair. The nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway is a major pathway for DSB repair and is highly aberrant in TK-activated leukemias; an alternative form of NHEJ (ALT-NHEJ) predominates, evidenced by increased expression of DNA ligase IIIα (LIG3) and PARP1, increased frequency of large genomic deletions, and repair using DNA sequence microhomologies. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that the TK target c-MYC plays a role in transcriptional activation and subsequent expression of LIG3 and PARP1 and contributes to the increased error-prone repair observed in TK-activated leukemias. c-MYC negatively regulates microRNAs miR-150 and miR-22, which demonstrate an inverse correlation with LIG3 and PARP1 expression in primary and cultured leukemia cells and chronic myelogenous leukemia human patient samples. Notably, inhibition of c-MYC and overexpression of miR-150 and -22 decreases ALT-NHEJ activity. Thus, BCR-ABL1 or FLT3/ITD induces c-MYC expression, leading to genomic instability via augmented expression of ALT-NHEJ repair factors that generate repair errors. IMPLICATIONS In the context of TK-activated leukemias, c-MYC contributes to aberrant DNA repair through downstream targets LIG3 and PARP1, which represent viable and attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Muvarak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shannon Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria R Baer
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danilo Perrotti
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Curt Civin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kara Scheibner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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9
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A proposed quantitative index for assessing the potential contribution of reprogramming to cancer stem cell kinetics. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:249309. [PMID: 24955094 PMCID: PMC4052692 DOI: 10.1155/2014/249309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is thought to be responsible for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) recurrence after radiation therapy. Simulation results from our agent-based cellular automata model reveal that the enrichment of CSCs may result either from an increased symmetric self-renewal division rate of CSCs or a reprogramming of non-stem cancer cells (CCs) to a stem cell state. Based on plateau-to-peak ratio of the CSC fraction in the tumor following radiation, a downward trend from peak to subsequent plateau (i.e., a plateau-to-peak ratio exceeding 1.0) was found to be inconsistent with increased symmetric division alone and favors instead a strong reprogramming component. The two contributions together are seen to be the product of a dynamic equilibrium between CSCs and CCs that is highly regulated by the kinetics of single cells, including the potential for CCs to reacquire a stem cell state and confer phenotypic plasticity to the population as a whole. We conclude that tumor malignancy can be gauged by a degree of cancer cell plasticity.
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10
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Evolution of High-Affinity Peptide Probes to Detect the SH3 Domain of Cancer Biomarker BCR–ABL. Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Gopalakrishnan V, Raghavan SC. Sequence and structural basis for chromosomal fragility during translocations in cancer. Future Oncol 2012; 8:1121-34. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal aberration is considered to be one of the major characteristic features in many cancers. Chromosomal translocation, one type of genomic abnormality, can lead to deregulation of critical genes involved in regulating important physiological functions such as cell proliferation and DNA repair. Although chromosomal translocations were thought to be random events, recent findings suggest that certain regions in the human genome are more susceptible to breakage than others. The possibility of deviation from the usual B-DNA conformation in such fragile regions has been an active area of investigation. This review summarizes the factors that contribute towards the fragility of these regions in the chromosomes, such as DNA sequences and the role of different forms of DNA structures. Proteins responsible for chromosomal fragility, and their mechanism of action are also discussed. The effect of positioning of chromosomes within the nucleus favoring chromosomal translocations and the role of repair mechanisms are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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12
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Schlatterer SD, Acker CM, Davies P. c-Abl in neurodegenerative disease. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:445-52. [PMID: 21728062 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The c-Abl tyrosine kinase participates in a variety of cellular functions, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, regulation of the cell cycle, and the apoptotic/cell cycle arrest response to stress, and the Abl family of kinases has been shown to play a crucial role in development of the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown c-Abl activation in human Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and c-Abl activation in mouse models and neuronal culture in response to amyloid beta fibrils and oxidative stress. Overexpression of active c-Abl in adult mouse neurons results in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Based on this evidence, a potential role for c-Abl in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease is discussed, and we attempt to place activation of c-Abl in context with other known contributors to neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Schlatterer
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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13
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Abstract
Dasatinib is a novel, potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor of Bcr-Abl, cKIT, and Src family kinases that exhibits efficacy in patients with imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. Dasatinib treatment is associated with mild thrombocytopenia and an increased risk of bleeding, but its biological effect on megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production is unknown. In this study, we show that dasatinib causes mild thrombocytopenia in mice without altering platelet half-life, suggesting that it inhibits platelet formation. Conversely, the number of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow of dasatinib-treated mice was increased and the ploidy of MKs derived from bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro was elevated in the presence of dasatinib. Furthermore, a significant delay in platelet recovery after immune-induced thrombocytopenia was observed in dasatinib-treated mice even though the number of MKs in the bone marrow was increased relative to controls at all time points. Interestingly, the migration of MKs toward a gradient of stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF1α) and the formation of proplatelets in vitro were abolished by dasatinib. We propose that dasatinib causes thrombocytopenia as a consequence of ineffective thrombopoiesis, promoting MK differentiation but also impairing MK migration and proplatelet formation.
