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Renna L, Stefano G, Puggioni MP, Kim SJ, Lavell A, Froehlich JE, Burkart G, Mancuso S, Benning C, Brandizzi F. ER-associated VAP27-1 and VAP27-3 proteins functionally link the lipid-binding ORP2A at the ER-chloroplast contact sites. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6008. [PMID: 39019917 PMCID: PMC11255254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts heterotypic membranes at membrane contact sites (MCSs) through largely undefined mechanisms. For instance, despite the well-established and essential role of the plant ER-chloroplast interactions for lipid biosynthesis, and the reported existence of physical contacts between these organelles, almost nothing is known about the ER-chloroplast MCS identity. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ER membrane-associated VAP27 proteins and the lipid-binding protein ORP2A define a functional complex at the ER-chloroplast MCSs. Specifically, through in vivo and in vitro association assays, we found that VAP27 proteins interact with the outer envelope membrane (OEM) of chloroplasts, where they bind to ORP2A. Through lipidomic analyses, we established that VAP27 proteins and ORP2A directly interact with the chloroplast OEM monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and we demonstrated that the loss of the VAP27-ORP2A complex is accompanied by subtle changes in the acyl composition of MGDG and PG. We also found that ORP2A interacts with phytosterols and established that the loss of the VAP27-ORP2A complex alters sterol levels in chloroplasts. We propose that, by interacting directly with OEM lipids, the VAP27-ORP2A complex defines plant-unique MCSs that bridge ER and chloroplasts and are involved in chloroplast lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Renna
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Puggioni
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anastasiya Lavell
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Graham Burkart
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Horticulture, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione per il Futuro delle Città, Florence, Italy
| | - Christoph Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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2
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Batth TS, Simonsen JL, Hernández-Rollán C, Brander S, Morth JP, Johansen KS, Nørholm MHH, Hoof JB, Olsen JV. A seven-transmembrane methyltransferase catalysing N-terminal histidine methylation of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4202. [PMID: 37452022 PMCID: PMC10349129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are oxidative enzymes that help break down lignocellulose, making them highly attractive for improving biomass utilization in industrial biotechnology. The catalytically essential N-terminal histidine (His1) of LPMOs is post-translationally modified by methylation in filamentous fungi to protect them from auto-oxidative inactivation, however, the responsible methyltransferase enzyme is unknown. Using mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics in combination with systematic CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening in Aspergillus nidulans, we identify the N-terminal histidine methyltransferase (NHMT) encoded by the gene AN4663. Targeted proteomics confirm that NHMT was solely responsible for His1 methylation of LPMOs. NHMT is predicted to encode a unique seven-transmembrane segment anchoring a soluble methyltransferase domain. Co-localization studies show endoplasmic reticulum residence of NHMT and co-expression in the industrial production yeast Komagataella phaffii with LPMOs results in His1 methylation of the LPMOs. This demonstrates the biotechnological potential of recombinant production of proteins and peptides harbouring this specific post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer S Batth
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jonas L Simonsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Preben Morth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja S Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jakob B Hoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Pikula K, Johari SA, Santos-Oliveira R, Golokhvast K. Toxicity and Biotransformation of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Marine Microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10020. [PMID: 37373170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is related to the environmental toxicology risk assessment and evaluation of the possible transformation of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) after contact with marine microalgae. The materials used in the study represent common and widely applied multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene (C60), graphene (Gr), and graphene oxide (GrO). The toxicity was evaluated as growth rate inhibition, esterase activity, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species generation changes. The measurement was performed with flow cytometry after 3, 24, 96 h, and 7 days. The biotransformation of nanomaterials was evaluated after 7 days of microalgae cultivation with CNMs by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The calculated toxic level (EC50 in mg/L, 96 h) of used CNMs reduced in the following order: CNTs (18.98) > GrO (76.77) > Gr (159.40) > C60 (414.0). Oxidative stress and membrane depolarization were the main toxic action of CNTs and GrO. At the same time, Gr and C60 decreased the toxic action with time and had no negative impact on microalgae after 7 days of exposure even at the concentration of 125 mg/L. Moreover, C60 and Gr after 7 days of contact with microalgae cells obtained structural deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran St, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Synthesis of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Rua Hélio de Almeida 75, Rio de Janeiro 21941906, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmaceuticals and Radiopharmacy, Rio de Janeiro State University, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro 23070200, Brazil
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, Centralnaya Str., Presidium, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
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Lee J, Hong S, An SA, Khim JS. Methodological advances and future directions of microalgal bioassays for evaluation of potential toxicity in environmental samples: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 173:107869. [PMID: 36905773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal bioassays are widely applied to evaluate the potential toxicity of various persistent toxic substances in environmental samples due to multiple advantages, including high sensitivity, short test duration, and cost-effectiveness. Microalgal bioassay is gradually developing in method, and the scope of application to environmental samples is also expanding. Here, we reviewed the published literature on microalgal bioassays for environmental assessments, focusing on types of samples, sample preparation methods, and endpoints, and highlighted key scientific advancements. Bibliographic analysis was performed with the keywords 'microalgae' and 'toxicity' or 'bioassay', and 'microalgal toxicity'; 89 research articles were selected and reviewed. Traditionally, most studies implementing microalgal bioassays focused on water samples (44%) with passive samplers (38%). Studies using the direct exposure method (41%) of injecting microalgae into sampled water mainly evaluated toxic effects by growth inhibition (63%). Recently, various automated sampling techniques, in situ bioanalytical methods with multiple endpoints, and targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses have been applied. More research is needed to identify causative toxicants affecting microalgae and to quantify the cause-effect relationships. This study provides the first comprehensive overview of recent advances in microalgal bioassays performed with environmental samples, suggesting future research directions based on current understanding and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ah An
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Gonçalves AM, Leal F, Moreira A, Schellhorn T, Blahnová VH, Zeiringer S, Vocetková K, Tetyczka C, Simaite A, Buzgo M, Roblegg E, Costa PF, Ertl P, Filová E, Kohl Y. Potential of Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Intestinal, Skin, and Lung Epithelial Tissue Modeling. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipa Leal
- BIOFABICS Rua Alfredo Allen 455 4200-135 Porto Portugal
| | | | - Tobias Schellhorn
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/164 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Veronika Hefka Blahnová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czechia
| | - Scarlett Zeiringer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Graz Universitaetsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Karolina Vocetková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czechia
| | - Carolin Tetyczka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Graz Universitaetsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Aiva Simaite
- InoCure s.r.o. Politických vězňů 935/13 11000 Praha 1 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Matej Buzgo
- BIOFABICS Rua Alfredo Allen 455 4200-135 Porto Portugal
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Graz Universitaetsplatz 1 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics Vienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/164 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Eva Filová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague Czechia
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1 66280 Sulzbach/Saar Germany
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6
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Pikula K, Kirichenko K, Chernousov V, Parshin S, Masyutin A, Parshina Y, Pogodaev A, Gridasov A, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. The Impact of Metal-Based Nanoparticles Produced by Different Types of Underwater Welding on Marine Microalgae. TOXICS 2023; 11:105. [PMID: 36850981 PMCID: PMC9966890 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Underwater wet welding is commonly used in joining pipelines and in underwater construction. Harmful and hazardous compounds are added to many flux-cored wires for underwater welding and cutting, and can have a negative impact on marine life. The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of two suspension samples obtained using welding electrode and flux-cored wire in marine microalgae Attheya ussuriensis and Porphyridium purpureum. Growth rate inhibition, cell size, and biochemical changes in microalgae were evaluated by flow cytometry. The results of the bioassay demonstrated that the suspension obtained after welding with electrode had an acute toxic impact on diatomic microalgae A. ussuriensis, and both tested suspensions revealed chronic toxicity in this microalga with a 40% growth rate inhibition after exposure to 40-50% of prepared suspensions for 7 days. Red algae P. purpureum revealed tolerance to both suspensions caused by exopolysaccharide covering, which prevents the toxic impact of metal cations such as Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, and Zn, which are considered the main toxic components of underwater welding emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Konstantin Kirichenko
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya Str., Presidium, Krasnoobsk 633501, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chernousov
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya Str., Presidium, Krasnoobsk 633501, Russia
| | - Sergey Parshin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29 Polytechnicheskaya Str., St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
| | - Alexander Masyutin
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yulia Parshina
- St. Petersburg University, 7–9 Universitetskaya Embankment, Str., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton Pogodaev
