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Salamanca G, Tagliavia C, Grandis A, Graïc JM, Cozzi B, Bombardi C. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala and colocalization with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2891-2911. [PMID: 38263752 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The amygdaloid complex, also known as the amygdala, is a heterogeneous group of distinct nuclear and cortical pallial and subpallial structures. The amygdala plays an important role in several complex functions including emotional behavior and learning. The expression of calcium-binding proteins and peptides in GABAergic neurons located in the pallial and subpallial amygdala is not uniform and is sometimes restricted to specific groups of cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in specific subpopulations of GABAergic cells in the amygdala. VIP immunoreactivity has been observed in somatodendritic and axonal profiles of the rat basolateral and central amygdala. However, a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of VIP immunoreactivity in the various pallial and subpallial structures is currently lacking. The present study used immunohistochemical and morphometric techniques to analyze the distribution and the neuronal localization of VIP immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala. In the pallial amygdala, VIP-IR neurons are local inhibitory interneurons that presumably directly and indirectly regulate the activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons. In the subpallial amygdala, VIP immunoreactivity is expressed in several inhibitory cell types, presumably acting as projection or local interneurons. The distribution of VIP immunoreactivity is non-homogeneous throughout the different areas of the amygdaloid complex, suggesting a distinct influence of this neuropeptide on local neuronal circuits and, consequently, on the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and endocrine activities mediated by the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salamanca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - J M Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - B Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - C Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its severe subtype pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) encompass a set of multifactorial diseases defined by sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular failure and subsequent death. Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vascular remodeling in association with smooth muscle cell proliferation of the arterioles, medial thickening, and plexiform lesion formation. Despite our recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and related therapeutic discoveries, PH still remains a progressive disease without a cure. Nevertheless, development of drugs that specifically target molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis has led to improvement in life quality and clinical outcomes in patients with PAH. There are presently more than 12 Food and Drug Administration-approved vasodilator drugs in the United States for the treatment of PAH; however, mortality with contemporary therapies remains high. More recently, there have been exuberant efforts to develop new pharmacologic therapies that target the fundamental origins of PH and thus could represent disease-modifying opportunities. This review aims to summarize recent developments on key signaling pathways and molecular targets that drive PH disease progression, with emphasis on new therapeutic options under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shan Chen Woodcock
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Fung C, Boesmans W, Cirillo C, Foong JPP, Bornstein JC, Vanden Berghe P. VPAC Receptor Subtypes Tune Purinergic Neuron-to-Glia Communication in the Murine Submucosal Plexus. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:118. [PMID: 28487635 PMCID: PMC5403822 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) situated within the gastrointestinal tract comprises an intricate network of neurons and glia which together regulate intestinal function. The exact neuro-glial circuitry and the signaling molecules involved are yet to be fully elucidated. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is one of the main neurotransmitters in the gut, and is important for regulating intestinal secretion and motility. However, the role of VIP and its VPAC receptors within the enteric circuitry is not well understood. We investigated this in the submucosal plexus of mouse jejunum using calcium (Ca2+)-imaging. Local VIP application induced Ca2+-transients primarily in neurons and these were inhibited by VPAC1- and VPAC2-antagonists (PG 99-269 and PG 99-465 respectively). These VIP-evoked neural Ca2+-transients were also inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX), indicating that they were secondary to action potential generation. Surprisingly, VIP induced Ca2+-transients in glia in the presence of the VPAC2 antagonist. Further, selective VPAC1 receptor activation with the agonist ([K15, R16, L27]VIP(1-7)/GRF(8-27)) predominantly evoked glial responses. However, VPAC1-immunoreactivity did not colocalize with the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Rather, VPAC1 expression was found on cholinergic submucosal neurons and nerve fibers. This suggests that glial responses observed were secondary to neuronal activation. Trains of electrical stimuli were applied to fiber tracts to induce endogenous VIP release. Delayed glial responses were evoked when the VPAC2 antagonist was present. These findings support the presence of an intrinsic VIP/VPAC-initiated neuron-to-glia signaling pathway. VPAC1 agonist-evoked glial responses were inhibited by purinergic antagonists (PPADS and MRS2179), thus demonstrating the involvement of P2Y1 receptors. Collectively, we showed that neurally-released VIP can activate neurons expressing VPAC1 and/or VPAC2 receptors to modulate purine-release onto glia. Selective VPAC1 activation evokes a glial response, whereas VPAC2 receptors may act to inhibit this response. Thus, we identified a component of an enteric neuron-glia circuit that is fine-tuned by endogenous VIP acting through VPAC1- and VPAC2-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Fung
- Department of Physiology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia.,Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Cirillo
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Jaime P P Foong
- Department of Physiology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, Reitano R, Magro G, Cavallaro S, Salomone S, D'Agata V. PACAP and VIP Inhibit the Invasiveness of Glioblastoma Cells Exposed to Hypoxia through the Regulation of HIFs and EGFR Expression. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 27303300 PMCID: PMC4885839 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal
peptide (VIP) through the binding of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VIPRs),
perform a wide variety of effects in human cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme
(GBM). This tumor is characterized by extensive areas of hypoxia, which triggers the
expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs not only mediate angiogenesis
but also tumor cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, HIFs activation is linked to
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression. Previous studies have shown
that VIP interferes with the invasive nature of gliomas by regulating cell migration.