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Winger JA, Hantschel O, Superti-Furga G, Kuriyan J. The structure of the leukemia drug imatinib bound to human quinone reductase 2 (NQO2). BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:7. [PMID: 19236722 PMCID: PMC2655291 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-9-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imatinib represents the first in a class of drugs targeted against chronic myelogenous leukemia to enter the clinic, showing excellent efficacy and specificity for Abl, Kit, and PDGFR kinases. Recent screens carried out to find off-target proteins that bind to imatinib identified the oxidoreductase NQO2, a flavoprotein that is phosphorylated in a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line. RESULTS We examined the inhibition of NQO2 activity by the Abl kinase inhibitors imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib, and obtained IC50 values of 80 nM, 380 nM, and >100 microM, respectively. Using electronic absorption spectroscopy, we show that imatinib binding results in a perturbation of the protein environment around the flavin prosthetic group in NQO2. We have determined the crystal structure of the complex of imatinib with human NQO2 at 1.75 A resolution, which reveals that imatinib binds in the enzyme active site, adjacent to the flavin isoalloxazine ring. We find that phosphorylation of NQO2 has little effect on enzyme activity and is therefore likely to regulate other aspects of NQO2 function. CONCLUSION The structure of the imatinib-NQO2 complex demonstrates that imatinib inhibits NQO2 activity by competing with substrate for the active site. The overall conformation of imatinib when bound to NQO2 resembles the folded conformation observed in some kinase complexes. Interactions made by imatinib with residues at the rim of the active site provide an explanation for the binding selectivity of NQO2 for imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. These interactions also provide a rationale for the lack of inhibition of the related oxidoreductase NQO1 by these compounds. Taken together, these studies provide insight into the mechanism of NQO2 inhibition by imatinib, with potential implications for drug design and treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Winger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hantschel
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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15
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Jongen-Lavrencic M, Salesse S, Delwel R, Verfaillie CM. BCR/ABL-mediated downregulation of genes implicated in cell adhesion and motility leads to impaired migration toward CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 in primary BCR/ABL-positive cells. Leukemia 2005; 19:373-80. [PMID: 15674360 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying p210(BCR/ABL) oncoprotein-mediated transformation in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is not fully understood. We hypothesized that p210(BCR/ABL) suppresses expression of genes which may explain at least some of the pathogenetic features of CML. A subtractive cDNA library was created between BCR/ABL-enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein (GFP)-transduced umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells and GFP-transduced UCB CD34+ cells to identify genes whose expression is downregulated by p210(BCR/ABL). At least 100 genes were identified. We have confirmed for eight of these genes that expression was suppressed by quantitative real-time-RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) of additional p210(BCR/ABL)-transduced CD34+ UCB cells as well as primary early chronic phase (CP) bone marrow (BM) CML CD34+ cells. Imatinib mesylate reversed downregulation of some genes, to approximately normal levels. Several of the genes are implicated in cell adhesion and motility, including L-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and the chemokine receptor, CCR7, consistent with the known defect in adhesion and migration of CML cells. Compared with GFP UCB or normal (NL) BM CD34+ cells, p210 UCB and CML CD34+ cells migrated poorly towards the CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, suggesting a possible role for CCR7 in the abnormal migratory behavior of CML CD34+ cells.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CCL21
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Down-Regulation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- K562 Cells
- L-Selectin/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Ligands
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jongen-Lavrencic
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Stem Cell Institute, Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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16
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Salesse S, Verfaillie CM. BCR/ABL: from molecular mechanisms of leukemia induction to treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncogene 2002; 21:8547-59. [PMID: 12476301 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Salesse