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Alexander Gridasov
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya Str., Presidium, Krasnoobsk 633501, Russia
- Medical School, University of Crete, 13 Andrea Kalokerinou, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Centralnaya Str., Presidium, Krasnoobsk 633501, Russia
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7
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Escada-Rebelo S, Cristo MI, Ramalho-Santos J, Amaral S. Mitochondria-Targeted Compounds to Assess and Improve Human Sperm Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:451-480. [PMID: 34847742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Currently 10%-15% of couples in reproductive age face infertility issues. More importantly, male factor contributes to 50% of these cases (either alone or in combination with female causes). Among various reasons, impaired sperm function is the main cause for male infertility. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, particularly of mitochondrial origin, are believed to be the main contributors. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly due to increased ROS production, has often been linked to impaired sperm function/quality. For decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to assess mitochondrial features that might correlate with sperm functionality. This connection is now completely accepted, with mitochondrial functionality assessment used more commonly as a readout of sperm functionality. More recently, mitochondria-targeted compounds are on the frontline for both assessment and therapeutic approaches. Critical Issues: In this review, we summarize the current methods for assessing key mitochondrial parameters known to reflect sperm quality as well as therapeutic strategies using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants aiming to improve sperm function in various situations, particularly after sperm cryopreservation. Future Directions: Although more systematic research is needed, mitochondria-targeted compounds definitely represent a promising tool to assess as well as to protect and improve sperm function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 451-480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Escada-Rebelo
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Casa Costa Alemão, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Cristo
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amaral
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Casa Costa Alemão, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Shi Y, Luo Z, You J. Subcellular delivery of lipid nanoparticles to endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1803. [PMID: 35441489 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Primarily responsible for the biogenesis and metabolism of biomolecules, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are gradually becoming the targets of therapeutic modulation, whose physiological activities and pathological manifestations determine the functional capacity and even the survival of cells. Drug delivery systems with specific physicochemical properties (passive targeting), or modified by small molecular compounds, polypeptides, and biomembranes demonstrating tropism for ER and mitochondria (active targeting) are able to reduce the nonselective accumulation of drugs, enhancing efficacy while reducing side effects. Lipid nanoparticles feature high biocompatibility, diverse cargo loading, and flexible structure modification, which are frequently used for subcellular organelle-targeted delivery of therapeutics. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting. Herein, we review the pathological significance of drug selectively delivered to the ER and mitochondria. We also summarize the molecular basis and application prospects of lipid nanoparticle-based ER and mitochondria targeting strategies, which may provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases and disorders. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Herbivorous Juvenile Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Genetically Modified MON 810 and DAS-59122 Maize Varieties Containing Cry Toxins: Intestinal Histological, Developmental, and Immunological Investigations. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020153. [PMID: 35202180 PMCID: PMC8875443 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding experiments with juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with genetically modified maize MON 810 or DAS-59122 dried leaf biomass were carried out with 1-, 3- and 6-month exposures. Dosages of 3–7 μg/fish/day Cry1Ab or 18-55 μg/fish/day Cry34Ab1 toxin did not cause mortality. No difference occurred in body or abdominal sac weights. No differences appeared in levels of inorganic phosphate, calcium, fructosamine, bile acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alanine and aspartame aminotransferases. DAS-59122 did not alter blood parameters tested after 3 months of feeding. MON 810 slightly decreased serum albumin levels compared to the control, only in one group. Tapeworm (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) infection changed the levels of inorganic phosphate and calcium. Cry34Ab1 toxin appeared in blood (12.6 ± 1.9 ng/mL), but not in the muscle. It was detected in B. acheilognathi. Cry1Ab was hardly detectable in certain samples near the limit of detection. Degradation of Cry toxins was extremely quick in the fish gastrointestinal tract. After 6 months of feeding, only mild indications in certain serum parameters were observed: MON 810 slightly increased the level of apoptotic cells in the blood and reduced the number of thrombocytes in one group; DAS-59122 mildly increased the number of granulocytes compared to the near-isogenic line.
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10
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Wu MS, Zhou ZR, Wang XY, Chen BB, Hafez ME, Shi JF, Li DW, Qian RC. Dynamic Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Living Cells via a Two-Stage Cascade Recognition Process. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2882-2890. [PMID: 35112843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for the regulation of multiple cellular processes, such as cellular responses to stress and protein synthesis, folding, and posttranslational modification. Nevertheless, monitoring ER physiological activity remains challenging due to the lack of powerful detection methods. Herein, we built a two-stage cascade recognition process to achieve dynamic visualization of ER stress in living cells based on a fluorescent carbon dot (CD) probe, which is synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal method without additional modification. The fluorescent CD probe enables two-stage cascade ER recognition by first accumulating in the ER as the positively charged and lipophilic surface of the CD probe allows its fast crossing of multiple membrane barriers. Next, the CD probe can specifically anchor on the ER membrane via recognition between boronic acids and o-dihydroxy groups of mannose in the ER lumen. The two-stage cascade recognition process significantly increases the ER affinity of the CD probe, thus allowing the following evaluation of ER stress by tracking autophagy-induced mannose transfer from the ER to the cytoplasm. Thus, the boronic acid-functionalized cationic CD probe represents an attractive tool for targeted ER imaging and dynamic tracking of ER stress in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Sha Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Mahmoud Elsayed Hafez
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Ji-Fen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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11
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Navarro-Barreda D, Bedrina B, Galindo F, Miravet JF. Glutathione-responsive molecular nanoparticles from a dianionic bolaamphiphile and their use as carriers for targeted delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2009-2017. [PMID: 34752979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation in aqueous media of molecular nanoparticles from a bolaamphiphile (SucIleCsa) incorporating a disulfide moiety is described. The particles can be loaded efficiently with the lipophilic mitochondrial marker DiOC6(3), quenching its fluorescence, which is recovered upon reductive particle disassembly. DiOC6(3) transport into human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) is demonstrated using flow cytometry and confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy. A significant increase in intracellular fluorescence is observed when the cells are stimulated to produce glutathione (GSH). These new molecular nanoparticles can be considered a theranostic tool that simultaneously achieves targeted delivery of lipophilic substances and signals high levels of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Navarro-Barreda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begoña Bedrina
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Francisco Galindo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| | - Juan F Miravet
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Jaume, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
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Pikula K, Tretyakova M, Zakharenko A, Johari SA, Ugay S, Chernyshev V, Chaika V, Kalenik T, Golokhvast K. Environmental Risk Assessment of Vehicle Exhaust Particles on Aquatic Organisms of Different Trophic Levels. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100261. [PMID: 34678957 PMCID: PMC8539507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vehicle emission particles (VEPs) represent a significant part of air pollution in urban areas. However, the toxicity of this category of particles in different aquatic organisms is still unexplored. This work aimed to extend the understanding of the toxicity of the vehicle exhaust particles in two species of marine diatomic microalgae, the planktonic crustacean Artemia salina, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. These aquatic species were applied for the first time in the risk assessment of VEPs. Our results demonstrated that the samples obtained from diesel-powered vehicles completely prevented egg fertilization of the sea urchin S. intermedius and caused pronounced membrane depolarization in the cells of both tested microalgae species at concentrations between 10 and 100 mg/L. The sample with the highest proportion of submicron particles and the highest content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had the highest growth rate inhibition in both microalgae species and caused high toxicity to the crustacean. The toxicity level of the other samples varied among the species. We can conclude that metal content and the difference in the concentrations of PAHs by itself did not directly reflect the toxic level of VEPs, but the combination of both a high number of submicron particles and high PAH concentrations had the highest toxic effect on all the tested species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
- Federal Research Center the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Petrovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariya Tretyakova
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, P.O. Box 267, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (A.Z.); (V.C.)
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, The National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran St, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - Sergey Ugay
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Valery Chernyshev
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
| | - Vladimir Chaika
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, P.O. Box 267, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (A.Z.); (V.C.)
| | - Tatiana Kalenik
- Institute of Life Science and Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Polytechnical Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia; (M.T.); (S.U.); (V.C.); (K.G.)
