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Jestrabek H, Kohlhas V, Hallek M, Nguyen PH. Impact of leukemia-associated macrophages on the progression and therapy response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 2024; 143:107531. [PMID: 38851084 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2024.107531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has advanced remarkably over the past decade. The advent and approval of the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib and BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax, as well as monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies rituximab and obinutuzumab, have resulted in deep remissions and substantially improved survival outcomes for patients. However, CLL remains a complex disease with many patients still experiencing relapse and unsatisfactory treatment responses. CLL cells are highly dependent on their pro-leukemic tumor microenvironment (TME), which comprises different cellular and soluble factors. A large body of evidence suggests that CLL-associated macrophages shaped by leukemic cells play a pivotal role in maintaining CLL cell survival. In this review, we summarize the pro-survival interactions between CLL cells and macrophages, as well as the impact of the current first-line treatment agents, including ibrutinib, venetoclax, and CD20 antibodies on leukemia-associated macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/immunology
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages/drug effects
- Disease Progression
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Piperidines/therapeutic use
- Macrophages/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Jestrabek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Viktoria Kohlhas
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Michael Hallek
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Phuong-Hien Nguyen
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CECAD Center of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Cologne 50931, Germany.
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2
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Velasco-de Andrés M, Casadó-Llombart S, Català C, Leyton-Pereira A, Lozano F, Aranda F. Soluble CD5 and CD6: Lymphocytic Class I Scavenger Receptors as Immunotherapeutic Agents. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122589. [PMID: 33287301 PMCID: PMC7761703 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are closely related signal-transducing class I scavenger receptors mainly expressed on lymphocytes. Both receptors are involved in the modulation of the activation and differentiation cell processes triggered by clonotypic antigen-specific receptors present on T and B cells (TCR and BCR, respectively). To serve such a relevant immunomodulatory function, the extracellular region of CD5 and CD6 interacts with soluble and/or cell-bound endogenous counterreceptors but also microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Evidence from genetically-modified mouse models indicates that the absence or blockade of CD5- and CD6-mediated signals results in dysregulated immune responses, which may be deleterious or advantageous in some pathological conditions, such as infection, cancer or autoimmunity. Bench to bedside translation from transgenic data is constrained by ethical concerns which can be overcome by exogenous administration of soluble proteins acting as decoy receptors and leading to transient “functional knockdown”. This review gathers information currently available on the therapeutic efficacy of soluble CD5 and CD6 receptor infusion in different experimental models of disease. The existing proof-of-concept warrants the interest of soluble CD5 and CD6 as safe and efficient immunotherapeutic agents in diverse and relevant pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Velasco-de Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Sergi Casadó-Llombart
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Cristina Català
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Alejandra Leyton-Pereira
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.V.-d.A.); (S.C.-L.); (C.C.); (A.L.-P.)
- Servei d’Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Immunoregulació de la Resposta Innata i Adaptativa, Department de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación de Navarra (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (F.A.)