- Stem Cell Institute, Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Shet AS, Jahagirdar BN, Verfaillie CM. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: mechanisms underlying disease progression. Leukemia 2002; 16:1402-11. [PMID: 12145676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2001] [Accepted: 08/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), characterized by the BCR-ABL gene rearrangement, has been extensively studied. Significant progress has been made in the area of BCR-ABL-mediated intracellular signaling, which has led to a better understanding of BCR-ABL-mediated clinical features in chronic phase CML. Disease progression and blast crisis CML is associated with characteristic non-random cytogenetic and molecular events. These can be viewed as increased oncogenic activity or loss of tumor suppressor activity. However, what causes transformation and disease progression to blast crisis is only poorly understood. This is in part due to the lack of a good in vivo model of chronic phase CML even though animal models developed over the last few years have started to provide insights into blast crisis development. Thus, additional in vitro and in vivo studies will be needed to provide a complete understanding of the contribution of BCR-ABL and other genes to disease progression and to improve therapeutic approaches for blast crisis CML.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosome Aberrations
- DNA Repair
- Disease Progression
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Models, Biological
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogenes
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shet
- Stem Cell Institute and Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Abstract
Bcr-Abl is an oncogene that arises from fusion of the Bcr gene with the c-Abl proto-oncogene. Three different Bcr-Abl variants can be formed, depending on the amount of Bcr gene included: p185, p210, and p230. The three variants are associated with distinct types of human leukemias. Examination of the signaling pathways differentially regulated by the Bcr-Abl proteins will help us gain better insight into Bcr-Abl mediated leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali S Advani
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Pierce A, Spooncer E, Ainsworth S, Whetton AD. BCR-ABL alters the proliferation and differentiation response of multipotent hematopoietic cells to stem cell factor. Oncogene 2002; 21:3068-75. [PMID: 12082538 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2001] [Revised: 02/06/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2002] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), a hematopoietic stem cell disorder is characterized by the expression of BCR-ABL. To investigate the effects of BCR-ABL on multipotent hematopoietic cells, a temperature sensitive BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase was expressed in the cell line, FDCP-Mix. BCR-ABL mediated an increase in c-kit expression that correlated with an enhanced mitogenic response to SCF. This was not observed in the absence of Bcr-Abl kinase activity or presence of the BCR-ABL inhibitor STI571, which also inhibits c-kit. When cultured in a combination of SCF plus G-CSF the FDCP-Mix cells undergo neutrophilic differentiation over a 7-10 day period. When BCR-ABL was active there was a marked inhibition of cell maturation compared to control cells in which BCR-ABL was either inactive or not present. However, BCR-ABL did not block differentiation as the cells eventually undergo terminal maturation. These data argue that BCR-ABL is directly responsible for the enhanced response to SCF reported in CML progenitor cells. Furthermore, although the primary effect of STI571 is via direct inhibition of BCR-ABL, STI571 additionally reduces the enhanced response to SCF. Thus there are two sites of STI571 action of potential importance in Bcr-Abl expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Pierce
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, UMIST, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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20
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Abstract
The BCR-ABL oncogene is essential to the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia, and immune mechanisms play an important role in control of this disease. Understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia has led to the development of several novel therapies, which can be broadly divided into therapies based on 1) inhibition of the BCR-ABL oncogene expression, 2) inhibition of other genes important to the pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia, 3) inhibition of BCR-ABL protein function, and 4) immunomodulation. We have systematically reviewed each of these novel therapeutic approaches in this article.