- Federal Research Center the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Petrovskogo Str., 677000 Yakutsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Supercritical Fluid Research and Application in Agrobiotechnology, The National Research Tomsk State University, 36, Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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Mitochondrial fusion mediated by mitofusin 1 regulates macrophage mycobactericidal activity by enhancing autophagy. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0030621. [PMID: 34370506 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00306-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria as a highly dynamic organelle continuously changes morphology and position during its life cycle. Mitochondrial dynamics including fission and fusion play a critical role in maintaining functional mitochondria for ATP production, which is directly linked to host defense against Mtb infection. However, how macrophages regulate mitochondrial dynamics during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains elusive. In this study, we found that Mtb infection induced mitochondrial fusion through enhancing the expression of mitofusin 1 (MFN1), which resulted in increased ATP production. Silencing MFN1 inhibited mitochondrial fusion and subsequently reduced ATP production, which, in turn, severely impaired macrophages mycobactericidal activity by inhibiting autophagy. Impairment of mycobactericidal activity and autophagy was replicated using oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase. In summary, our study revealed MFN1-mediated mitochondrial fusion is essential for macrophages mycobactericidal activity through the regulation of ATP dependent autophagy. MFN1-mediated metabolism pathway might be targets for development of host direct therapy (HDT) strategy against TB.
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de Andrade GP, de Souza TFM, Cerchiaro G, Pinhal MADS, Ribeiro AO, Girão MJBC. Hypericin in photobiological assays: An overview. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102343. [PMID: 34038765 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin is considered a potent photosensitizer for use in antitumor and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT). This review presents the primary biological results obtained with hypericin in photodynamic therapy applications, such as photodynamic cancer treatment, photoinactivation of microorganisms (PDI), tissue scarring, and photo diagnosis. We present a compilation of in vitro results that have been published thus far; for these studies, we highlight the hypericin concentration, light dose, and other experimental conditions to evaluate the efficiency of photodynamic treatment like cell death, cell viability, or cell proliferation. The results indicate that different hypericin phototoxicity levels can be observed according to the specific light dose and concentration. Furthermore, it was shown that cellular localization and cell death mechanisms (apoptosis and necrosis) are dependent on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Patricia de Andrade
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Bangú, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Giselle Cerchiaro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Bangú, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Aparecida da Silva Pinhal
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, 100, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Anderson Orzari Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Bangú, Santo André, SP, Brasil.
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Pikula K, Kirichenko K, Vakhniuk I, Kalantzi OI, Kholodov A, Orlova T, Markina Z, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. Aquatic toxicity of particulate matter emitted by five electroplating processes in two marine microalgae species. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:880-887. [PMID: 33981588 PMCID: PMC8085665 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroplating is a widely used group of industrial processes that make a metal coating on a solid substrate. Our previous research studied the concentrations, characteristics, and chemical composition of nano- and microparticles emitted during different electroplating processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental toxicity of particulate matter obtained from five different electrochemical processes. We collected airborne particle samples formed during aluminum cleaning, aluminum etching, chemical degreasing, nonferrous metals etching, and nickel plating. The toxicity of the particles was evaluated by the standard microalgae growth rate inhibition test. Additionally, we evaluated membrane potential and cell size changes in the microalgae H. akashiwo and P. purpureum exposed to the obtained suspensions of electroplating particles. The findings of this research demonstrate that the aquatic toxicity of electroplating emissions significantly varies between different industrial processes and mostly depends on particle chemical composition and solubility rather than the number of insoluble particles. The sample from an aluminum cleaning workshop was significantly more toxic for both microalgae species compared to the other samples and demonstrated dose and time-dependent toxicity. The samples obtained during chemical degreasing and nonferrous metals etching processes induced depolarization of microalgal cell membranes, demonstrated the potential of chronic toxicity, and stimulated the growth rate of microalgae after 72 h of exposure. Moreover, the sample from a nonferrous metals etching workshop revealed hormetic dose-response toxicity in H. akashiwo, which can lead to harmful algal blooms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
| | - Konstantin Kirichenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - Igor Vakhniuk
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Kholodov
- Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - Tatiana Orlova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Zhanna Markina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SFSCA RAS, 630501, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk region, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia
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16
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Shi Y, Wang S, Wu J, Jin X, You J. Pharmaceutical strategies for endoplasmic reticulum-targeting and their prospects of application. J Control Release 2021; 329:337-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pikula K, Mintcheva N, Kulinich SA, Zakharenko A, Markina Z, Chaika V, Orlova T, Mezhuev Y, Kokkinakis E, Tsatsakis A, Golokhvast K. Aquatic toxicity and mode of action of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles in four microalgae species. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109513. [PMID: 32305679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the differences in toxic action between cadmium sulfide (CdS) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by recently developed xanthate-mediated method. The aquatic toxicity of the synthesized NPs on four marine microalgae species was explored. Growth rate, esterase activity, membrane potential, and morphological changes of microalgae cells were evaluated using flow cytometry and optical microscopy. CdS and ZnS NPs demonstrated similar level of general toxicity and growth-rate inhibition to all used microalgae species, except the red algae P. purpureum. More specifically, CdS NPs caused higher inhibition of growth rate for C. muelleri and P. purpureum, while ZnS NPs were more toxic for A. ussuriensis and H. akashiwo species. Our findings suggest that the sensitivity of different microalgae species to CdS and ZnS NPs depends on the chemical composition of NPs and their ability to interact with the components of microalgal cell-wall. The red microalga was highly resistant to ZnS NPs most likely due to the presence of phycoerythrin proteins in the outer membrane bound Zn2+ cations defending their cells from further toxic influence. The treatment with CdS NPs caused morphological changes and biochemical disorder in all tested microalgae species. The toxicity of CdS NPs is based on their higher photoactivity under visible light irradiation and lower dissociation in water, which allows them to generate more reactive oxygen species and create a higher risk of oxidative stress to aquatic organisms. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the parameters affecting the aquatic toxicity of semiconductor NPs and provide a basis for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint Petersburg, 190121, Russian Federation.
| | - Neli Mintcheva
- Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of Mining and Geology, Sofia, 1700, Bulgaria
| | - Sergei A Kulinich
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint Petersburg, 190121, Russian Federation
| | - Zhanna Markina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Chaika
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Orlova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
| | - Yaroslav Mezhuev
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Emmanouil Kokkinakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119048, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint Petersburg, 190121, Russian Federation; Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
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18
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Domozych DS, Sun L, Palacio-Lopez K, Reed R, Jeon S, Li M, Jiao C, Sørensen I, Fei Z, Rose JKC. Endomembrane architecture and dynamics during secretion of the extracellular matrix of the unicellular charophyte, Penium margaritaceum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3323-3339. [PMID: 31974570 PMCID: PMC7289721 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of many charophytes, the assemblage of green algae that are the sister group to land plants, is complex, produced in large amounts, and has multiple essential functions. An extensive secretory apparatus and endomembrane system are presumably needed to synthesize and secrete the ECM, but structural details of such a system have not been fully characterized. Penium margaritaceum is a valuable unicellular model charophyte for studying secretion dynamics. We report that Penium has a highly organized endomembrane system, consisting of 150-200 non-mobile Golgi bodies that process and package ECM components into different sets of vesicles that traffic to the cortical cytoplasm, where they are transported around the cell by cytoplasmic streaming. At either fixed or transient areas, specific cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete their constituents. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was observed to occur in one location of the Golgi body and sometimes in unique Golgi hybrids. Treatment of cells with brefeldin A caused disruption of the Golgi body, and inhibition of EPS secretion and cell wall expansion. The structure of the endomembrane system in Penium provides mechanistic insights into how extant charophytes generate large quantities of ECM, which in their ancestors facilitated the colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | | | - Reagan Reed
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Susan Jeon
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Mingjia Li
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Chen Jiao
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Pikula K, Chaika V, Zakharenko A, Savelyeva A, Kirsanova I, Anisimova A, Golokhvast K. Toxicity of Carbon, Silicon, and Metal-Based Nanoparticles to the Hemocytes of Three Marine Bivalves. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050827. [PMID: 32397595 PMCID: PMC7278372 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The growing nanotechnology industry disposes of a variety of nanoparticles with different physiochemical properties in everyday life. However, the dependence of the safety and toxicity of nanoparticles on their physicochemical properties remains unclear. Bivalve molluscs represent an efficient model for the investigation of nanoparticle toxicity owing to their filtrating ability and feeding on particles suspended in the water. Moreover, the blood cells of bivalve molluscs, the hemocytes, have been suggested as a good analog test-object to mammalian immune cells, phagocytes. In this study, we used hemocytes of three marine bivalve species, namely, Crenomytilus grayanus, Modiolus modiolus, and Arca boucardi, to evaluate and compare the toxic effects of 10 different types of nanoparticles. We gave short-term exposure of the nanoparticles to the hemocytes and registered viability and changes in their cell membrane polarization by employing flow cytometry. Metal-based nanoparticles were the most toxic to the cells of all three tested bivalve mollusc species. However, the sensitivity to different nanoparticle types varied between species. Moreover, the registered cell membrane depolarization indicated an early toxic response and raised concern that chronic long-term exposure of nanoparticles (even if they were previously declared as safe) is a serious threat for aquatic organisms. Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) have broad applications in medicine, cosmetics, optics, catalysis, environmental purification, and other areas nowadays. With increasing annual production of NPs, the risks of their harmful influence on the environment and human health are also increasing. Currently, our knowledge about the mechanisms of the interaction between NPs and living organisms is limited. The marine species and their habitat environment are under continuous stress owing to the anthropogenic activities, which result in the release of NPs in the aquatic environment. We used a bioassay model with hemocytes of three bivalve mollusc species, namely, Crenomytilus grayanus, Modiolus modiolus, and Arca boucardi, to evaluate the toxicity of 10 different types of NPs. Specifically, we compared the cytotoxic effects and cell-membrane polarization changes in the hemocytes exposed to carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, silicon nanotubes, cadmium and zinc sulfides, Au-NPs, and TiO2 NPs. Viability and the changes in hemocyte membrane polarization were measured by the flow cytometry method. The highest aquatic toxicity was registered for metal-based NPs, which caused cytotoxicity to the hemocytes of all the studied bivalve species. Our results also highlighted different sensitivities of the used tested mollusc species to specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Pikula
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (V.C.); (A.Z.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B.Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vladimir Chaika
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (V.C.); (A.Z.); (K.G.)