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3
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Wan L, Zhang L, Fan K, Cheng ZX, Sun QC, Wang JJ. Knockdown of Long Noncoding RNA PCAT6 Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion in Lung Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 24:161-70. [PMID: 27458097 PMCID: PMC7838661 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14618564639178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a newly identified oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6) promoted cellular proliferation and colony formation of prostate cancer. However, the biological function of PCAT6 in lung cancer is still largely unknown. In this study, we found that PCAT6 is significantly increased in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues and positively correlates with metastasis of lung cancer in patients. We then examined PCAT6 expression in lung cancer cell lines and identified that PCAT6 expression was significantly elevated in lung cancer cells compared to normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, especially in CL1-5 and H446 cells. PCAT6 knockdown significantly inhibited cellular proliferation and metastasis, as well as induced early apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Molecular analysis revealed that PCAT6 regulated the expression of two pivotal cancer-related proteins, c-Myc and p53, in lung cancer cells. However, PCAT6 was not directly combined with c-Myc and p53 as confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Finally, a retrospective study further revealed that PCAT6 negatively correlates with overall survival of lung cancer patients. In conclusion, these results suggest that PCAT6 could play an oncogenic role in lung cancer progression and may serve as a biomarker for prognosis of lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Chen X, Dong XS, Gao HY, Jiang YF, Jin YL, Chang YY, Chen LY, Wang JH. Suppression of HSP27 increases the anti‑tumor effects of quercetin in human leukemia U937 cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:689-96. [PMID: 26648539 PMCID: PMC4686121 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, inhibits the growth of leukemia cells and induces apoptosis. Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) has been reported to promote the development of leukemia by protecting tumor cells from apoptosis through various mechanisms. The present study investigated the effects of small hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated HSP27 knockdown on the anti-cancer effects of quercetin in U937 human leukemia cells. Cells were transfected with recombinant lentiviral vector pCMV-G-NR-U6-shHSP27 (shHSP27), which expressed shRNA specifically targeting the HSP27 gene, alone or in combination with quercetin. The results showed that shHSP27 and quercetin synergistically inhibited U937 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by decreasing the Bcl2-to-Bax ratio. Furthermore, this combined treatment significantly suppressed the infiltration of tumor cells and the expression of angiogenesis-associated proteins HIF1α and VEGF. Compared with shHSP27 or quercetin alone, shHSP27 plus quercetin markedly decreased the protein expression of cyclinD1 and thus blocked the cell cycle at G1 phase. The Notch/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is important in tumor aggressiveness; quercetin plus shHSP27 significantly decreased Notch 1 expression and the phosphorylation levels of the downstream signaling proteins AKT and mTOR. The inhibitory effects of quercetin plus shHSP27 on this pathway may thus have been responsible for the cell cycle arrest, inhibition of proliferations and infiltration as well as enhancement of apoptosis. Therefore, these findings collectively suggested that suppression of HSP27 expression amplified the anti-cancer effects of quercetin in U937 human leukemia cells, and that quercetin in combination with shHSP27 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Shuai Dong
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Fang Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Lan Jin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Chang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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5
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He Y, Cao X, Liu X, Li X, Xu Y, Liu J, Shi J. Quercetin reverses experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension by modulating the TrkA pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:122-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Turgut B, Vural O, Pala FS, Pamuk GE, Tabakcioğlu K, Demir M, Ongören S, Soysal T, Algüneş C. 17p Deletion is associated with resistance of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to in vitro fludarabine-induced apoptosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48:311-20. [PMID: 17325891 DOI: 10.1080/10428190601059829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the relationship between the cytogenetic/biologic characteristics of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells and their tendency to undergo spontaneous or fludarabine-induced apoptosis in vitro. B cells from 36 B-CLL patients were incubated with or without fludarabine for 48 h. Apoptosis was determined by two assays: annexin V staining and DNA staining. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for detection of trisomy 12, 11q deletion, and 17p deletion. Bcl-2 and CD38 expressions were determined by flow cytometry. Five patients had 17p deletion, 6 had trisomy 12, and another 6 had 11q deletion. B-CLL cells with 17p deletion had significant resistance to apoptosis induced by fludarabine and a slight spontaneous resistance to apoptosis. Bcl-2 and CD38 were not associated with in vitro spontaneous and fludarabine-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, 17p deletion, which causes loss of p53 gene, is associated with resistance to fludarabine-induced apoptosis in vitro. New treatment modalities should be tried in B-CLL patients with 17p deletion.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Turgut
- Division of Hematology, Trakya University Medical Faculty, Edirne, Turkey.
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7
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Short nucleotide polymorphic insertions in the MCL-1 promoter affect gene expression. Cancer Lett 2007; 251:114-31. [PMID: 17198743 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported novel short nucleotide (six and eighteen) polymorphic insertions, in the MCL-1 promoter and their association with higher mRNA and protein levels. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that these insertions directly affect MCL-1 gene expression. Haematopoietic and epithelial human cell lines were transfected with +0, +6, or +18 MCL-1 promoter fragments positioned upstream of the Firefly luciferase reporter gene. The cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Compared to +0, both polymorphic insertions (+6 and +18) were associated with increased promoter activity. Although chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that there are Sp1/Sp3 binding sites in the MCL-1 promoter, electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that it is unlikely that these sites are in the region harboring these insertions. These results provide further evidence for the biological effect of MCL-1 promoter polymorphisms on gene expression.