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MESH Headings
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Benzamides
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Farnesyltranstransferase
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, myb
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Models, Biological
- Multicenter Studies as Topic
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use
- Phosphorylation
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Neoplasm/antagonists & inhibitors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Jahagirdar
- Stem Cell Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn 55455, USA
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21
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Abstract
This article reviews the biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and its effect on the process of hematopoiesis. The relevance of the BCR-ABL fusion protein as well as murine models are also discussed. CML has been studied more extensively than any other malignancy, yet the correlation between the clinical symptoms of chronic phase CML and the BCR-ABL oncoprotein is poorly understood. Insights from recent efforts both to develop a good in vivo animal model and to characterize the effect of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein on relevant signal molecules may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic phase CML and, thereby, to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Verfaillie
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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22
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Abstract
This article discusses briefly the molecular consequences of the BCR-ABL fusion gene. It then reviews the current evidence supporting the notion that chronic myelogenous leukemia in its chronic phase is a clonal, hematopoietic, stem cell disease in which malignant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells respond to "normal" external proliferation and differentiation stimuli, but in which such responses are altered owing to defects in the stem and progenitor cells as a result of the BCR-ABL oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Division
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Verfaillie
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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23
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Saltykova LB, Lyschov AA, Abdulkadyrov KM, Blinov MN. A rapid RT-PCR based method for the detection of BCR-ABL translocation. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:266-8. [PMID: 9497918 PMCID: PMC379644 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.5.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To optimise a one step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol for BCR-ABL chimaera detection. METHODS Compared with published RT-PCR procedures, this novel approach has at least two advantages. First, the same enzyme is used for both reverse transcription and PCR. Second, amplification of the target (BCR-ABL chimaera) and control gene (ABL) is performed simultaneously in the same tube. RESULTS On testing 40 chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients and 10 healthy donors there was a specificity for the newly developed technique. In addition, dilution experiments demonstrated that the protocol was highly sensitive. CONCLUSIONS The suggested one step PCR strategy is a simple and reliable way to reveal BCR-ABL chimaeras.
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24
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Gudi R, Elizalde A, Gogineni SK, Macera MJ, Badillo A, Verma RS. Characterization of a complex translocation [t(4;9;22)(p16;q34;q11)] in chronic myelogenous leukemia by fluorescence in situ hybridization technique. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1996; 90:142-5. [PMID: 8830724 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(96)00095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A patient was referred with a high leukocyte count and diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Although practically asymptomatic since the time of diagnosis, he had a variable and inconsistent response to treatment. All of his bone marrow cells had a complex, three-way translocation, involving chromosomes 4, 9 and 22. Translocation of chromosome 4 to chromosome 9 was undetectable by routine cytogenetic techniques; however, by the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique, a three-way translocation was identified, 46,XY,t(4;9;22)(p16;q34;q11). Although, other chromosomes are frequently involved in complex or variant translocations with chromosome 9 and 22, participation of chromosome 4 is a very rare event. So far, two previous cases have been described in the literature with translocations involving chromosome 4p16. We present a third case of CML having similar break points whose clinical presentation is unusual.
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MESH Headings
- Allopurinol/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Busulfan/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gudi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York Methodist Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, USA
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25
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Costello R, Bouabdallah R, Sainty D, Gastaut JA, Gabert J. [Chronic myeloid leukemia, biological aspects]. Rev Med Interne 1996; 17:213-23. [PMID: 8734143 DOI: 10.1016/0248-8663(96)81248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder of a stem cell, involving myeloid, erythroid, megacaryocyte, lymphoid B-cells and "natural killer" cells. The hallmark of CML is the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome which is a shortened chromosome 22 (22q-) resulting from a reciprocal translocation involving chromosome 9 and chromosome 22, designed t (9;22) (q34;q11). This translocation juxtaposes parts of two genes; ABL on chromosome 9 and BCR (breakpoint cluster region) on chromosome 22. Transcription of the BCR/ABL fusion gene results in an hybrid mRNA that is translated into a 210 kDa or 190 kDa protein, depending on the location of the breakpoint in the bcr region. This protein plays a key role in CML: its tyrosine-kinase activity, that differs from the normal ABL product, may be involved in leukemic cell growth. Nonetheless, the loss of the negative cell growth regulation by c-ABL, or BCR/ABL fusion protein interaction with other cellular genes (such as RAS or c-MYC) could also be involved in CML pathophysiology. A better understanding of the molecular mecanisms of CML could lead to specific treatment, such as tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, or site-specific DNA-binding proteins designed against BCR/ABL oncogenic fusion sequence.
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MESH Headings
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/physiology
- Genes, abl
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- R Costello
- Département d'hématologie générale, institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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