| | - Alexander Zakharenko
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (V.C.); (A.Z.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B.Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Savelyeva
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Irina Kirsanova
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Anna Anisimova
- School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.S.); (I.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia; (V.C.); (A.Z.); (K.G.)
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, B.Morskaya 42-44, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Radio 7, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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20
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Comparison of the Level and Mechanisms of Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, and Silicon Nanotubes in Bioassay with Four Marine Microalgae. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030485. [PMID: 32182662 PMCID: PMC7153241 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have various applications in medicine, cosmetics, optics, catalysis, environmental purification, and other areas nowadays. With an increasing annual production of NPs, the risks of their harmful influence to the environment and human health is rising. Currently, our knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between NPs and living organisms is limited. Additionally, poor understanding of how physical and chemical characteristic and different conditions influence the toxicity of NPs restrict our attempts to develop the standards and regulations which might allow us to maintain safe living conditions. The marine species and their habitat environment are under continuous stress due to anthropogenic activities which result in the appearance of NPs in the aquatic environment. Our study aimed to evaluate and compare biochemical effects caused by the influence of different types of carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and silica nanotubes on four marine microalgae species. We evaluated the changes in growth-rate, esterase activity, membrane polarization, and size changes of microalgae cells using flow cytometry method. Our results demonstrated that toxic effects caused by the carbon nanotubes strongly correlated with the content of heavy metal impurities in the NPs. More hydrophobic carbon NPs with less ordered structure had a higher impact on the red microalgae P. purpureum because of higher adherence between the particles and mucous covering of the algae. Silica NPs caused significant inhibition of microalgae growth-rate predominantly produced by mechanical influence.
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21
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Teodoro JS, Machado IF, Castela AC, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM. The Evaluation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using Fluorescent Dyes or a Membrane-Permeable Cation (TPP +) Electrode in Isolated Mitochondria and Intact Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2184:197-213. [PMID: 32808227 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0802-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The proton electrochemical gradient generated by respiratory chain activity accounts for over 90% of all available ATP and, as such, its evaluation and accurate measurements regarding its total values and fluctuations is an invaluable component in the understanding of mitochondrial functions. Consequently, alterations in electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane generated by differential protonic accumulations and transport are known as the mitochondrial membrane potential, or Δψ, and are reflective of the functional metabolic status of mitochondria. There are several experimental approaches to measure Δψ, ranging from fluorometric evaluations to electrochemical probes. Here we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of several of these methods, ranging from one that is dependent on the movement of a particular ion (tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) with a selective electrode) to the selection of a fluorescent dye from various types to achieve the same goal. The evaluation of the accumulation and movements of TPP+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, or the fluorescence of accumulated dye particles, is a sensitive and accurate method of evaluating the Δψ in respiring mitochondria (either isolated or still inside the cell).
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Affiliation(s)
- João S Teodoro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivo F Machado
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Castela
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Pikula KS, Chernyshev VV, Zakharenko AM, Chaika VV, Waissi G, Hai LH, Hien TT, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS. Toxicity assessment of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108785. [PMID: 31606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions remains a serious environmental threat in urban areas. Sedimentation of atmospheric aerosols, surface wash, drainage water, and urbane wastewater can bring vehicle particle emissions into the aquatic environment. However, the level of toxicity and mode of toxic action for this kind of particles are not fully understood. Here we explored the aquatic toxic effects of particulate matter emitted from different types of vehicles on marine microalgae Porphyridium purpureum and Heterosigma akashiwo. We used flow cytometry to evaluate growth rate inhibition, changes in the level of esterase activity, changes in membrane potential and size changes of microalgae cells under the influence of particulate matter emitted by motorcycles, cars and specialized vehicles with different types of engines and powered by different types of fuel. Both microalgae species were highly influenced by the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles. These particle samples had the highest impact on survival, esterase activity, and membrane potential of microalgae and caused the most significant increase in microalgae cell size compared to the particles produced by gasoline-powered vehicles. The results of the algae-bioassay strongly correlate with the data of laser granulometry analyses, which indicate that the most toxic samples had a significantly higher percentage of particles in the size range less than 1 μm. Visual observation with an optical microscope showed intensive agglomeration of the particles emitted by diesel-powered vehicles with microalgae cells. Moreover, within the scope of this research, we did not observe the direct influence of metal content in the particles to the level of their aquatic toxicity, and we can conclude that physical damage is the most probable mechanism of toxicity for vehicle emitted particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V Chaika
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Greta Waissi
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Kuopio, POB 1627 70211, Finland
| | - Le Hong Hai
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - To Trong Hien
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; University of Crete, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119048, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation; Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, 690014, Russian Federation
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Qi QM, Dunne E, Oglesby I, Schoen I, Ricco AJ, Kenny D, Shaqfeh ESG. In Vitro Measurement and Modeling of Platelet Adhesion on VWF-Coated Surfaces in Channel Flow. Biophys J 2019; 116:1136-1151. [PMID: 30824114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of platelet adhesion is initiated by glycoprotein (GP)Ib and GPIIbIIIa receptors on the platelet surface binding with von Willebrand factor on the vascular walls. This initial adhesion and detachment of a single platelet is a complex process that involves multiple bonds forming and breaking and is strongly influenced by the surrounding blood-flow environment. In addition to bond-level kinetics, external factors such as shear rate, hematocrit, and GPIb and GPIIbIIIa receptor densities have also been identified as influencing the platelet-level rate constants in separate studies, but this still leaves a gap in understanding between these two length scales. In this study, we investigate the fundamental relationship of the dynamics of platelet adhesion, including these interrelating factors, using a coherent strategy. We build a, to our knowledge, novel and computationally efficient multiscale model accounting for multibond kinetics and hydrodynamic effects due to the flow of a cellular suspension. The model predictions of platelet-level kinetics are verified by our microfluidic experiments, which systematically investigate the role of each external factor on platelet adhesion in an in vitro setting. We derive quantitative formulas describing how the rates of platelet adhesion, translocation, and detachment are defined by the molecular-level kinetic constants, the local platelet concentration near the reactive surface determined by red-blood-cell migration, the platelet effective reactive area due to its tumbling motion, and the platelet surface receptor density. Furthermore, if any of these aspects involved have abnormalities, e.g., in a disease condition, our findings also have clinical relevance in predicting the resulting change in the adhesion dynamics, which is essential to hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin M Qi
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Eimear Dunne
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology and Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Irene Oglesby
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology and Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingmar Schoen
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology and Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio J Ricco
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Dermot Kenny
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology and Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric S G Shaqfeh
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Institute for Computational and Mathmatical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Benhamou RI, Jaber QZ, Herzog IM, Roichman Y, Fridman M. Fluorescent Tracking of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Live Pathogenic Fungal Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3325-3332. [PMID: 30427174 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In fungal cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) harbors several of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential membrane component, making this organelle the site of action of antifungal azole drugs, used as a first-line treatment for fungal infections. This highlights the need for specific fluorescent labeling of this organelle in cells of pathogenic fungi. Here we report on the development and evaluation of a collection of fluorescent ER trackers in a panel of Candida, considered the most frequently encountered pathogen in fungal infections. These trackers enabled imaging of the ER in live fungal cells. Organelle specificity was associated with the expression of the target enzyme of antifungal azoles that resides in the ER; specific ER labeling was not observed in mutant cells lacking this enzyme. Labeling of live Candida cells with a combination of a mitotracker and one of the novel fungal ER trackers revealed sites of contact between the ER and mitochondria. These fungal ER trackers therefore offer unique molecular tools for the study of the ER and its interactions with other organelles in live cells of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael I. Benhamou