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8
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Mundle S, Noskina Y. Cytogenetic testing for therapeutic indication in cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005; 5:23-9. [PMID: 15723589 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The association of cytogenetic abnormalities with cancer is well established. However, due to the historic lack of specific insight into the functional role of these anomalies, they have mostly served as diagnostic and/or prognostic indicators. Recent developments in chronic myelogenous leukemia and breast cancer have raised hopes for specific cytogenetic alterations to serve as therapeutic targets. This article reviews the aid provided by molecular diagnostics in these exciting developments in the cancer arena.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Mundle
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry, Naperville, Chicago, IL 60565, USA.
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Palanduz S, Serakinci N, Cefle K, Aktan M, Tutkan G, Ozturk S, Bozkurt G, Dincol G, Pekcelen Y, Koch J. A different approach to telomere analysis with ddPRINS in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Med Genet 2005; 49:63-9. [PMID: 16473311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2005.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeric sequences, located at the very end of the chromosomes, compensate for the chromosomal shortening as it happens after each round of cell division. Telomeric sequences influence the progress of cellular senescence and cancer progression. It has been reported that telomeres are shortened in acute leukemias where the cell turnover is high. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a particularly interesting haematological malignancy in regard to telomere dynamics because most of the malignant cells in CLL are mitotically inactive. In this study, we analysed the telomere length in patients with B-cell CLL in a comparison with the control group by using ddPRINS technique. Twenty patients with CLL and four healthy donors as a control group were included. We found short telomeres and no detectable telomeric repeats at the sites of chromosome fusion. We hypothesise that the telomeric erosion in CLL may reflect the dominance of malignant cells with an abnormally long life span. These cells may have encountered many antigenic stimulants in the past and hence underwent multiple clonal expansions. Our findings imply that shortened telomeres in CLL may be reflecting the "history" of the disease and serve as an independent prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukru Palanduz
- Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Moshynska O, Sankaran K, Pahwa P, Saxena A. Prognostic significance of a short sequence insertion in the MCL-1 promoter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:673-82. [PMID: 15126604 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djh122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mcl-1 protein contributes to the longevity of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells, and its higher expression has been associated with resistance to chemotherapy. We sought structural changes in the MCL-1 gene in CLL patients and associated these with clinical parameters of the disease. METHODS The MCL-1 gene from peripheral blood lymphocytes from 58 CLL patients and 18 control subjects and from the RL and BC-3 lymphoma cell lines was sequenced. Mcl-1 mRNA expression (in 20 consecutive patients and four control subjects) was analyzed by RNase protection assay, and Mcl-1 protein expression (in 18 consecutive patients and four controls) was analyzed by western blotting. Genetic changes in MCL-1 were associated with biochemical and clinical characteristics, including expression of CD38, a negative prognostic factor. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to determine the prognostic importance of changes in the MCL-1 gene, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze patient survival. All statistical tests were two sided. RESULTS A 6- or 18-nucleotide sequence insertion was found in the same site in the MCL-1 promoter in 17 of 58 patients and in BC-3 cells; it was absent in all control subjects and in RL cells. Of 21 CD38-negative patients, 10 had a promoter insertion; of 17 CD38-positive patients, one had a promoter insertion (P =.0099). Patients with a promoter insertion had higher mRNA (median = 26.8 relative units, interquartile range [IQR] = 14.9 to 35.2, versus median = 8.8 relative units, IQR = 3.9 to 15.7, P =.030, U-test) and protein (median = 0.84 relative units, IQR = 0.81 to 1.0 versus median = 0.47, IQR = 0.32 to 0.70, P =.021, U-test) expression, more rapid disease progression (P =.012), poorer response to chemotherapy (P =.001), and shorter overall (P =.0088) and disease-specific (P <.001) survival than patients with a normal promoter. The presence of an MCL-1 promoter insertion had prognostic significance in a Cox model (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS The MCL-1 promoter insertion may identify a high-risk group of CD38-negative CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- DNA Transposable Elements
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Survival Analysis
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Moshynska
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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11