However, the role of VIP family members in GBM infiltration under low oxygen tension
has not been clarified yet. Therefore, in the present study we have investigated, for
the first time, the molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-invasive effect of
PACAP or VIP in U87MG glioblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia induced by treatment with
desferrioxamine (DFX). The results suggest that either PACAP or VIP exert an
anti-infiltrative effect under low oxygen tension by modulating HIFs and EGFR
expression, key elements involved in cell migration and angiogenesis. These peptides
act through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, which are
known to have a crucial role in HIFs regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maugeri
- Sections of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Sections of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; San Raffaele Open University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Rita Reitano
- Sections of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Salomone
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Sections of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
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Ortner A, Wernig K, Kaisler R, Edetsberger M, Hajos F, Köhler G, Mosgoeller W, Zimmer A. VPAC receptor mediated tumor cell targeting by protamine based nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2010; 18:457-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903508796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sun C, Song D, Davis-Taber RA, Barrett LW, Scott VE, Richardson PL, Pereda-Lopez A, Uchic ME, Solomon LR, Lake MR, Walter KA, Hajduk PJ, Olejniczak ET. Solution structure and mutational analysis of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide binding to the extracellular domain of PAC1-RS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7875-80. [PMID: 17470806 PMCID: PMC1876540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611397104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor is a class II G protein-coupled receptor that contributes to many different cellular functions including neurotransmission, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity. The solution structure of the potent antagonist PACAP (residues 6'-38') complexed to the N-terminal extracellular (EC) domain of the human splice variant hPAC1-R-short (hPAC1-R(S)) was determined by NMR. The PACAP peptide adopts a helical conformation when bound to hPAC1-R(S) with a bend at residue A18' and makes extensive hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions along the exposed beta-sheet and interconnecting loops of the N-terminal EC domain. Mutagenesis data on both the peptide and the receptor delineate the critical interactions between the C terminus of the peptide and the C terminus of the EC domain that define the high affinity and specificity of hormone binding to hPAC1-R(S). These results present a structural basis for hPAC1-R(S) selectivity for PACAP versus the vasoactive intestinal peptide and also differentiate PACAP residues involved in binding to the N-terminal extracellular domain versus other parts of the full-length hPAC1-R(S) receptor. The structural, mutational, and binding data are consistent with a model for peptide binding in which the C terminus of the peptide hormone interacts almost exclusively with the N-terminal EC domain, whereas the central region makes contacts to both the N-terminal and other extracellular parts of the receptor, ultimately positioning the N terminus of the peptide to contact the transmembrane region and result in receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohong Sun
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Danying Song
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Rachel A. Davis-Taber
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Leo W. Barrett
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Victoria E. Scott
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Paul L. Richardson
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Ana Pereda-Lopez
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Marie E. Uchic
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Larry R. Solomon
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Marc R. Lake
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Karl A. Walter
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Philip J. Hajduk
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Edward T. Olejniczak
- Global Pharmaceutical Discovery Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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Grace CRR, Perrin MH, Gulyas J, DiGruccio MR, Cantle JP, Rivier JE, Vale WW, Riek R. Structure of the N-terminal domain of a type B1 G protein-coupled receptor in complex with a peptide ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4858-63. [PMID: 17360332 PMCID: PMC1829229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700682104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) family of ligands and their receptors coordinate endocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic responses to stress and play additional roles within the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and other systems. The actions of CRF and the related urocortins are mediated by activation of two receptors, CRF-R1 and CRF-R2, belonging to the B1 family of G protein-coupled receptors. The short-consensus-repeat fold (SCR) within the first extracellular domain (ECD1) of the CRF receptor(s) comprises the major ligand binding site and serves to dock a peptide ligand via its C-terminal segment, thus positioning the N-terminal segment to interact with the receptor's juxtamembrane domains to activate the receptor. Here we present the 3D NMR structure of ECD1 of CRF-R2beta in complex with astressin, a peptide antagonist. In the structure of the complex the C-terminal segment of astressin forms an amphipathic helix, whose entire hydrophobic face interacts with the short-consensus-repeat motif, covering a large intermolecular interface. In addition, the complex is characterized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge. These interactions are quantitatively weighted by an analysis of the effects on the full-length receptor affinities using an Ala scan of CRF. These structural studies identify the major determinants for CRF ligand specificity and selectivity and support a two-step model for receptor activation. Furthermore, because of a proposed conservation of the fold for both the ECD1s and ligands, this structure can serve as a model for ligand recognition for the entire B1 receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marilyn H. Perrin
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jozsef Gulyas
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael R. DiGruccio
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jeffrey P. Cantle
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jean E. Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wylie W. Vale
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Roland Riek
- *Structural Biology Laboratory and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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