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Qais Z. Jaber
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ido M. Herzog
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yael Roichman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Micha Fridman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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25
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Schmidt MA, Herman EM. Characterization and functional biology of the soybean aleurone layer. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:354. [PMID: 30545296 PMCID: PMC6293662 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is a globally important oil seed crop. Both the high protein and oil content of soybean seeds make this crop a lucrative commodity. As in higher eukaryotic species with available genomes, the functional annotation of most of soybean's genes still remains to be investigated. A major hurdle in the functional genomics of soybean is a rapid method to test gene constructs before embarking on stable transformation experiments. RESULTS In this paper we describe the morphology and composition of the persistent single-cell aleurone layer that derives from the endosperm of developing soybean seeds. Its composition compared to cotyledonary tissue indicates the aleurone layer plays a role in both abiotic and biotic stress. The potential utility as the aleurone layer as a transient expression system in soybean was shown. As a near transparent single-cell layer it can be used as a transient expression system to study transgene expression and inter- and intra-cellular targeting as it is amenable to microscopic techniques. CONCLUSION The transparent single cell aleurone layer was shown to be compositionally comparable to cotyledonary tissue in soybean with an enrichment in oxidative response proteins and shown to be a potential transient expression platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Schmidt
- School of Plant Sciences/BIO5 Institute/University of Arizona, 1657 E. Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Eliot M. Herman
- School of Plant Sciences/BIO5 Institute/University of Arizona, 1657 E. Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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26
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Llancalahuen FM, Fuentes JA, Carreño A, Zúñiga C, Páez-Hernández D, Gacitúa M, Polanco R, Preite MD, Arratia-Pérez R, Otero C. New Properties of a Bioinspired Pyridine Benzimidazole Compound as a Novel Differential Staining Agent for Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in Fluorescence Live Cell Imaging. Front Chem 2018; 6:345. [PMID: 30211148 PMCID: PMC6123694 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored new properties of the bioinspired pyridine benzimidazole compound B2 (2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-yl)phenol) regarding its potential use as a differential biomarker. For that, we performed 1D 1HNMR (TOCSY), UV-Vis absorption spectra in different organic solvents, voltammetry profile (including a scan-rate study), and TD-DFT calculations that including NBO analyses, to provide valuable information about B2 structure and luminescence. In our study, we found that the B2 structure is highly stable, where the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) seems to have a crucial role in the stability of luminescence, and its emission can be assigned as fluorescence. In fact, we found that the relatively large Stokes Shift observed for B2 (around 175 nm) may be attributed to the stability of the B2 geometry and the strength of its IHB. On the other hand, we determined that B2 is biocompatible by cytotoxicity experiments in HeLa cells, an epithelial cell line. Furthermore, in cellular assays we found that B2 could be internalized by passive diffusion in absence of artificial permeabilization at short incubation times (15 min to 30 min). Fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed that B2 accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, two organelles involved in the secretory pathway. Finally, we determined that B2 exhibited no noticeable blinking or bleaching after 1 h of continuous exposure. Thus, B2 provides a biocompatible, rapid, simple, and efficient way to fluorescently label particular organelles, producing similar results to that obtained with other well-established but more complex methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis y Genética Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied Nanosciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT), Santiago, Chile
| | - César Zúñiga
- Center of Applied Nanosciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rubén Polanco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegeta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo D Preite
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Ye RR, Peterson DR, Seemann F, Kitamura SI, Lee JS, Lau TCK, Tsui SKW, Au DWT. Immune competence assessment in marine medaka (Orzyias melastigma)-a holistic approach for immunotoxicology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27687-27701. [PMID: 27473621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anthropogenic pollutants in coastal marine environments can induce immune impairments in wild fish and reduce their survival fitness. There is a pressing need to establish sensitive and high throughput in vivo tools to systematically evaluate the immunosuppressive effects of contaminants in marine teleosts. This study reviewed a battery of in vivo immune function detection technologies established for different biological hierarchies at molecular (immune function pathways and genes by next generation sequencing (NGS)), cellular (leukocytes profiles by flow cytometry), tissues/organ system (whole adult histo-array), and organism (host resistance assays (HRAs)) levels, to assess the immune competence of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. This approach enables a holistic assessment of fish immune competence under different chemical exposure or environmental scenarios. The data obtained will also be useful to unravel the underlying immunotoxic mechanisms. Intriguingly, NGS analysis of hepatic immune gene expression profiles (male > female) are in support of the bacterial HRA findings, in which infection-induced mortality was consistently higher in females than in males. As such, reproductive stages and gender-specific responses must be taken into consideration when assessing the risk of immunotoxicants in the aquatic environment. The distinct phenotypic sexual dimorphism and short generation time (3 months) of marine medaka offer additional advantages for sex-related immunotoxicological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy R Ye
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Drew R Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Centre for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - J S Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Terrance C K Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen K W Tsui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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28
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Kim B, Feng S, Yun SW, Leong C, Satapathy R, Wan SYD, Chang YT. A Fluorescent Probe for Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells with High Differentiation Capability into Neurons. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2118-2122. [PMID: 27782351 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Selection of a specific neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) has attracted broad attention in regenerative medicine for neurological disorders. Here, we report a fluorescent probe, CDg13, and its application for isolating strong neurogenic NSPCs. In comparison to the NSPCs isolated by other biomarkers, CDg13-stained NSPCs showed higher capability to differentiate into neurons. Target identification revealed that the fluorescence intensity of the probe within cells is inversely proportional to the expression levels of mouse and human Abcg2 transporters. These findings suggest that low Abcg2 expression is a biomarker for neurogenic NSPCs in mouse brain. Furthermore, CDg13 can be used to isolate Abcg2low cells from heterogeneous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomsue Kim
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Suihan Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Seong-Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Leong
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Rudrakanta Satapathy
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Si Yan Diana Wan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.,Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
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29
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Pinsino A, Russo R, Bonaventura R, Brunelli A, Marcomini A, Matranga V. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stimulate sea urchin immune cell phagocytic activity involving TLR/p38 MAPK-mediated signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14492. [PMID: 26412401 PMCID: PMC4585977 DOI: 10.1038/srep14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are one of the most widespread-engineered particles in use for drug delivery, cosmetics, and electronics. However, TiO2NP safety is still an open issue, even for ethical reasons. In this work, we investigated the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus immune cell model as a proxy to humans, to elucidate a potential pathway that can be involved in the persistent TiO2NP-immune cell interaction in vivo. Morphology, phagocytic ability, changes in activation/inactivation of a few mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK, ERK), variations of other key proteins triggering immune response (Toll-like receptor 4-like, Heat shock protein 70, Interleukin-6) and modifications in the expression of related immune response genes were investigated. Our findings indicate that TiO2NPs influence the signal transduction downstream targets of p38 MAPK without eliciting an inflammatory response or other harmful effects on biological functions. We strongly recommend sea urchin immune cells as a new powerful model for nano-safety/nano-toxicity investigations without the ethical normative issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinsino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Russo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Bonaventura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “A. Monroy”, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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30
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Padman BS, Bach M, Lucarelli G, Prescott M, Ramm G. The protonophore CCCP interferes with lysosomal degradation of autophagic cargo in yeast and mammalian cells. Autophagy 2014; 9:1862-75. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.26557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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31