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Saxena A, Viswanathan S, Moshynska O, Tandon P, Sankaran K, Sheridan DP. Mcl-1 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio are associated with treatment response but not with Rai stage in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 2004; 75:22-33. [PMID: 14695629 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although both Bcl-2/Bax ratio and Mcl-1 have been identified to be of clinical relevance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), there is controversy regarding their role; further, their relative importance is not well delineated. Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and Mcl-1 in 51 consecutive previously untreated CLL patients and 16 controls was determined by Western blotting. Only 37 patients were treated, all with chlorambucil and prednisone initially. Six patients achieved complete response (CR), 14 were non-responders (NR), and 17 had a partial response (PR), as defined by NCI criteria. There was considerable inter-patient variability in protein expression and overlap with healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). All patients with CR had low Mcl-1 levels compared to the PR + NR group (0.07 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.07, P = 0.043). Higher Mcl-1 expression as determined by dichotomizing the data was associated with a failure to achieve CR (P = 0.021). The Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly associated with treatment response only when CR and PR were considered together (0.89 +/- 0.53 [CR + PR] vs. 3.38 +/- 4.47 [NR], P = 0.0118). There was no association with Rai stage. Low Mcl-1 appears to be a requirement for CR, while low Bcl-2/Bax ratio is indicative of some response to conventional treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Chlorambucil/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- ROC Curve
- Treatment Outcome
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Saxena
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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12
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Segel GB, Woodlock TJ, Xu J, Li L, Felgar RE, Ryan DH, Lichtman MA, Wang N. Early gene activation in chronic leukemic B lymphocytes induced toward a plasma cell phenotype. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003; 30:277-87. [PMID: 12737946 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-9796(03)00035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes that are arrested at an intermediate stage of B lymphocyte development. CLL B lymphocytes transform (mature) to a plasmacytic phenotype with loss of CD19 and CD20 and the appearance of cytoplasmic immunoglobulin when treated in vitro with phorbol esters. We have used array hybridization technology to describe gene expression patterns for untreated and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-treated CLL B cells at 5, 10, and 20 min following initial TPA exposure. Three genes, early growth response factor 1 (EGR-1), dual specificity phosphatase 2, and CD69 (early T-cell activation antigen), showed a 2.0-fold or greater increase in mRNA transcription at four or more of six time points in two studies. Upregulation of expression of these genes was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the TPA-treated cells of four CLL patients. A progressive increase in gene expression was observed during the 20-min time course for all three genes. In addition, protein expression of EGR-1 and CD69 was increased as measured by immunofluorescence cell analysis. Several genes (PKC, n-myc, jun D, and BCL-2) previously reported as overexpressed in CLL lymphocytes were overexpressed in these studies also, but were not altered by TPA treatment. Genes for proteins whose upregulation requires hours of TPA exposure (the 4F2hc component of the L-system amino acid transporter, prohibition, and hsp60) were assessed, and their later expression contrasted with the early expression of EGR-1, dual specificity phosphatase 2, and CD69. EGR-1 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is induced by pokeweed mitogen and TPA and promotes B lymphocyte maturation. The dual specificity phosphatase 2 encodes an enzyme that reverses mitogen activated protein kinase cell activation by dephosphorylation. The CD69 protein is induced by TPA in thymocytes and is a type II transmembrane signaling molecule in hematopoietic cells. These findings suggest that the products of these three genes may be central to early steps in the TPA-induced evolution of CLL B cells to a plasmacytic phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Plasma Cells/cytology
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Segel
- Department of Pediatrics, and Unity Health System, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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13