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Carpenter JE, Grose C. Varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein expression differentially induces the unfolded protein response in infected cells. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:322. [PMID: 25071735 PMCID: PMC4076746 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpesvirus that spreads to children as varicella or chicken pox. The virus then establishes latency in the nervous system and re-emerges, typically decades later, as zoster or shingles. We have reported previously that VZV induces autophagy in infected cells as well as exhibiting evidence of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR): XBP1 splicing, a greatly expanded Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and CHOP expression. Herein we report the results of a UPR specific PCR array that measures the levels of mRNA of 84 different components of the UPR in VZV infected cells as compared to tunicamycin treated cells as a positive control and uninfected, untreated cells as a negative control. Tunicamycin is a mixture of chemicals that inhibits N-linked glycosylation in the ER with resultant protein misfolding and the UPR. We found that VZV differentially induces the UPR when compared to tunicamycin treatment. For example, tunicamycin treatment moderately increased (8-fold) roughly half of the array elements while downregulating only three (one ERAD and two FOLD components). VZV infection on the other hand upregulated 33 components including a little described stress sensor CREB-H (64-fold) as well as ER membrane components INSIG and gp78, which modulate cholesterol synthesis while downregulating over 20 components mostly associated with ERAD and FOLD. We hypothesize that this expression pattern is associated with an expanding ER with downregulation of active degradation by ERAD and apoptosis as the cell attempts to handle abundant viral glycoprotein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Carpenter
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Children's Hospital Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Charles Grose
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Children's Hospital Iowa City, IA, USA
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Freitas C, Nobre B, Gouveia L, Roseiro J, Reis A, Lopes da Silva T. New at-line flow cytometric protocols for determining carotenoid content and cell viability during Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 batch growth. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Falugi C, Aluigi MG, Chiantore MC, Privitera D, Ramoino P, Gatti MA, Fabrizi A, Pinsino A, Matranga V. Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in immune cells of the sea urchin. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:114-121. [PMID: 22104963 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential toxicity of stannum dioxide (SnO₂), cerium dioxide (CeO₂) and iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) in the marine environment was investigated using the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, as an in vivo model. We found that 5 days after force-feeding of NPs in aqueous solutions, the three NPs presented different toxicity degrees, depending on the considered biomarkers. We examined: 1) the presence of the NPs in the coelomic fluid and the uptake into the immune cells (coelomocytes); 2) the cholinesterase activity and the expression of the stress-related proteins HSC70 and GRP78; 3) the morphological changes affecting cellular compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. By Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) analysis, coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) we found that NPs were uptaken inside coelomocytes. The cholinesterases activity, a well known marker of blood intoxication in vertebrates, was greatly reduced in specimens exposed to NPs. We found that levels of stress proteins were down-regulated, matching the observed ER and lysosomes morphological alterations. In conclusion, this is the first study which utilizes the sea urchin as a model organism for biomonitoring the biological impact of NPs and supports the efficacy of the selected biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falugi
- Dipartimento per lo Studio del Territorio e delle sue Risorse, Università di Genova, Italy.
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Marano AV, Gleason FH, Bärlocher F, Pires-Zottarelli CLA, Lilje O, Schmidt SK, Rasconi S, Kagami M, Barrera MD, Sime-Ngando T, Boussiba S, de Souza JI, Edwards JE. Quantitative methods for the analysis of zoosporic fungi. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 89:22-32. [PMID: 22360942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative estimations of zoosporic fungi in the environment have historically received little attention, primarily due to methodological challenges and their complex life cycles. Conventional methods for quantitative analysis of zoosporic fungi to date have mainly relied on direct observation and baiting techniques, with subsequent fungal identification in the laboratory using morphological characteristics. Although these methods are still fundamentally useful, there has been an increasing preference for quantitative microscopic methods based on staining with fluorescent dyes, as well as the use of hybridization probes. More recently however PCR based methods for profiling and quantification (semi- and absolute) have proven to be rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for assessing zoosporic fungal assemblages in environmental samples. Further application of next generation sequencing technologies will however not only advance our quantitative understanding of zoosporic fungal ecology, but also their function through the analysis of their genomes and gene expression as resources and databases expand in the future. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to complement these molecular-based approaches with cultivation-based methods in order to gain a fuller quantitative understanding of the ecological and physiological roles of zoosporic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina V Marano
- Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini, calle 53 N 477, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Malerba M, Crosti P, Cerana R. Defense/stress responses activated by chitosan in sycamore cultured cells. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249:89-98. [PMID: 21327845 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan (CHT) is a natural, non-toxic, and inexpensive compound obtained by partial alkaline deacetylation of chitin, the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and other arthropods. The unique physiological and biological properties of CHT make this polymer useful for a wide range of industries. In agriculture, CHT is used to control numerous pre- and postharvest diseases on various horticultural commodities. In recent years, much attention has been devoted to CHT as an elicitor of defense responses in plants, which include raising of cytosolic Ca(2+), activation of MAP kinases, callose apposition, oxidative burst, hypersensitive response, synthesis of abscisic acid, jasmonate, phytoalexins, and pathogenesis-related proteins. In this work, we investigated the effects of different CHT concentrations on some defense/stress responses of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) cultured cells. CHT induced accumulation of dead cells, and of cells with fragmented DNA, production of H(2)O(2) and nitric oxide, release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrion, accumulation of regulative 14-3-3 proteins in the cytosol and of HSP70 molecular chaperone binding protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, accompanied by marked modifications in the architecture of this cell organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Malerba
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Autophagosome formation during varicella-zoster virus infection following endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response. J Virol 2011; 85:9414-24. [PMID: 21752906 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a recently recognized component of the life cycle of varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We have documented abundant autophagosome formation in skin vesicles (final site of virion assembly) from randomly selected cases of varicella and zoster. The fact that autophagy was an early event in the VZV replication cycle was documented by finding infected vesicle cells with the VZV IE62 protein confined to the nucleus. Next, we pursued studies in VZV-infected cultured cells to define whether autophagy was preceded by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). First, we demonstrated that autophagosome formation in infected cells closely resembled that seen after treatment of cells with tunicamycin, a potent initiator of ER stress. Second, we demonstrated a marked expansion of ER size in both VZV-infected cells and cells transfected with the predominant VZV glycoprotein complex gE/gI. An enlarged ER is critical evidence of ER stress, which in turn is relieved by the UPR. To this end, we documented the UPR by detecting the alternatively spliced form of the XBP1 protein as well as CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), both transcriptional activators of other UPR genes in an ER stress-dependent manner. Because VZV does not encode inhibitors of autophagy, the above results suggested that autophagy was a common event in VZV-infected cells and that it was provoked at least in part by ER stress secondary to overly abundant VZV glycoprotein biosynthesis, which led to UPR activation in an attempt to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Malerba M, Crosti P, Cerana R. Effect of heat stress on actin cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco BY-2 cultured cells and its inhibition by Co2+. PROTOPLASMA 2010; 239:23-30. [PMID: 19876713 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-009-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Temperature stress such as heat, cold, or freezing is a principal cause for yield reduction in crops. In particular, heat stress is very common and dangerous for plants since this stress can impact several plant and cellular functions. In spite of their role in sensing local stress and in controlling fundamental processes including PCD, the responses of cellular structures and organelles to heat stress are poorly investigated. In this work, we investigated the possible changes induced by mild heat stress, medium heat stress, and heat shock (HS; 5 min at 35 degrees C, 45 degrees C, or 50 degrees C, respectively) on actin cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of tobacco BY-2 cultured cells. While mild and medium heat stresses are ineffective, HS induces depolymerization of actin microfilaments and changes in ER morphology accompanied by accumulation of the HSP70 binding protein (BiP). These effects of HS are prevented by the inhibitor of ethylene production Co(2+). While the analyzed cell structures do not seem to be involved in the establishment of mild and medium heat stresses at least in this experimental system, the strong modifications induced by the treatment at 50 degrees C suggest that actin cytoskeleton and ER may be involved in the responses to HS. Besides, the inhibiting effect of Co(2+) suggests a role for ethylene as a regulative molecule in the responses to HS here observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Malerba
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of smooth muscles presents many intriguing facets and questions concerning its roles, especially as these change with development, disease, and modulation of physiological activity. The SR's function was originally perceived to be synthetic and then that of a Ca store for the contractile proteins, acting as a Ca amplification mechanism as it does in striated muscles. Gradually, as investigators have struggled to find a convincing role for Ca-induced Ca release in many smooth muscles, a role in controlling excitability has emerged. This is the Ca spark/spontaneous transient outward current coupling mechanism which reduces excitability and limits contraction. Release of SR Ca occurs in response to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Ca, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and depletion of SR Ca can initiate Ca entry, the mechanism of which is being investigated but seems to involve Stim and Orai as found in nonexcitable cells. The contribution of the elemental Ca signals from the SR, sparks and puffs, to global Ca signals, i.e., Ca waves and oscillations, is becoming clearer but is far from established. The dynamics of SR Ca release and uptake mechanisms are reviewed along with the control of luminal Ca. We review the growing list of the SR's functions that still includes Ca storage, contraction, and relaxation but has been expanded to encompass Ca homeostasis, generating local and global Ca signals, and contributing to cellular microdomains and signaling in other organelles, including mitochondria, lysosomes, and the nucleus. For an integrated approach, a review of aspects of the SR in health and disease and during development and aging are also included. While the sheer versatility of smooth muscle makes it foolish to have a "one model fits all" approach to this subject, we have tried to synthesize conclusions wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wray
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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Soldani C, Croce AC, Bottone MG, Fraschini A, Biggiogera M, Bottiroli G, Pellicciari C. Apoptosis in tumour cells photosensitized with Rose Bengal acetate is induced by multiple organelle photodamage. Histochem Cell Biol 2007; 128:485-95. [PMID: 17849139 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-007-0333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rose Bengal (RB) is a very efficient photosensitizer which undergoes inactivation of its photophysical and photochemical properties upon addition of a quencher group-i.e. acetate-to the xanthene rings. The resulting RB acetate (RB-Ac) derivative behaves as a fluorogenic substrate: it easily enters the cells where the native photoactive molecule is restored by esterase activities. It is known that the viability of RB-Ac-loaded cells is strongly reduced by light irradiation, attesting to the formation of intracellular RB. The aim of this study was to identify the organelles photodamaged by the intracellularly formed RB. RB-Ac preloaded rat C6 glioma cells and human HeLa cells were irradiated at 530 nm. Fluorescence confocal imaging and colocalization with specific dyes showed that the restored RB molecules redistribute dynamically through the cytoplasm, with the achievement of a dynamic equilibrium at 30 min after the administration, in the cell systems used; this accounted for a generalized damage to several organelles and cell structures (i.e. the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and the cytoskeleton). The multiple organelle damage, furthermore, led preferentially to apoptosis as demonstrated by light and electron microscopy and by dual-fluorescence staining with FITC-labelled annexin V and propidium iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soldani
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Shockey JM, Gidda SK, Chapital DC, Kuan JC, Dhanoa PK, Bland JM, Rothstein SJ, Mullen RT, Dyer JM. Tung tree DGAT1 and DGAT2 have nonredundant functions in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and are localized to different subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:2294-313. [PMID: 16920778 PMCID: PMC1560902 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.043695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of the tung tree (Vernicia fordii) produce large quantities of triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing approximately 80% eleostearic acid, an unusual conjugated fatty acid. We present a comparative analysis of the genetic, functional, and cellular properties of tung type 1 and type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT1 and DGAT2), two unrelated enzymes that catalyze the committed step in TAG biosynthesis. We show that both enzymes are encoded by single genes and that DGAT1 is expressed at similar levels in various organs, whereas DGAT2 is strongly induced in developing seeds at the onset of oil biosynthesis. Expression of DGAT1 and DGAT2 in yeast produced different types and proportions of TAGs containing eleostearic acid, with DGAT2 possessing an enhanced propensity for the synthesis of trieleostearin, the main component of tung oil. Both DGAT1 and DGAT2 are located in distinct, dynamic regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and surprisingly, these regions do not overlap. Furthermore, although both DGAT1 and DGAT2 contain a similar C-terminal pentapeptide ER retrieval motif, this motif alone is not sufficient for their localization to specific regions of the ER. These data suggest that DGAT1 and DGAT2 have nonredundant functions in plants and that the production of storage oils, including those containing unusual fatty acids, occurs in distinct ER subdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Shockey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, USA
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Soler-García AA, Maitra R, Kumar V, Ise T, Nagata S, Beers R, Bera TK, Pastan I. The PATE gene is expressed in the accessory tissues of the human male genital tract and encodes a secreted sperm-associated protein. Reproduction 2005; 129:515-24. [PMID: 15798027 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ThePATEgene is expressed in prostate and testis. To determine if PATE is expressed in other accessory tissues of the male genital tract, RT-PCR of the epididymis and seminal vesicle was performed. PATE mRNA was highly expressed in the epididymis and seminal vesicle.In situhybridization of the testis showed PATE mRNA is strongly expressed in the spermatogonia. ThePATEgene encodes a 14-kDa protein with a predicted signal sequence and a cleavage site between residues G21 and S22. To determine if PATE is a secreted protein, 293T cells were transfected with a pcDNA-PATE-myc-His plasmid and protein immunoprecipitated with anti-myc monoclonal antibody. Western blot analysis showed the presence of PATE-myc-His protein was in the medium and the cell lysate. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that PATE-myc-His protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. The polyclonal antibody SOL-1 was generated by immunization of rabbits with recombinant PATE protein expressed and purified fromEscherichia coli.Western blots were performed on extracts of prostate, testis, seminal vesicle and ejaculated spermatozoa, but PATE protein was only detected in the spermatozoa. Immunostaining of sperm smears revealed that PATE is located in a band-like pattern in the sperm head. Our data indicate that PATE is made by various sexual accessory tissues and secreted into the semen where it becomes associated with sperm, suggesting that PATE is a novel sperm-associated protein with a possible role in mammalian sperm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel A Soler-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4264, USA
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Polo R, Martinez S, Madrigal P, Gonzalez-Muñoz M. Factors associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV-infected people. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 34:32-6. [PMID: 14501790 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200309010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-associated mitochondrial toxicity is an important issue in the clinical management of HIV infection. The aim of this study was the detection of mitochondrial dysfunction by flow cytometry in lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals and its association with blood lactate levels, clinical and virologic status, and the different NRTI-based therapies. Lower peripheral blood lymphocytes with mitochondrial dysfunction (PBLmd) percentages were observed in healthy controls (1.2, interquartile range [IQR] = 0.4-1.9) than in patients (2.2, IQR = 0.9-3.7; P < 0.01). Stavudine-containing therapy showed higher PBLmd percentages (3.0, IQR = 1.1-4.5) than no treatment (2.1, IQR = 0.8-2.8; P < 0.05) or zidovudine-based therapy (0.9, IQR = 0.3-1.4; P < 0.01). A significant inverse correlation was found between PBLmd and CD4 T-cell percentage and absolute count. Patients with an AIDS diagnosis had higher PBLmd percentage (2.7, IQR = 1.1-4.4) than HIV-positive non-AIDS patients (1.4, IQR = 0.6-3.0; P = 0.012). In multivariate analysis, use of stavudine (odds ratio [OR] = 5.86, 95% CI = 1.81-19.01, P = 0.003) and CD4 T-cell counts <200/microL (OR = 4.51, 95% CI = 1.38-14.70, P = 0.012) were independent predictors of high PBLmd percentage. This cross-sectional study shows that antiretroviral drugs can impair the in vivo mitochondrial function of PBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Polo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Teiten MH, Bezdetnaya L, Morlière P, Santus R, Guillemin F. Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are the preferential sites of Foscan localisation in cultured tumour cells. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:146-52. [PMID: 12556974 PMCID: PMC2376781 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular photosensitiser localisation significantly influences the mechanism of response to photodynamic therapy (PDT), since the primary sites of damage are closely related to the specific sensitiser distribution. Foscan subcellular localisation in the MCF-7 human adenocarcinoma cell line has been studied by means of confocal microscopy and microspectrofluorometry. The fluorescence topographic profiles recorded after cells costained with Foscan and organelle-specific fluorescent probes revealed that Foscan presents low localisation in lysosomes and a weak accumulation in mitochondria. Alternatively, the Foscan fluorescence topographic profile turned out to colocalise perfectly with that obtained for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus. The patterns of fluorescence derived from confocal microscopy studies were consistent with predominant localisation of Foscan in these organelles. Furthermore, evaluation of enzymatic activity of selected organelles immediately after laser light irradiation (650 nm) indicated the Golgi apparatus and ER as the primary damaged sites resulting from Foscan-mediated PDT in the MCF-7 cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate unambiguously that the ER and the Golgi apparatus are preferential sites of Foscan accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Teiten