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Zaninoni A, Imperiali FG, Pasquini C, Zanella A, Barcellini W. Cytokine modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activity in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:185-90. [PMID: 12644014 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)01046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of the apoptotic mechanisms plays a key role in the accumulation of malignant B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. The transcription nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is important for cell survival by regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Several cytokines can modulate leukemic growth and apoptosis in B-CLL. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine-mediated regulation of apoptosis occurs via modulation of NF-kappaB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from B-CLL patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated NF-kappaB activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 untreated B-CLL patients and 11 controls in resting conditions and in the presence of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and different cytokines by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Apoptosis was studied by spectrophotometric analysis of DNA fragmentation. RESULTS We found a constitutive high NF-kappaB activity not induced by PMA in B-CLL patients, in contrast with a normal inducible NF-kappaB activity in controls. In B-CLL cultures, addition of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 increased, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta reduced NF-kappaB activity compared with unstimulated cultures. Accordingly, IL-4 and IL-13 decreased, whereas TGF-beta increased DNA fragmentation compared with unstimulated cultures. IL-13 and IL-4 production was increased, whereas TGF-beta was reduced in PMA-stimulated and unstimulated cultures from B-CLL patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS B-CLL patients have a constitutive high NF-kappaB activity, which is modulated by cytokines. In particular, TGF-beta displays a pro-apoptotic activity, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 have opposite effects. These cytokine alterations could be responsible for a positive autocrine circuit that maintains leukemic cells in a pre-apoptotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zaninoni
- Dipartimento di Ematologia, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore di Milano, Milan, Italy
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14
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Saxena A, Moshynska O, Sankaran K, Viswanathan S, Sheridan DP. Association of a novel single nucleotide polymorphism, G(-248)A, in the 5'-UTR of BAX gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with disease progression and treatment resistance. Cancer Lett 2002; 187:199-205. [PMID: 12359369 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) a high Bcl-2/Bax ratio contributes to death defiance. We sought to identify any genetic changes in the BAX as a possible mechanism for its altered expression in CLL. The BAX gene from the RL cell line and B-cells from 34 CLL patients and 25 controls were sequenced. A novel heterozygous G(-248)A polymorphism in the 5'-UTR was present in 69% of stage I-IV patients and 5.5% of stage 0 patients, and in 4.0% of controls. It was associated with reduced protein expression (P=0.049), progression beyond Rai stage 0 (P=0.00018) and failure to achieve complete response (P=0.038).
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MESH Headings
- 5' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Case-Control Studies
- Cyclophosphamide/therapeutic use
- Disease Progression
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
- Treatment Outcome
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Saxena
- Department of Pathology, Royal University Hospital and College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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15
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Singer NG, Fox DA, Haqqi TM, Beretta L, Endres JS, Prohaska S, Parnes JR, Bromberg J, Sramkoski RM. CD6: expression during development, apoptosis and selection of human and mouse thymocytes. Int Immunol 2002; 14:585-97. [PMID: 12039910 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6, a 130-kDa surface glycoprotein, is expressed primarily on cells of T lineage. A co-stimulatory role for CD6 in mature T cells has been shown, but the function of CD6 during thymocyte development is unknown. Since CD6 ligands are expressed on thymic epithelium, their interactions with CD6 could be important in thymic selection. In this report we show that CD6 is developmentally regulated in human and mouse thymocytes, and further demonstrate that increase in the level of CD6 expression correlates with expression of the selection marker CD69. We also show that activation via CD2 induces CD6 expression on mature human thymocytes and on a subset of immature human thymocytes that are resistant to apoptosis. In human and mouse thymocytes that express heterogeneous TCR, CD6 increases occur as double-positive thymocytes are selected to a single-positive stage. In contrast, in thymocytes from TCR transgenic mice, CD6 is barely increased following selection, suggesting that as functional avidity increases, requirements for CD6-dependent co-stimulation decrease. Taken together, these results indicate that during thymic development CD6-dependent signals may contribute both to thymocyte survival, and to the overall functional avidity of selection in both man and mouse.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD2 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Survival
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Infant
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora G Singer
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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16