- Unité de Recherche en Thérapie Photodynamique, Centre Alexis Vautrin, F-54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - L Bezdetnaya
- Unité de Recherche en Thérapie Photodynamique, Centre Alexis Vautrin, F-54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
- Unité de Recherche en Thérapie Photodynamique, Centre Alexis Vautrin, F-54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France. E-mail:
| | - P Morlière
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche sur la Peau, INSERM U.532, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - R Santus
- Laboratoire de Photobiologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche sur la Peau, INSERM U.532, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - F Guillemin
- Unité de Recherche en Thérapie Photodynamique, Centre Alexis Vautrin, F-54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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Herskovits AA, Shimoni E, Minsky A, Bibi E. Accumulation of endoplasmic membranes and novel membrane-bound ribosome-signal recognition particle receptor complexes in Escherichia coli. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:403-10. [PMID: 12417577 PMCID: PMC2173083 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200204144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, ribosomes must interact with translocons on the membrane for the proper integration of newly synthesized membrane proteins, cotranslationally. Previous in vivo studies indicated that unlike the E. coli signal recognition particle (SRP), the SRP receptor FtsY is required for membrane targeting of ribosomes. Accordingly, a putative SRP-independent, FtsY-mediated ribosomal targeting pathway has been suggested (Herskovits, A.A., E.S. Bochkareva, and E. Bibi. 2000. Mol. Microbiol. 38:927-939). However, the nature of the early contact of ribosomes with the membrane, and the involvement of FtsY in this interaction are unknown. Here we show that in cells depleted of the SRP protein, Ffh or the translocon component SecE, the ribosomal targeting pathway is blocked downstream and unprecedented, membrane-bound FtsY-ribosomal complexes are captured. Concurrently, under these conditions, novel, ribosome-loaded intracellular membrane structures are formed. We propose that in the absence of a functional SRP or translocon, ribosomes remain jammed at their primary membrane docking site, whereas FtsY-dependent ribosomal targeting to the membrane continues. The accumulation of FtsY-ribosome complexes induces the formation of intracellular membranes needed for their quantitative accommodation. Our results with E. coli, in conjunction with recent observations made with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, raise the possibility that the SRP receptor-mediated formation of intracellular membrane networks is governed by evolutionarily conserved principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat A Herskovits
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Krause E, Gobel A, Schulz I. Cell side-specific sensitivities of intracellular Ca2+ stores for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, cyclic ADP-ribose, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate in permeabilized pancreatic acinar cells from mouse. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:11696-702. [PMID: 11809747 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107794200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In pancreatic acinar cells hormonal stimulation leads to a cytosolic Ca(2+) wave that starts in the apical cell pole and subsequently propagates toward the basal cell side. We used permeabilized pancreatic acinar cells from mouse and the mag-fura-2 technique, which allows direct monitoring of changes in [Ca(2+)] of intracellular stores. We show here that Ca(2+) can be released from stores in all cellular regions by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. Stores at the apical cell pole showed a higher affinity to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (EC(50) = 89 nm) than those at the basolateral side (EC(50) = 256 nm). In contrast, cADP-ribose, a modifier of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) were able to release Ca(2+) exclusively from intracellular stores located at the basolateral cell side. Our data agree with observations that upon stimulation Ca(2+) is released initially at the apical cell side and that this is caused by high affinity inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Moreover, our findings allow the conclusion that in Ca(2+) wave propagation from the apical to the basolateral cell side observed in pancreatic acinar cells Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, modulated by cADP-ribose and/or NAADP, might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Krause
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, Gebäude 58, Homburg Saar D-66421, Germany
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Dykens JA, Stout AK. Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential in situ using single potentiometric dyes and a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique. Methods Cell Biol 2002; 65:285-309. [PMID: 11381600 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(01)65018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Croce AC, Supino R, Lanza KS, Locatelli D, Baglioni P, Bottiroli G. Photosensitizer accumulation in spontaneous multidrug resistant cells: a comparative study with Rhodamine 123, Rose Bengal acetate and Photofrine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:71-8. [PMID: 12659152 DOI: 10.1039/b108346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence both of overexpression of multidrug transporter proteins and of phenotype changes occurring in cells developing spontaneous resistance on the accumulation of photosensitizer molecules was studied on two tumor-derived cell lines (B16, A2780) expressing the MDR-1 phenotype. Rhodamine 123, Rose Bengal acetate (a fluorogenic substrate that is restored to the native active molecule by specific enzyme activity inside cells) and Photofrin were considered. The two resistant variants accumulate Rhodamine 123 to a lesser extent than the respective wild types. Treatment with verapamil markedly enhances Rhodamine 123 accumulation in resistant cells, blocking the drug's extrusion. The amount of Rose Bengal is larger in resistant cells than in wild type cells. Verapamil does not affect drug accumulation, although it significantly impairs the efflux process. The results are explained by the enhancement of both membrane traffic and esterase activity resulting in intracellular Rose Bengal production that counterbalances the increased ability in the outward transport of resistant cells. Photofrin is accumulated to a lower degree in resistant than in wild type cells. Verapamil does not alter the drug accumulation, although the release process is somewhat affected. Different intracellular turnovers of Photofrin take place in the cell variants, and the release of the monomeric fluorescent fractions is greater in resistant than in wild type cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Croce
- Centro Studio Istochimica, CNR and Dip. Biologia Animale, Università, Pavia, Italy
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49
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Sharp TV, Wang HW, Koumi A, Hollyman D, Endo Y, Ye H, Du MQ, Boshoff C. K15 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is latently expressed and binds to HAX-1, a protein with antiapoptotic function. J Virol 2002; 76:802-16. [PMID: 11752170 PMCID: PMC136811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.2.802-816.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (or human herpesvirus 8) open reading frame (ORF) K15 encodes a putative integral transmembrane protein in the same genomic location as latent membrane protein 2A of Epstein-Barr virus. Ectopic expression of K15 in cell lines revealed the presence of several different forms ranging in size from full length, approximately 50 kDa, to 17 kDa. Of these different species the 35- and 23-kDa forms were predominant. Mutational analysis of the initiator AUG indicated that translation initiation from this first AUG is required for K15 expression. Computational analysis indicates that the different forms detected may arise due to proteolytic cleavage at internal signal peptide sites. We show that K15 is latently expressed in KSHV-positive primary effusion lymphoma cell lines and in multicentric Castleman's disease. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified HAX-1 (HS1 associated protein X-1) as a binding partner to the C terminus of K15 and show that K15 interacts with cellular HAX-1 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, HAX-1 colocalizes with K15 in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The function of HAX-1 is unknown, although the similarity of its sequence to those of Nip3 and Bcl-2 infers a role in the regulation of apoptosis. We show here that HAX-1 can form homodimers in vivo and is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis and therefore represents a new apoptosis regulatory protein. The putative functions of K15 with respect to its interaction with HAX-1 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson V Sharp
- The CRC Viral Oncology Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom WC1E 6BT
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Ramoni C, Spadaro F, Menegon M, Podo F. Cellular localization and functional role of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C in NK cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2642-50. [PMID: 11509606 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although several classes of phospholipases have been implicated in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, no evidence has been reported to date on involvement of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) in NK activation by lymphokines and/or in lytic granule exocytosis. This study demonstrated the expression of two PC-PLC isoforms (M(r) 40 and 66 kDa) and their IL-2-dependent distribution between cytoplasm and ectoplasmic membrane surface in human NK cells. Following cell activation by IL-2, cytoplasmic PC-PLC translocated from the microtubule-organizing center toward cell periphery, essentially by kinesin-supported transport along microtubules, while PC-PLC exposed on the outer cell surface increased 2-fold. Preincubation of NK cells with a PC-PLC inhibitor, tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate, strongly reduced NK-mediated cytotoxicity. In IL-2-activated cells, this loss of cytotoxicity was associated with a decrease of PC-PLC exposed on the cell surface, and accumulation of cytoplasmic PC-PLC in the Golgi region. Massive colocalization of PC-PLC-rich particles with perforin-containing granules was found in the cytoplasm of NK-activated (but not NK-resting) cells; both organelles clustered at the intercellular contact region of effector-target cell conjugates. These newly detected mechanisms of PC-PLC translocation and function support an essential role of this enzyme in regulated granule exocytosis and NK-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramoni
- Laboratories of. Immunology and Cell Biology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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