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Damle RN, Fais F, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Albesiano E, Wasil T, Batliwalla FM, Allen SL, Schulman P, Vinciguerra VP, Rai KR, Gregersen PK, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a proliferation of B cells at two distinct stages of differentiation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 252:285-92. [PMID: 11125486 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-57284-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- CD5 Antigens/analysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- NAD+ Nucleosidase/analysis
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Telomere/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Damle
- North Shore University Hospital-NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
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17
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Kay NE, Han L, Bone N, Williams G. Interleukin 4 content in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) B cells and blood CD8+ T cells from B-CLL patients: impact on clonal B-cell apoptosis. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:760-7. [PMID: 11260081 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) clonal B cells are characterized by resistance to apoptosis. We evaluated clonal B cells and blood T cells for interleukin 4 (IL-4) content as IL-4 is able to increase CLL cell resistance to apoptosis. The content of IL-4 in CD8+ T cells of CLL patients (n = 9) ranged from 37% to 63% of the total CD8+ T cells (mean level of 49% +/- 3.4) compared with a range of 5-10% for control CD8+ T cells. Clonal B cells positive for cytoplasmic IL-4 ranged from 1% to 97% (mean value 57.8 +/- 6.9%). CD8+ T cells and clonal B cells secreted detectable levels of IL-4, but only clonal CLL B cells (n = 4) secreted IL-4 in association with increasing cell numbers. Fludarabine (F-ara-AMP, 0.1-100 micromol/ml) was able to downregulate the IL-4 content of CD8+ T cells, but not clonal B-cell IL-4. Culture supernatant from CLL CD8+ T cells decreased the spontaneous apoptotic rate of clonal B cells that was reversed with anti-IL-4 and soluble IL-4 receptor. These findings show that IL-4 is present in the microenvironment of B-CLL. In addition, use of agents that can interfere with IL-4 presentation to clonal B cells can be effective in increasing clonal B-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Kay
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, NY 55905, USA.
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18
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Bauvois B, Djavaheri-Mergny M, Rouillard D, Dumont J, Wietzerbin J. Regulation of CD26/DPPIV gene expression by interferons and retinoic acid in tumor B cells. Oncogene 2000; 19:265-72. [PMID: 10645005 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs alpha, beta and gamma) and all trans retinoic acid (RA) have the ability to activate genes with GAS sites. We have found that the promoter of CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) contains a consensus GAS site TTCnnnGAA located at bp-35 to -27, and computer analysis confirmed this sequence to be a putative Stat binding site. Consistent with this finding, we show that IFNs and RA rapidly enhanced CD26 gene and protein expression in chronic B lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. Immunoblot analyses revealed that unstimulated B-CLL cells expressed detectable levels of serine/tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1alpha, and RA and IFN-gamma treatment led to increased levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1alpha and its nuclear accumulation. As shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, RA and IFN-gamma increased the binding of a nuclear protein to the GAS-CD26 element. Shift-Western blotting identified Stat1alpha as the GAS-CD26 binding factor. Augmented levels of CD26 protein in malignant B cells cultured with IFNs or RA coincided with the enhancement of DPPIV activity. Taken together, our results are in favor of the IFN-/RA-mediated upregulation of CD26/DPPIV in B-CLL through the signaling pathway involving Stat1alpha and the GAS response element of CD26 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bauvois
- Unité 365 INSERM, Institut Curie, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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19
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Aguilar-Santelises M, Gigliotti D, Osorio LM, Santiago AD, Mellstedt H, Jondal M. Cytokine expression in B-CLL in relation to disease progression and in vitro activation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999; 16:289-95. [PMID: 10618692 DOI: 10.1007/bf02785875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Earlier, we reported an association between low in vitro and in vivo IL-1 and IL-6 production, decreased IL-1beta and IL-10 mRNA expression and B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) disease progression. We have now further investigated cytokine mRNA transcription in B-CLL cells and cytokine serum levels in B-CLL patients. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha), IFNgamma, IL-6 and BCGF was equally often seen in non-progressive and progressive patients. However, 4 out of 23 non-progressive cases expressed mRNA for IL-12 while no IL-12 expression was seen in 15 progressive patients. No IL-12 was found in sera or supernatants from in vitro stimulated B-CLL cells, whereas TNFalpha and IL-10 were detected in sera from 51 and 31 of 65 B-CLL patients, respectively. TNFalpha values were significantly high in sera from patients in stages III and IV with disease progression. TNFalpha and IL-10 were also detected in culture supernatants from in vitro stimulated B-CLL cells, whereas IFNgamma was undetectable in these cultures and rarely positive in serum. Although further investigations are required, our data and that from previous reports indicate that B-CLL-derived cytokines are involved in B-CLL disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
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20
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Williams JF, Petrus MJ, Wright JA, Husebekk A, Fellowes V, Read EJ, Gress RE, Fowler DH. fas-mediated lysis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells: role of type I versus type II cytokines and autologous fasL-expressing T cells. Br J Haematol 1999; 107:99-105. [PMID: 10520029 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Given the known role of the fas cytolytic pathway in B-cell regulation, we evaluated whether fas-fasL interactions might induce chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cell death. De novo CLL cells expressed a low level of surface fas, and were not lysed by fasL-bearing cells. CLL cells cultured in media containing the type I cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 or interferon (IFN)-alpha had increased fas expression, and were readily lysed by fasL-bearing cells. In contrast, the type II cytokine IL-4 did not increase CLL cell fas, and abrogated type I cytokine-induced fas up-regulation. With prolonged culture, IL-4 exposed CLL cells expressed an intermediate level of fas; however, such CLL cells were resistant to fas-mediated lysis. These results indicate that IL-4 inhibits fas-mediated killing of CLL cells at the level of both fas receptor expression and post-receptor events. Additionally, we have defined in vitro culture conditions which generate fasL-bearing T cells from CLL patients; such T cells efficiently mediated fas-based lysis of autologous fas-positive CLL cells. We therefore conclude that type I and type II cytokines differentially regulate the fas pathway in CLL cells, and that a combination of type I cytokines and fasL-expressing T cells may represent a new approach to the immunotherapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Williams
- Transplantation Therapy Section, Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Bauvois B, Durant L, Laboureau J, Barthélémy E, Rouillard D, Boulla G, Deterre P. Upregulation of CD38 gene expression in leukemic B cells by interferon types I and II. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:1059-66. [PMID: 10505750 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation antigen CD38, which has NAD+ glycohydrolase activity in its extracellular domain, is expressed by a large variety of cell types. Few investigations into the regulation of CD38 expression by physiologic stimuli have been reported. As the CD38 promoter contains potential binding sites for interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1), we investigated the influence of IFN type I (alpha and beta) and type II (gamma) on CD38 gene expression of leukemic B cells. Using the IFN-responsive B cell line Eskol, we found by RT-PCR analysis a rapid time-dependent induction in CD38 mRNA (starting at 6 h) with each type of IFN. This induction was independent of protein synthesis, suggesting that CD38 gene activation does not require IRF-1 but is merely under direct transcriptional regulation by latent IFN-inducible factors. mRNA stimulation was followed within 24 h by induction of membrane CD38, which coincided with rises of CD38-specific ectoenzymatic activities, that is, NAD+ glycohydrolase, (A/G)DP-ribosyl cyclase, and cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase activities. IFN failed to induce or upregulate the other CD38-related ectoenzymes analyzed, that is, CD39, CD73, CD157, and PC-1. Similarly, treatment of leukemic cells of patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) with IFN resulted in an increase in CD38 mRNA mirrored by plasma membrane upregulation of CD38 and NAD+ glycohydrolase activity. Further investigation in relation to CD38 gene activation and B-CLL behavior remains to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bauvois
- Unité 365 INSERM, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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22
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Osorio LM, Aguilar-Santelises M. Apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1998; 15:234-40. [PMID: 9951686 DOI: 10.1007/bf02787206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is characterised by the progressive accumulation of monoclonal B cells, which may be the result of several factors leading to extended B-CLL cell lifespan, increased proliferative capacity and diminished cell death. Here we review the implications of several signals mediated by receptors, such as surface IgM, CD6 and CD40, for the B-CLL cell survival, together with data on gene modulation in relation to the apoptosis process in B-CLL cells. We also describe some features of the Fas/FasL system in B-CLL that hypothetically might contribute to the accumulation of leukaemic cells and the progression of the disease, by downregulating the apoptotic response or avoiding the autologous immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Osorio
- Hematology Department, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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